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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2017/09/08 20:30:08」(JST)

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A virosome is a drug or vaccine delivery mechanism consisting of unilamellar phospholipid membrane (either a mono- or bi-layer) vesicle incorporating virus derived proteins to allow the virosomes to fuse with target cells. Virosomes are not able to replicate but are pure fusion-active vesicles.

Influenza virosomes

In contrast to liposomes, virosomes contain functional viral envelope glycoproteins: influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) intercalated in the phospholipid bilayer membrane. They have a typical mean diameter of 150 nm. Essentially, virosomes represent reconstituted empty influenza virus envelopes, devoid of the nucleocapsid including the genetic material of the source virus.^[1]

The unique properties of virosomes partially relate to the presence of biologically active influenza HA in their membrane. This viral protein not only confers structural stability and homogeneity to virosome-based formulations, but it significantly contributes to the immunological properties of virosomes, which are clearly distinct from other liposomal and proteoliposomal carrier systems. It has been shown that a physical association between the virosome and the antigen of interest is necessary for the full adjuvant effect of virosomes.^{[citation needed]} Such physical association can be achieved by a variety of methods, depending on the properties of the antigen. Antigens can be incorporated into virosomes, adsorbed to the virosome surface, or integrated into the lipid membrane, either via hydrophobic domains or lipid moieties cross-linked to the antigen.

Virosomes therefore represent an innovative, broadly applicable adjuvant and carrier system with prospective applications in areas beyond conventional vaccines. They are one of only three adjuvant systems widely approved by regulatory authorities^{[citation needed]} and the only one that has carrier capabilities.^{[citation needed]}

Non-influenza virosomes

They are also being considered for HIV-1 vaccine research.^[2]

They were used as a drug carrier mechanism for experimental cancer therapies.^[3]

References

^ hHuckriede, Anke; Bungener, Laura; Stegmann, Toon; Daemen, Toos; Medema, Jeroen; Palache, Abraham M.; Wilschut, Jan (2005). "The virosome concept for influenza vaccines". Vaccine. 23: S26–38. PMID 16026906. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.04.026.
^ http://ec.europa.eu/research/health/infectious-diseases/poverty-diseases/projects/90_en.htm HIV VIROSOMES.^{[full citation needed]}
^ Waelti, Ernst; Wegmann, Nina; Schwaninger, Ruth; Wetterwald, Antionette; Wingenfeld, Carsten; Rothen-Rutishauser, Barbara; Gimmi, Claude D. (2002). "Targeting her-2/neu with antirat Neu virosomes for cancer therapy". Cancer Research. 62 (2): 437–44. PMID 11809693.

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English Journal

A Triple Co-Culture Model of the Human Respiratory Tract to Study Immune-Modulatory Effects of Liposomes and Virosomes.

Blom RA1,2, Erni ST1, Krempaská K1, Schaerer O1, van Dijk RM3,4, Amacker M5, Moser C6, Hall SR7,8, von Garnier C1, Blank F1.
PloS one.PLoS One.2016 Sep 29;11(9):e0163539. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163539.
The respiratory tract with its ease of access, vast surface area and dense network of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) represents an ideal target for immune-modulation. Bio-mimetic nanocarriers such as virosomes may provide immunomodulatory properties to treat diseases such as allergic asthma. In our
PMID 27685460

Live-Cell Imaging of Vaccinia Virus Recombination.

Paszkowski P1, Noyce RS1, Evans DH1.
PLoS pathogens.PLoS Pathog.2016 Aug 15;12(8):e1005824. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005824. eCollection 2016.
Recombination between co-infecting poxviruses provides an important mechanism for generating the genetic diversity that underpins evolution. However, poxviruses replicate in membrane-bound cytoplasmic structures known as factories or virosomes. These are enclosed structures that could impede DNA mix
PMID 27525721

A novel chimeric influenza virosome containing Vesicular stomatitis G protein as a more efficient gene delivery system.

Mohammadzadeh Y1, Rasouli N1, Aref MH1, Tabib NS1, Abdoli A2, Biglari P1, Saleh M1, Tabatabaeian M1, Kheiri MT1, Jamali A3.
Biotechnology letters.Biotechnol Lett.2016 Aug;38(8):1321-9. doi: 10.1007/s10529-016-2108-1. Epub 2016 May 12.
OBJECTIVES: To enhance the efficiency of influenza virosome-mediated gene delivery by engineering this virosome.RESULTS: A novel chimeric influenza virosome was constructed containing the glycoprotein of Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV-G), along with its own hemagglutinin protein. To optimize the tr
PMID 27169781

Japanese Journal

Preparation of Virosomes Coated with the Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Glycoprotein as Efficient Gene Transfer Vehicles for Animal Cells

Microbiology and immunology 48(3), 163-174, 2004-03-20
NAID 10012684378

Mucosal antibody response induced with a nasal virosome-based influenza vaccine

Vaccine 21(27-30), 4328-4334, 2003
NAID 30006369694

Safety and immunogenicity of intranasally administered inactivated trivalent virosome-formulated influenza vaccine containing Escherichia coli heat-labile toxin as a mucosal adjuvant