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producing living young (not eggs) (同)live-bearing

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(動物が)胎性の

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2019/06/21 02:15:45」(JST)

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Watsonia meriana, near end of flowering, has cormlets that eventually drop and root.

Red mangrove seeds germinate while still on the parent tree.

In plants, vivipary occurs when seeds or embryos begin to develop before they detach from the parent. Plants such as some Iridaceae and Agavoideae grow cormlets in the axils of their inflorescences. These fall and in favourable circumstances they have effectively a whole season's start over fallen seeds. Similarly, some Crassulaceae, such as Bryophyllum, develop and drop plantlets from notches in their leaves, ready to grow. Such production of embryos from somatic tissues is asexual vegetative reproduction that amounts to cloning.

Description

In some species of mangroves, for instance, the seed germinates and grows from its own resources while still attached to its parent. Seedlings of some species are dispersed by currents if they drop into the water, but others develop a heavy, straight taproot that commonly penetrates mud when the seedling drops, thereby effectively planting the seedling. This contrasts with the examples of vegetative reproduction mentioned above, in that the mangrove plantlets are true seedlings produced by sexual reproduction.

In some trees, like jackfruit, some citrus, and avocado, the seeds can be found already germinated while the fruit goes overripe; strictly speaking this condition cannot be described as vivipary, but the moist and humid conditions provided by the fruit mimic a wet soil that encourages germination. However, the seeds also can germinate under moist soil.^[1]

Reproduction

Vivipary includes reproduction via embryos, such as shoots or bulbils, as opposed to germinating externally from a dropped, dormant seed, as is usual in plants;^[2]^[3]

References

^ "UCLA: The Mildred E. Mathias Botanical Garden". ucla.edu.
^ Kenneth, John H. Henderson's Dictionary of Scientific Terms. Oliver and Boyd 1960 ASIN: B000HG6JE8
^ Jackson, Benjamin, Daydon; A Glossary of Botanic Terms with their Derivation and Accent; Published by Gerald Duckworth & Co. London, 4th ed 1928

English Journal

Seed traits and genes important for translational biology--highlights from recent discoveries.

Martínez-Andújar C, Martin RC, Nonogaki H.SourceDepartment of Plant Nutrition, CEBAS-CSIC, Campus de Espinardo, Murcia, Spain.
Plant & cell physiology.Plant Cell Physiol.2012 Jan;53(1):5-15. Epub 2011 Aug 17.
Seeds provide food, feed, fiber and fuel. They are also an important delivery system of genetic information, which is essential for the survival of wild species in ecosystems and the production of agricultural crops. In this review, seed traits and genes that are potentially important for agricultur
PMID 21849396

Pollen and seed desiccation tolerance in relation to degree of developmental arrest, dispersal, and survival.

Franchi GG, Piotto B, Nepi M, Baskin CC, Baskin JM, Pacini E.SourceDepartment of Neurological, Neurosurgical and Behavioral Sciences, Section of Pharmacology G. Segre, University of Siena, Strada delle Scotte 6, 53100 Siena, Italy.
Journal of experimental botany.J Exp Bot.2011 Nov;62(15):5267-81. Epub 2011 Aug 9.
In most species, arrest of growth and a decrease in water content occur in seeds and pollen before they are dispersed. However, in a few cases, pollen and seeds may continue to develop (germinate). Examples are cleistogamy and vivipary. In all other cases, seeds and pollen are dispersed with a varia
PMID 21831844

Japanese Journal

Seed development and viviparous germination in one accession of a tomato rin mutant

Wang Xu,Zhang Lili,Xu Xiaochun,Qu Wei,Li Jingfu,Xu Xiangyang,Wang Aoxue
Breeding science 66(3), 372-380, 2016-06
NAID 40020848788

Seed development and viviparous germination in one accession of a tomato rin mutant

Wang Xu,Zhang Lili,Xu Xiaochun,Qu Wei,Li Jingfu,Xu Xiangyang,Wang Aoxue
Ｂｒｅｅｄｉｎｇ　Ｓｃｉｅｎｃｅ 66(3), 372-380, 2016
… In an experimental field, seed vivipary occurred in one accession of tomato rin … accession were similar to those of the control cultivar and thus are not directly associated with the occurrence of vivipary. …
NAID 130005160892

メロンの果実内発芽と内生アブシジン酸含量に及ぼすカリウム施用の影響

越智靖文,伊東正
園芸学研究 11(1), 43-48, 2012
果実内発芽し難い1系統と果実内発芽し易い2系統を供試材料とし，果実内発芽と内生アブシジン酸含量の関係を明らかにするために，カリウム濃度の異なる3種の培養液（2.4, 4.2および6.0 me・L−1）で栽培した．その結果，果実内発芽し易い系統では，カリウム濃度の低下により1果当たりの種子数が明らかに減少した．しかし，果実内発芽し難い系統では …
NAID 130004938724