| Vomer |
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Vomer labeled at left.
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Bones and cartilages of septum of nose. Right side. (Vomer visible at bottom left.)
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| Details |
| Latin |
Vomer |
| Identifiers |
| MeSH |
A02.165.407.600 |
| TA |
A02.1.11.001 |
| FMA |
9710 |
| Anatomical terms of bone
[edit on Wikidata]
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The vomer ([1][2]) is one of the unpaired facial bones of the skull. It is located in the midsagittal line, and articulates with the sphenoid, the ethmoid, the left and right palatine bones, and the left and right maxillary bones. The vomer forms the inferior part of the nasal septum, with the superior part formed by the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone.[3] The name is derived from the Latin word for a ploughshare and the shape of the bone.
Contents
- 1 Structure
- 1.1 Borders
- 1.2 Articulations
- 2 Function
- 3 In other animals
- 4 Additional images
- 5 See also
- 6 References
- 7 External links
Structure
The vomer is situated in the median plane, but its anterior portion is frequently bent to one or other side.
It is thin, somewhat quadrilateral in shape, and forms the hinder and lower part of the nasal septum; it has two surfaces and four borders.
The surfaces are marked by small furrows for blood vessels, and on each is the nasopalatine groove, which runs obliquely downward and forward, and lodges the nasopalatine nerve and vessels.
Borders
The superior border, the thickest, presents a deep furrow, bounded on either side by a horizontal projecting expansion of bone – called the wing of vomer; the furrow receives the rostrum of the sphenoid, while the margins of the alae articulate with the vaginal processes of the medial pterygoid plates of the sphenoid behind, and with the sphenoidal processes of the palatine bones in front.
The inferior border articulates with the crest formed by the maxillæ and palatine bones.
The anterior border is the longest and slopes downward and forward. Its upper half is fused with the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid; its lower half is grooved for the inferior margin of the septal cartilage of the nose.
The posterior border is free of bony articulation and has no muscle attachments, concave, and separates the choanae. It is thick and bifid above, thin below.
Articulations
The vomer articulates with six bones:
- two of the cranium, the sphenoid and ethmoid.
- four of the face, the two maxillae; and the two palatine bones.
It also articulates with the septal cartilage of the nose.
Function
The vomeronasal organ, also called Jacobson's organ, is a chemoreceptor organ named for its closeness to the vomer and nasal bones, and is particularly developed in animals such as cats (who adopt a characteristic pose called the Flehmen reaction or flehming when making use of it), and is thought to have to do with the perception of certain pheromones.
In other animals
In bony fish, the vomers are flattened, paired, bones forming the anterior part of the roof of the mouth, just behind the premaxillary bones. In many species, they have teeth, supplementing those in the jaw proper; in some extinct species the teeth on the vomers were actually larger than the primary set. In amphibians and reptiles, the vomers become narrower, due to the presence of the enlarged choanae (the inner part of the nostrils) on either side, and they may extend further back in the jaw. They are typically small in birds, where they form the upper hind part of the beak, again being located between the choanae.[4]
In mammals, the vomers have become narrower still, and are fused into a single, vertically oriented bone. The development of the hard palate beneath the vomer means that the bone is now located in a nasal chamber, separate from the mouth.[4]
Additional images
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Median wall of left nasal cavity showing vomer in situ.
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Base of skull. Inferior surface.
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Sagittal section of skull.
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See also
This article uses anatomical terminology; for an overview, see anatomical terminology.
References
This article incorporates text in the public domain from the 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918)
- ^ OED 2nd edition, 1989.
- ^ Entry "vomer" in Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary.
- ^ Illustrated Anatomy of the Head and Neck, Fehrenbach and Herring, Elsevier, 2012, page 52
- ^ a b Romer, Alfred Sherwood; Parsons, Thomas S. (1977). The Vertebrate Body. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. pp. 220–243. ISBN 0-03-910284-X.
External links
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Vomer. |
- Anatomy photo:33:st-0232 at the SUNY Downstate Medical Center - "Nasal Cavity: Bones"
- Anatomy figure: 33:02-03 at Human Anatomy Online, SUNY Downstate Medical Center - "Diagram of skeleton of medial (septal) nasal wall."
- lesson9 at The Anatomy Lesson by Wesley Norman (Georgetown University) (nasalseptumbonescarti)
- Atlas image: rsa1p7 at the University of Michigan Health System - "Nasal septum, lateral view"
- Anatomy diagram: 34256.000-1 at Roche Lexicon - illustrated navigator, Elsevier
- Anatomy diagram: 34257.000-1 at Roche Lexicon - illustrated navigator, Elsevier
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The facial skeleton of the skull
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| Maxilla |
| Surfaces |
- Anterior: fossae (Incisive fossa, Canine fossa)
- Infraorbital foramen
- Anterior nasal spine
- Infratemporal: Alveolar canals
- Maxillary tuberosity
- Orbital: Infraorbital groove
- Infraorbital canal
- Nasal: Greater palatine canal
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| Processes |
- Zygomatic process
- Frontal process (Agger nasi, Anterior lacrimal crest)
- Alveolar process
- Palatine process (Incisive foramen, Incisive canals, Foramina of Scarpa, Incisive bone, Anterior nasal spine)
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| Other |
- Body of maxilla
- Maxillary sinus
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| Zygomatic |
- Orbital process (Zygomatico-orbital)
- Temporal process (Zygomaticotemporal)
- Lateral process (Zygomaticofacial)
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| Palatine |
| Fossae |
- Pterygopalatine fossa
- Pterygoid fossa
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| Plates |
- Horizontal plate (Posterior nasal spine)
- Perpendicular plate (Greater palatine canal, Sphenopalatine foramen)
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| Processes |
- Pyramidal
- Orbital
- Sphenoidal
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| Mandible |
| Body |
- external surface (Mandibular symphysis, Lingual foramen, Mental protuberance, Mental foramen, Mandibular incisive canal)
- internal surface (Mental spine, Mylohyoid line, Sublingual fovea, Submandibular fovea)
- Alveolar part of mandible
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| Ramus |
- Mylohyoid groove (Mandibular canal, Lingula)
- Mandibular foramen
- Angle
- Coronoid process
- Mandibular notch
- Condyloid process
- Pterygoid fovea
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| Nose |
- Nasal bone
- Nasal foramina
- Inferior nasal concha
- Maxillary process
- Vomer
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| Other |
- Lacrimal
- Posterior lacrimal crest
- Lacrimal groove
- Lacrimal hamulus
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