virtuoso

　 　

WordNet

1. a musician who is a consummate master of technique and artistry

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. 音楽の名手,名演奏家 / 名人,大家

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/08/29 04:02:34」(JST)

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For other uses, see Virtuoso (disambiguation).

Examples of well known Virtuosi over time. Top Row - From left: Frédéric Chopin, Niccolò Paganini, Franz Liszt, Luigi Boccherini. Bottom Row - From left: Arthur Rubinstein, Sergei Rachmaninoff, Yo-Yo Ma, Itzhak Perlman.

A virtuoso (from Italian virtuoso, Late Latin virtuosus, Latin virtus meaning: skill, manliness, or excellence) is an individual who possesses outstanding technical ability in a particular field. This word is often used to refer to an individual with superior technique or execution in fine arts, or music, often singing, playing a musical instrument or composition. This word also refers to a person who has cultivated appreciation of artistic excellence, either as a connoisseur or collector. Virtuoso's plural form is either virtuosi or the Anglicisation, virtuosos, and the feminine form is virtuosa.

Virtuosity defined

Music in the Western civilization by Piero Weiss and Richard Taruskin gives the following definition of virtuoso:

"...a virtuoso was, originally, a highly accomplished musician, but by the nineteenth century the term had become restricted to performers, both vocal and instrumental, whose technical accomplishments were so pronounced as to dazzle the public."

The defining element of virtuosity is the performance ability of the musician in question, who is capable of displaying feats of skill well above the average performer.

Especially in music, both critics and musicians have mixed opinions on virtuosity. While the skill implied is clearly positive, musicians focused on virtuosity have been criticized for overlooking substance and emotion in favor of raw technical prowess.

More commonly applied in the context of the fine arts, the term can also refer to a 'master' or 'ace' who excels technically within any particular field or area of human knowledge—anyone especially or dazzlingly skilled at what they do. For instance, Ken Jennings's initial success on Jepoardy was described as a "virtuoso performance."

The Italian term "virtuoso" was also once commonly used to describe the group of emerging ballistic experts, engineers, artillerists, and specialists in mechanics and dynamics that arose during the late 17th century in response to the spreading use of gunpowder in Europe.^{[citation needed]}

History

The meaning of virtuoso has its roots in the Italian usage of the 16th and 17th centuries, signifying an honorific term reserved for a person distinguished in any intellectual or artistic field. The term evolved with time, simultaneously broadening and narrowing in scope as interpretations went in and out of fashion and debates unravel. Originally a musician was honored the classification by being a composer, theorist or famous maestro, more importantly than being a skilled performer.

The 17th and 18th centuries saw a shift in the meaning of the term, which started being self indulged by a great number of musicians, without considerations of merit. Sébastien de Brossard in his Dictionaire de Musique (Paris, 1703) approached the word virtuoso by its Latin root virtu emphasizing exceptional training, especially in theory. This position was also defended in Johann Gottfried Walther's Musicalisches Lexicon (1732) favoring the theorist over the performer. Johan Matthenson's Der brauchbare Virtuoso (1720) maintained the respect for the traditional "theoretische Virtuosen" (virtuoso theoretical) but also paid tribute to the "virtuosi prattici"(performer virtuoso).

Johann Kuhnau in his The Musical Charlatan (Der musikalische Quack-Salber, 1700) defined the "true virtuoso" once again emphasizing theory ("der wahre Virtuose") describing the "highly gifted musician" ("der glückselige Musicus") or "performer virtuoso" as having nothing more than practical facility.

In the late 18th century the term started to be used to describe the musician, instrumentalist or vocalist, who pursued a career as a soloist. The tension about the merit of practical virtuosity started to grow at the same time and intensified in the 19th century, only to remain an open debate since then. Franz Liszt declared that "virtuosity is not an outgrowth, but an indispensable element of music" (Gesammelte Schriften, iv, 1855–9). Richard Wagner opposed the triviality and exhibitionist talents of the performer voicing his opinion strongly: "The real dignity of the virtuoso rests solely on the dignity he is able to preserve for creative art; if he trifles and toys with this, he casts his honour away. He is the intermediary of the artistic idea" (Gesammelte Schriften; English translation, vii, 1894–9, p. 112). Pejorative connotations started in this epoch exemplified by new German expressions such as "Virtuosenmachwerk" (piece of routine display). "Pultvirtuoso" (conductor with virtuoso qualities), on the other hand, is not pejorative, but complimentary.

References

English Journal

• Jazz, Guitar and Neurosurgery: the Pat Martino Case Report.

• Galarza M, Isaac C, Porcar OP, Mayes A, Broks P, Montaldi D, Denby C, Simeone F.SourceRegional Department of Neurosurgery, "Virgen de la Arrixaca" University Hospital, Murcia, Spain. Electronic address: marcelo.galarza@carm.es.
• World neurosurgery.World Neurosurg.2013 Sep 24. pii: S1878-8750(13)01230-8. doi: 10.1016/j.wneu.2013.09.042. [Epub ahead of print]
• We present the case of a professional jazz guitarist with temporal lobe epilepsy secondary to an arteriovenous cerebral malformation. He underwent a left temporal lobectomy in 1980. Following surgery, he presented with severe retrograde amnesia as well as complete loss of musical interest and capabi
• PMID 24076057

• Increased Intrathoracic Impedance May Predict Adverse Events in LVAD Patients.

• Bartoli CR, Vessels KM, McCants KC.SourceDivision of Cardiovascular Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
• Journal of cardiac surgery.J Card Surg.2013 Sep;28(5):616-8. doi: 10.1111/jocs.12191. Epub 2013 Aug 4.
• We describe a 36-year-old male with a HeartWare LVAD and a Medtronic Virtuoso DR pacemaker in whom increased intrathoracic impedance preceded suction events, low LVAD flows, symptoms of a heart failure exacerbation, and hospitalization. Measurement of intrathoracic impedance may identify fluid shift
• PMID 23909444

• Wave separation in the trumpet under playing conditions and comparison with time domain finite difference simulation.

• Kemp JA, Bilbao S, McMaster J, Smith RA.SourceDepartment of Music, University of St Andrews, Beethoven Lodge, 65 North Street, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9AJ, United Kingdom. jk50@st-andrews.ac.uk
• The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.J Acoust Soc Am.2013 Aug;134(2):1395-406. doi: 10.1121/1.4812254.
• Wave separation within a trumpet is presented using three high pressure microphones to measure pressure waves within the curved, constant cross-section tuning slide of the instrument while the instrument was being played by a virtuoso trumpet player. A closer inter-microphone spacing was possible in
• PMID 23927135

Japanese Journal

• 「芸」が成立するとき

• 伊吹 克己
• 人文科学年報 (45), 1-21, 2015
• NAID 40020421595

• Staging Cultural and Theatrical Heterogeneity : Yukio Ninagawa's 2013 Production of The Merchant of Venice

• Fukahori Etsuko
• 活水論文集. 文学部編 57, 13-22, 2014-03-31
• … The production mostly benefited from Ennosuke Ichikawa's virtuoso representation of Shylock in kabuki style. …
• NAID 110009840563

• 生命科学の複数LODの統合による目的別タンパク質分子間相互作用Linked Open Dataの構築

• 込山 悠介,番野 雅城,鑓水 優行,加藤 文彦,大向 一輝,武田 英明,清水 謙多郎
• 人工知能学会論文誌 29(4), 356-363, 2014
• … Finally, we designed three RDF schema models and made access possible using AllegroGraph 4.11 and Virtuoso 7. …
• NAID 130004927341

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