washstand

WordNet

furniture consisting of a table or stand to hold a basin and pitcher of water for washing: `wash-hand stand is a British term (同)wash-hand stand

PrepTutorEJDIC

(洗面器・水差しなどを載せる)洗面台 / (水道の設備の付いた)洗面台

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/04/15 00:52:47」(JST)

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Reconstruction of a washstand with escapement mechanism, the earliest known, as described by the Greek engineer Philo of Byzantium (3rd century BC)

A washstand or basin stand is a piece of furniture consisting of a small table or cabinet, usually supported on three or four legs, and most commonly made of mahogany, walnut, or rosewood, and made for holding a wash basin and water pitcher. The smaller varieties were used for rose-water ablutions, or for hair-powdering. The larger ones, which possessed receptacles for soap-dishes, were the predecessors of the modern bathroom wash basin, or sink. Both varieties, often of very elegant form, were in extensive use throughout a large part of the 18th century and early-19th century, eventually disappearing with the advent of modern indoor plumbing.^[1]

Ancient Greece

In his Pneumatics, (chapter 31) Philo of Byzantium, a Greek engineer and writer on mechanics, describes an escapement mechanism, the earliest known, as part of a washstand. A counterweighted spoon, supplied by a water tank, tips over in a basin when full releasing a pumice in the process. Once the spoon has emptied, it is pulled up again by the counterweight, closing the door on the pumice by the tightening string. Remarkably, Philon's comment that "its construction is similar to that of clocks" indicates that such escapement mechanisms were already integrated in ancient water clocks.^[2]

Eighteenth century

In its 18th-century form the washstand was called a basin stand or basin frame, and is still sometimes described as a washhand stand. Its direct, but remote, ancestor was the monastic lavabo, ranges of basins of stone, lead or marble fed from a cistern. They were usually of primitive conception, and a trough common to all was probably more frequent than separate basins. Very occasionally they were of bronze adorned with enamels and blazoned with heraldry.^[3]

Very similar usages obtained in castles and palaces, fixed "lavatories" being constructed in the thickness of the walls for the use of their more important residents. These arrangements were obviously intended only for the summary ablutions which, until a very late date, sufficed to even the high-born.^[3]

By degrees the lavabo became portable, and a basin frame is mentioned as early as the middle of the 17th century. Examples of earlier date than the third or fourth decade of the 18th century are, however, virtually unknown. Thenceforth, until about the end of that century, this piece of furniture was usually literally a stand. It was supported upon a tripod; a circular orifice in the top received the basin, and smaller ones were provided for a soap dish and a water-bottle. Sometimes a stand for the water-jug when the basin was in use was provided below, and very commonly there was a drawer, sometimes even two drawers, below the basin.^[3]

Great numbers of these stands were made to fit into corners, and a corner wash-stand is still a common object in old furniture shops. Thomas Chippendale designed such stands in an elaborate rococo fashion, as well as in simpler form.^[3]

As the 18th century drew to its close the custom of using the same apartment as reception room by day and sleeping room by night produced a demand for what was called harlequin furniture pieces which were contrived a double or triple debt to pay. Thus a variety of complicated combination washstands and dressing tables were made, and fitted with mirrors and sometimes with writing conveniences and drawers for clothes. Thomas Sheraton developed astonishing ingenuity in devising a type of furniture which, if we may judge by the large number of examples still existing, must have become highly popular.^[3]

Nineteenth and early twentieth centuries

A simple marble-topped washstand

With the beginning of the 19th century and the expansion of ideals of personal cleanliness, the washstand grew in size and importance. It acquired the form of an oblong wooden table provided, like its smaller predecessors, with orifices for basins and fitted with a brad shelf-like stretcher upon which the jugs were placed when they were removed from the basins. Ample space was provided for soap-dishes and water-bottles. These tables were single or double, for the use of one or two persons. In the first quarter of the 20th century, the wooden top of the washstand was replaced by marble, unpierced, the basins being placed upon the slab, which, in the beginning almost invariably white, were later made of red or other warm-tinted marble.^[3]

Notes

^ One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Basin-stand". Encyclopædia Britannica 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
^ Lewis 2000, pp. 343–369 (356, fig. 5).
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Washstand". Encyclopædia Britannica 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 358.

References

Lewis, Michael (2000). "Theoretical Hydraulics, Automata, and Water Clocks". In Wikander, Örjan. Handbook of Ancient Water Technology, Technology and Change in History 2. Leiden. pp. 343–369 (356, fig. 5). ISBN 90-04-11123-9.

English Journal

[Nationwide survey of suitability of tuberculosis wards for in-hospital care of tuberculosis patients].

Ito K1, Nagata Y, Urakawa M, Kato S.
Kekkaku : [Tuberculosis].Kekkaku.2012 Jun;87(6):475-80.
PURPOSE: To clarify the situation and suitability of tuberculosis wards for in-hospital tuberculosis care, with a view toward establishing a national standard for tuberculosis wards.METHODS: Data were obtained by sending questionnaires to all 321 tuberculosis wards in Japan.RESULTS: Of the hospitals
PMID 22834100

Formative research for hygiene promotion in Kyrgyzstan.

Biran A1, Tabyshalieva A, Salmorbekova Z.
Health policy and planning.Health Policy Plan.2005 Jul;20(4):213-21.
Formative research for hygiene promotion was used to gather data relating to hygiene practices in rural Kyrgyzstan. Some of the hand-washing and faeces disposal practices observed were sub-optimal from a public health perspective. In combination with the poverty, limited medical services and poor wa
PMID 15965033

[Nosocomial infections in a neonatology department, 1995-2002].

Rudnicki J, Czajka R, Kucharska E, Kordek A, Łoniewska B, Pawlus B, Błazejczak A, Otorowska-Budny E, Torbè A.
Ginekologia polska.Ginekol Pol.2003 Oct;74(10):1256-61.
Nosocomial infections in newborns department are common due to number of invasive diagnostic and therapeutic procedures, prolonged hospitalization and development antibiotic resistance culture. Sepsis achieved 1 to 8 newborn infants for 1000 live births. This is still unresolved very important medic
PMID 14669427

[An autopsy case of atypical hanging: were arteries and air passage obstructed?].

Terazawa K1, Akabane H, Nagao M, Wu B, Takatori T.
Nihon hōigaku zasshi = The Japanese journal of legal medicine.Nihon Hoigaku Zasshi.1990 Aug;44(4):358-64.
A housewife hanged herself with her left foot on a washstand and her right foot above the floor. The ligature mark encircled once horizontally at the height of the laryngeal prominence (horizontal part), crossed at the front of the neck, rose to the posterior regions of the mandibular angles and ext
PMID 2266614

Japanese Journal

P-45 化粧行為に適した洗面台の光源配置と配光特性(ポスターセッションII)

進藤陽介,長谷川千紗,西岡美保,小松義典
人間-生活環境系シンポジウム報告集 38, 245-248, 2014-11-20
近年,洗面化粧台の照明器具にもLED光源が採用されつつあり,蛍光ランプなどの従来の光源とは異なる設置位置や配光特性が可能となってきている。本報では、洗面化粧台における女性の化粧行為を取り上げ,光源の設置位置や照射角度、配光特性が顔面の照度分布へ与える影響を照明シミュレーションにより検討した。その結果,現在広く普及している鏡上部への照明器具の設置よりも,鏡左右への設置が化粧行為に適しており,蛍光灯に …
NAID 110009878896

化粧行為に適した洗面化粧ユニット照明の設置位置に関する検討

奥田紫乃,山口サヤカ,原直也 [他],岩井彌
照明学会誌 95(11), 711-717, 2011-11-01
NAID 10029483628

化粧行為に適した洗面化粧ユニット照明の設置位置に関する検討

奥田柴乃,山口サヤカ,原直也,岩井彌
照明学会雑誌 95(11), 711-717, 2011
… We conducted a subjective experiment on the lighting condition of a washstand in a bathroom. … The washstand used in the experiment was equipped with four fluorescent lamps or two incandescent lamps, enabling varying conditions of illuminance on the face, light color, and lighting of the mirror to be presented. …
NAID 130004466262

ユニバーサルデザイン洗面台の試作および検証(作品発表,芸術工学会2010年度秋期大会in浜松)

迫秀樹
芸術工学会誌 (54), 87, 2010-11-10
NAID 110008724135

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