| Vaginal yeast infection |
|
Vaginal wet mount showing the pseudohyphae of Candida albicans surrounded by round vaginal skin cells, in a case of candidal vulvovaginitis.
|
| Classification and external resources |
| Specialty |
urology |
| ICD-10 |
B37.3, N77.1 |
| ICD-9-CM |
112.1, 616.1 |
| MedlinePlus |
001511 |
| MeSH |
D002181 |
Vaginal yeast infection, also known as candidal vulvovaginitis and vaginal thrush, is excessive growth of yeast in the vagina that results in irritation.[1][2] The most common symptom is vaginal itching, which may be severe. Other symptoms include burning with urination, white and thick vaginal discharge that typically does not smell bad, pain with sex, and redness around the vagina.[2] Symptoms often worsen just before a woman's period.[3]
Vaginal yeast infections are due to excessive growth of Candida. These yeast are normally present in the vagina in small numbers.[2] It is not classified as a sexually transmitted infection; however, it may occur more often in those who are frequently sexually active.[2][3] Risk factors include taking antibiotics, pregnancy, diabetes, and HIV/AIDS.[3] Eating a diet high in simple sugar may also play a role.[2] Tight clothing, type of underwear, and personal hygiene do not appear to be factors.[3] Diagnosis is by testing a sample of vaginal discharge. As symptoms are similar to that of the sexually transmitted infections, chlamydia and gonorrhea, testing may be recommended.[2]
Despite the lack of evidence, wearing cotton underwear and loose fitting clothing is often recommended as a preventative measure.[2][3] Avoiding douching and scented hygiene products is also recommended.[2] Treatment is with an antifungal medication. This may be either as a creams such as clotrimazole or with oral medications such as fluconazole.[4] Probiotics have not been found to be useful for active infections.[5]
About 75% of women have at least one vaginal yeast infection at some point in their lives while nearly half have at least two.[2][6] About 5% have more than three infections in a single year.[6] It is the second most common cause of vaginal inflammation after bacterial vaginosis.[7]
Contents
- 1 Signs and symptoms
- 2 Causes
- 2.1 Medications
- 2.2 Pregnancy
- 2.3 Lifestyle
- 2.4 Diseases
- 2.5 Less common infection types
- 3 Diagnosis
- 3.1 Uncomplicated
- 3.2 Complicated
- 4 Treatment
- 4.1 Recurrent episodes
- 4.2 Alternative medicine
- 5 Epidemiology
- 6 References
Signs and symptoms
Speculum exam in candidal vulvovaginitis, showing thick, curd-like plaque on the anterior vaginal wall. A slightly erythematous base is visible close to the center of the image, where some of the plaque was scraped off.
The symptoms of vaginal thrush include vulval itching, vulval soreness and irritation, pain or discomfort during sexual intercourse (superficial dyspareunia), pain or discomfort during urination (dysuria) and vaginal discharge, which is usually odourless.[8] This can be thin and watery, or thick and white, like cottage cheese.
As well as the above symptoms of thrush, vulvovaginal inflammation can also be present. The signs of vulvovaginal inflammation include erythema (redness) of the vagina and vulva, vaginal fissuring (cracked skin), edema (swelling from a build-up of fluid), also in severe cases, satellite lesions (sores in the surrounding area). This is rare, but may indicate the presence of another fungal condition, or the herpes simplex virus (the virus that causes genital herpes).[9]
Causes
Vaginal yeast infections are typically caused by the yeast species Candida albicans. Candida albicans is a common fungus often harbored in the mouth, digestive tract, or vagina without causing adverse symptoms.[10] The causes of excessive Candida growth are not well understood,[11] but some predisposing factors have been identified.
Medications
Infection occurs in about 30% of women who are taking a course of antibiotics by mouth.[3] Broad-spectrum antibiotics kill healthy bacteria in the vagina, such as Lactobacillus. These bacteria normally help to limit yeast colonization.[12][13]
The evidence of the effect of oral contraceptives is controversial.[3]
Pregnancy
In pregnancy, higher levels of estrogen make a woman more likely to develop a yeast infection. During pregnancy, the Candida fungus is more common, and recurrent infection is also more likely.[3] There is no clear evidence that treatment of asymptomatic candidal vulvovaginitis in pregnancy reduces the risk of preterm birth.[14]
Lifestyle
Infections often occur without sex and are not related to frequency of intercourse.[3] Personal hygiene methods or tight-fitting clothing, such as tights and thong underwear, do not appear to increase the risk.[3]
Diseases
Those with poorly controlled diabetes have increased rates of infection while those with well controlled diabetes do not.[3]
The risk of developing thrush is also increased when there is poor immune function,[9] for example, in condition, such as HIV or AIDS, or receiving chemotherapy. This is because in these circumstances the body's immune system, which usually fights off infection, is unable to effectively control the spread of the Candida fungus.
Less common infection types
While Candida albicans is the most common yeast species associated with vaginal thrush, infection by other types of yeast can produce similar symptoms. A Hungarian study of 370 patients with confirmed vaginal yeast infections identified the following types of infection:[15]
- Candida albicans: 85.7%
- Non-albicans Candida (8 species): 13.2%
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae: 0.8%
- Candida albicans and Candida glabrata: 0.3%
Non-albicans Candida are often found in complicated cases of vaginal thrush in which the first line of treatment is ineffective. These cases are more likely in those who are immunocompromised.[16]
Diagnosis
Vaginal wet mount in candidal vulvovaginitis, showing slings of pseudohyphae of
Candida albicans. A chlamydospore is visible at left.
Vulvovaginal candidosis is the presence of Candida in addition to vaginal inflammation.[7] The presence of yeast is typically diagnosed in one of three ways: vaginal wet mount microscopy, microbial culture, and antigen tests.[7] It may be described as being uncomplicated or complicated.
Uncomplicated
Uncomplicated thrush is when there are less than four episodes in a year, the symptoms are mild or moderate, it is likely caused by Candida albicans, and there are no significant host factors such as poor immune function.
Complicated
Complicated thrush is four or more episodes of thrush in a year or when severe symptoms of vulvovaginal inflammation are experienced. It is also complicated if coupled with pregnancy, poorly controlled diabetes, poor immune function, or the thrush is not caused by Candida albicans.[9]
Treatment
The following regimens are frequently recommended as treatment:
- Intravaginal agents: butoconazole, clotrimazole, miconazole, nystatin, tioconazole, terconazole.[4] Candidal vulvovaginitis in pregnancy should be treated with intravaginal clotrimazole or miconazole for at least 7 days.[17]
- Oral Agent: fluconazole as a single dose.[4]
Short-course topical formulations (i.e., single dose and regimens of 1–3 days) effectively treat uncomplicated candidal vulvovaginitis. The topically applied azole drugs are more effective than nystatin. Treatment with azoles results in relief of symptoms and negative cultures in 80–90% of patients who complete therapy.[4]
The creams and suppositories in this regimen are oil-based and might weaken latex condoms and diaphragms. Treatment for vagina thrush using antifungal medication is ineffective in up to 20% of cases. Treatment for thrush is considered to have failed if the symptoms do not clear within 7–14 days. There are a number of reasons for treatment failure. For example, if the infection is a different kind, such as bacterial vaginosis (the most common cause of abnormal vaginal discharge), rather than thrush.[9]
Recurrent episodes
About 5-8% of the reproductive age female population will have four or more episodes of symptomatic Candida infection per year; this condition is called recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis (RVVC).[18][19] Because vaginal and gut colonization with Candida is commonly seen in people with no recurrent symptoms, recurrent symptomatic infections are not simply due to the presence of Candida organisms. There is some support for the theory that RVVC results from an especially intense inflammatory reaction to colonization. Candida antigens can be presented to antigen presenting cells, which may trigger cytokine production and activate lymphocytes and neutrophils that then cause inflammation and edema. This theory is partly supported by evidence that shows that treatment with anti fungal medications on a weekly basis avoids recurrence in most of patients when those medications are prescribed for long periods of time (up to six months).[20][21]
For infrequent recurrences, the simplest and most cost-effective management is self-diagnosis and early initiation of topical therapy.[22] However, women whose condition has previously been diagnosed with candidal vulvovaginitis are not necessarily more likely to be able to diagnose themselves; therefore, any woman whose symptoms persist after using an over the counter preparation, or who has a recurrence of symptoms within 2 months, should be evaluated with office-based testing.[4] Unnecessary or inappropriate use of OTC preparations is common and can lead to a delay in the treatment of other vulvovaginitis etiologies, which can result in adverse clinical outcomes.[4]
When there are more than four recurrent episodes of candidal vulvovaginitis per year, a longer initial treatment course is recommended, such as orally administered fluconazole followed by a second and third dose 3 and 6 days later, respectively.[23] Preventive maintenance treatment may be recommended after more than four episodes per year, such as by fluconazole orally once per week for 6 months.[23] About 10-15% of recurrent candidal vulvovaginitis cases are due to non-Candida albicans species.[24] Non-albicans species tend to have higher levels of resistance to fluconazole.[25] Therefore, recurrence or persistence of symptoms while on treatment indicates speciation and antifungal resistance tests to tailor antifungal treatment.[23]
Alternative medicine
Up to 40% of women seek alternatives to treat vaginal yeast infection.[26] Example products are herbal preparations, probiotics and vaginal acidifying agents.[26] Other alternative treatment approaches include switching contraceptive, treatment of the sexual partner and gentian violet.[26] However, the effectiveness of such treatments has not received much study.[26]
Probiotics (either as pills or as yogurt) do not appear to decrease the rate of occurrence of vaginal yeast infections.[27] No benefit has been found for active infections.[5] Example probiotics purported to treat and prevent candida infections are Lactobacillus fermentum RC-14, Lactobacillus fermentum B-54, Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1, Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and Lactobacillus acidophilus.[28]
There is no evidence to support the use of special cleansing diets and colonic hydrotherapy for prevention.[medical citation needed]
Epidemiology
The number of cases of vaginal yeast infection is not entirely clear because it is not a reportable disease and it is commonly diagnosed clinically without laboratory confirmation.[28]
Candidiasis is one of the three most common vaginal infections along with bacterial vaginosis and trichomonas.[7] Approximately 20% of women get an infection yearly.[7] About 75% of women have at least one infection in their lifetime.[3]
References
- ^ James, William D.; Berger, Timothy G.; et al. (2006). Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: clinical Dermatology. Saunders Elsevier. p. 309. ISBN 0-7216-2921-0.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i "Vaginal yeast infections fact sheet". http://www.womenshealth.gov. December 23, 2014. Retrieved 5 March 2015.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Sobel, JD (9 June 2007). "Vulvovaginal candidosis.". Lancet 369 (9577): 1961–71. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60917-9. PMID 17560449.
- ^ a b c d e f Workowski KA, Berman SM (August 2006). "Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2006". MMWR Recomm Rep 55 (RR-11): 1–94. PMID 16888612.
- ^ a b Abad, CL; Safdar, N (June 2009). "The role of lactobacillus probiotics in the treatment or prevention of urogenital infections – a systematic review.". Journal of chemotherapy (Florence, Italy) 21 (3): 243–52. doi:10.1179/joc.2009.21.3.243. PMID 19567343.
- ^ a b Egan ME, Lipsky MS (September 2000). "Diagnosis of vaginitis". Am Fam Physician 62 (5): 1095–104. PMID 10997533.
- ^ a b c d e Ilkit, M; Guzel, AB (August 2011). "The epidemiology, pathogenesis, and diagnosis of vulvovaginal candidosis: a mycological perspective". Critical reviews in microbiology 37 (3): 250–61. doi:10.3109/1040841X.2011.576332. PMID 21599498.
- ^ Mendling, W; Brasch, J; German Society for Gynecology and, Obstetrics; Working Group for Infections and Infectimmunology in Gynecology and, Obstetrics; German Society of Dermatology, the Board of German, Dermatologists; German Speaking Mycological, Society (July 2012). "Guideline vulvovaginal candidosis (2010) of the German Society for Gynecology and Obstetrics, the Working Group for Infections and Infectimmunology in Gynecology and Obstetrics, the German Society of Dermatology, the Board of German Dermatologists and the German Speaking Mycological Society.". Mycoses. 55 Suppl 3: 1–13. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0507.2012.02185.x. PMID 22519657.
- ^ a b c d 'Thrush, vaginal', NHS Choices A-Zhttp://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Thrush/Pages/Prevention.aspx
- ^ "Vaginal yeast infection". MedlinePlus. National Institutes of Health. Retrieved 14 May 2015.
- ^ Watson, C. J.; Grando, D.; Garland, S. M.; Myers, S.; Fairley, C. K.; Pirotta, M. (26 July 2012). "Premenstrual vaginal colonization of Candida and symptoms of vaginitis". Journal of Medical Microbiology 61 (Pt 11): 1580–1583. doi:10.1099/jmm.0.044578-0. PMID 22837219.
- ^ "Yeast infection (vaginal)". Mayo Clinic. Retrieved 14 May 2015.
- ^ Sobel, J. D. (1 March 1992). "Pathogenesis and Treatment of Recurrent Vulvovaginal Candidiasis". Clinical Infectious Diseases 14 (Supplement 1): S148–S153. doi:10.1093/clinids/14.Supplement_1.S148.
- ^ Roberts, C. L.; Rickard, K.; Kotsiou, G.; Morris, J. M. (2011). "Treatment of asymptomatic vaginal candidiasis in pregnancy to prevent preterm birth: An open-label pilot randomized controlled trial". BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 11: 18. doi:10.1186/1471-2393-11-18. PMC 3063235. PMID 21396090.
- ^ Nemes-Nikodém, Éva; Tamási, Béla; Mihalik, Noémi; Ostorházi, Eszter (1 January 2015). "Vulvovaginitis candidosában előforduló sarjadzógomba-speciesek" [Yeast species in vulvovaginitis candidosa]. Orvosi Hetilap (in Hungarian) 156 (1): 28–31. doi:10.1556/OH.2015.30081. PMID 25544052.
- ^ Sobel, Jack. "Vulvovaginal Candidiasis". UpToDate. Retrieved 26 February 2012.
- ^ Candida - female genital, Managing infection in pregnancy, from National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Last revised in August 2012.
- ^ Obel JD (1985). "Epidemiology and pathogen- esis of recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis". Am J Obstet Gynecol 152 (7 (Pt 2)): 924–35. PMID 3895958.
- ^ Spinillo A, Pizzoli G, Colonna L, Nicola S, De Seta F, Guaschino S (1993). "Epidemiologic characteristics of women with idiopathic recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis". Obstet Gynecol 81 (5 (Pt 1)): 721–7. PMID 8469460.
- ^ Fidel PL Jr, Sobel JD (1996). "Immunopathogen- esis of recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis". Clin Microbiol Rev 9 (3): 335–48. PMC 172897. PMID 8809464.
- ^ Maintenance Fluconazole Therapy for Recurrent Vulvovaginal Candidiasis Jack D. Sobel, M.D., Harold C. Wiesenfeld, M.D., Mark Martens, M.D., Penny Danna, M.D., Thomas M. Hooton, M.D., Anne Rompalo, M.D., Malcolm Sperling, M.D., Charles Livengood III, M.D., Benson Horowitz, M.D., James Von Thron, M.D., Libby Edwards, M.D., Helene Panzer, Ph.D., and Teng-Chiao Chu, Ph.D.n New engl j med 351;9 www.nejm.org august 26, 2004
- ^ Ringdahl, EN (Jun 1, 2000). "Treatment of recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis.". American family physician 61 (11): 3306–12, 3317. PMID 10865926.
- ^ a b c Ramsay, Sarah; Astill, Natasha; Shankland, Gillian; Winter, Andrew (November 2009). "Practical management of recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis". Trends in Urology, Gynaecology & Sexual Health 14 (6): 18–22. doi:10.1002/tre.127.
- ^ Sobel, JD (2003). "Management of patients with recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis.". Drugs 63 (11): 1059–66. doi:10.2165/00003495-200363110-00002. PMID 12749733.
- ^ Sobel, JD (1988). "Pathogenesis and epidemiology of vulvovaginal candidiasis". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 544: 547–57. Bibcode:1988NYASA.544..547S. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1988.tb40450.x. PMID 3063184.
- ^ a b c d Cooke G, Watson C, Smith J, Pirotta M, van Driel ML. Treatment for recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis (thrush) (Protocol). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2011, Issue 5. Art. No.: CD009151. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD009151.
- ^ Jurden, L; Buchanan, M; Kelsberg, G; Safranek, S (June 2012). "Clinical inquiries. Can probiotics safely prevent recurrent vaginitis?". The Journal of family practice 61 (6): 357, 368. PMID 22670239.
- ^ a b Xie HY, Feng D, Wei DM, Chen H, Mei L, Wang X, Fang F. (2013). "Probiotics for vulvovaginal candidiasis in non-pregnant women (Protocol)". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD010496.
|
Fungal infection and mesomycetozoea (B35–B49, 110–118)
|
|
Superficial and
cutaneous
(dermatomycosis):
Tinea = skin;
Piedra (exothrix/
endothrix) = hair |
| Ascomycota |
Dermatophyte
(Dermatophytosis) |
| By location |
- Tinea barbae/tinea capitis
- Tinea corporis
- Tinea cruris
- Tinea manuum
- Tinea pedis (athlete's foot)
- Tinea unguium/onychomycosis
- White superficial onychomycosis
- Distal subungual onychomycosis
- Proximal subungual onychomycosis
- Tinea corporis gladiatorum
- Tinea faciei
- Tinea imbricata
- Tinea incognito
- Favus
|
|
| By organism |
- Epidermophyton floccosum
- Microsporum canis
- Microsporum audouinii
- Trichophyton interdigitale/mentagrophytes
- Trichophyton tonsurans
- Trichophyton schoenleini
- Trichophyton rubrum
|
|
|
| Other |
- Hortaea werneckii
- Piedraia hortae
|
|
|
| Basidiomycota |
- Malassezia furfur
- Tinea versicolor
- Pityrosporum folliculitis
- Trichosporon
|
|
|
Subcutaneous,
systemic,
and opportunistic |
| Ascomycota |
Dimorphic
(yeast+mold) |
| Onygenales |
- Coccidioides immitis/Coccidioides posadasii
- Coccidioidomycosis
- Disseminated coccidioidomycosis
- Primary cutaneous coccidioidomycosis. Primary pulmonary coccidioidomycosis
- Histoplasma capsulatum
- Histoplasmosis
- Primary cutaneous histoplasmosis
- Primary pulmonary histoplasmosis
- Progressive disseminated histoplasmosis
- Histoplasma duboisii
- Lacazia loboi
- Paracoccidioides brasiliensis
|
|
| Other |
- Blastomyces dermatitidis
- Blastomycosis
- North American blastomycosis
- South American blastomycosis
- Sporothrix schenckii
- Penicillium marneffei
|
|
|
| Yeast-like |
- Candida albicans
- Candidiasis
- Oral
- Esophageal
- Vulvovaginal
- Chronic mucocutaneous
- Antibiotic candidiasis
- Candidal intertrigo
- Candidal onychomycosis
- Candidal paronychia
- Candidid
- Diaper candidiasis
- Congenital cutaneous candidiasis
- Perianal candidiasis
- Systemic candidiasis
- Erosio interdigitalis blastomycetica
- C. glabrata
- C. tropicalis
- C. lusitaniae
- Pneumocystis jirovecii
- Pneumocystosis
- Pneumocystis pneumonia
|
|
| Mold-like |
- Aspergillus
- Aspergillosis
- Aspergilloma
- Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis
- Primary cutaneous aspergillosis
- Exophiala jeanselmei
- Fonsecaea pedrosoi/Fonsecaea compacta/Phialophora verrucosa
- Geotrichum candidum
- Pseudallescheria boydii
|
|
|
| Basidiomycota |
- Cryptococcus neoformans
- Cryptococcosis
- Trichosporon spp
- Trichosporonosis
|
|
Zygomycota
(Zygomycosis) |
Mucorales
(Mucormycosis) |
- Rhizopus oryzae
- Mucor indicus
- Lichtheimia corymbifera
- Syncephalastrum racemosum
- Apophysomyces variabilis
|
|
Entomophthorales
(Entomophthoramycosis) |
- Basidiobolus ranarum
- Conidiobolus coronatus/Conidiobolus incongruus
|
|
|
Microsporidia
(Microsporidiosis) |
- Enterocytozoon bieneusi/Encephalitozoon intestinalis
|
|
|
| Mesomycetozoea |
|
|
| Ungrouped |
- Alternariosis
- Fungal folliculitis
- Fusarium
- Granuloma gluteale infantum
- Hyalohyphomycosis
- Otomycosis
- Phaeohyphomycosis
|
|
|
Index of fungal disease
|
|
| Description |
|
|
| Disease |
|
|
| Treatment |
|
|
|
|
Female diseases of the pelvis and genitals (N70–N99, 614–629)
|
|
| Internal |
| Adnexa |
| Ovary |
- Endometriosis of ovary
- Female infertility
- Anovulation
- Poor ovarian reserve
- Mittelschmerz
- Oophoritis
- Ovarian apoplexy
- Ovarian cyst
- Corpus luteum cyst
- Follicular cyst of ovary
- Theca lutein cyst
- Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome
- Ovarian torsion
|
|
| Fallopian tube |
- Female infertility
- Fallopian tube obstruction
- Hematosalpinx
- Hydrosalpinx
- Salpingitis
|
|
|
| Uterus |
| Endometrium |
- Asherman's syndrome
- Dysfunctional uterine bleeding
- Endometrial hyperplasia
- Endometrial polyp
- Endometriosis
- Endometritis
|
|
| menstruation |
- flow
- Amenorrhoea
- Hypomenorrhea
- Oligomenorrhea
- pain
- timing
- Menometrorrhagia
- Menorrhagia
- Metrorrhagia
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Myometrium |
|
|
| Parametrium |
|
|
| Cervix |
- Cervical dysplasia
- Cervical incompetence
- Cervical polyp
- Cervicitis
- Female infertility
- Nabothian cyst
|
|
| General |
- Hematometra / Pyometra
- Retroverted uterus
|
|
|
| Vagina |
- Hematocolpos / Hydrocolpos
- Leukorrhea / Vaginal discharge
- Vaginitis
- Atrophic vaginitis
- Bacterial vaginosis
- Candidal vulvovaginitis
|
|
| Sexual dysfunction |
- Dyspareunia
- Hypoactive sexual desire disorder
- Sexual arousal disorder
- Vaginismus
|
|
- Fistulae
- Rectovaginal
- Vesicovaginal
- Prolapse
- Cystocele
- Enterocele
- Rectocele
- Sigmoidocele
- Urethrocele
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Other / general |
- Pelvic congestion syndrome
- Pelvic inflammatory disease
|
|
|
| External |
| Vulva |
- Bartholin's cyst
- Kraurosis vulvae
- Vestibular papillomatosis
- Vulvitis
- Vulvodynia
|
|
| Clitoral hood or Clitoris |
- Clitoral phimosis
- Clitorism
|
|
|
|
Index of reproductive medicine
|
|
| Description |
- Anatomy
- Physiology
- Development
- sex determination and differentiation
|
|
| Disease |
- Infections
- Congenital
- Neoplasms and cancer
- male
- female
- gonadal
- germ cell
- Other
- Symptoms and signs
|
|
| Treatment |
- Procedures
- Drugs
- benign prostatic hypertrophy
- erectile dysfunction and premature ejaculation
- sexual dysfunction
- infection
- hormones
- androgens
- estrogens
- progestogens
- GnRH
- prolactin
- Assisted reproduction
- Birth control
|
|
|
