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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/10/10 14:30:42」(JST)

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In mammalian cells, vinculin is a membrane-cytoskeletal protein in focal adhesion plaques that is involved in linkage of integrin adhesion molecules to the actin cytoskeleton. Vinculin is a cytoskeletal protein associated with cell-cell and cell-matrix junctions, where it is thought to function as one of several interacting proteins involved in anchoring F-actin to the membrane.

Discovered independently by Benny Geiger^[3] and Keith Burridge,^[4] its sequence is 20%-30% similar to α-catenin, which serves a similar function.

Binding alternately to talin or α-actinin, vinculin's shape and, as a consequence, its binding properties are changed. The vinculin gene occurs as a single copy and what appears to be no close relative to take over functions in its absence. Its splice variant metavinculin (see below) also needs vinculin to heterodimerize and work in a dependent fashion.

Structure

Vinculin is a 117-kDa cytoskeletal protein with 1066 amino acids. The protein contains an acidic N-terminal domain and a basic C-terminal domain separated by a proline-rich middle segment. Vinculin consists of a globular head domain that contains binding sites for talin and α-actinin as well as a tyrosine phosphorylation site, while the tail region contains binding sites for F-actin, paxillin, and lipids.^[5]

Essentially, there is an 835 amino acid N-terminal head, which is split into four domains. This is linked to the C-terminal tail with a linker region.

The recent discovery of the 3D structure sheds light on how this protein tailors its shape to perform a variety of functions. For example, vinculin is able to control the cell’s motility by simply altering its shape from active to inactive. When in its ‘inactive’ state, vinculin’s conformation is characterized by the interaction between its head and tail domains. And, when transforming to the ‘active’ form, such as when talin triggers binding, the intramolecular interaction between the tail and head is severed. In other words, when talin’s binding sites (VBS) of α-helices bind to a helical bundle structure in vinculin’s head domain, the ‘helical bundle conversion’ is initiated, which leads to the reorganization of the α-helices (α1- α-4), resulting in an entirely new five-helical bundle structure. This function also extends to cancer cells, and regulating their movement and proliferation of cancer to other parts of the body.

Mechanism and function

Cell spreading and movement occur through the process of binding of cell surface integrin receptors to extracellular matrix adhesion molecules. Vinculin is associated with focal adhesion and adherens junctions, which are complexes that nucleate actin filaments and crosslinkers between the external medium, plasma membrane, and actin cytoskeleton.^[6] The complex at the focal adhesions consists of several proteins such as vinculin, α-actin, paxillin, and talin, at the intracellular face of the plasma membrane.

In more specific terms, the amino-terminus of vinculin binds to talin, which, in turn, binds to β-integrins, and the carboxy-terminus binds to actin, phospholipids, and paxillin-forming homodimers. The binding of vinculin to talin and actin is regulated by polyphosphoinositides and inhibited by acidic phospholipids. The complex then serves to anchor actin filaments to the membrane.^[7]

The loss of vinculin impacts a variety of cell functions; it disrupts the formation of the complex, and prevents cell adhesion and spreading. The absence of the protein demonstrates a decrease in spreading of cells, accompanied by reduced stress fiber formation, formation of fewer focal adhesions, and inhibition of lamellipodia extension.^[5] It was discovered that cells that are deficient in vinculin have growth cones that advance more slowly, as well as filopodia and lamellipoida that were less stable than the wild-type. Based on research, it has been postulated that the lack of vinculin may decrease cell adhesion by inhibiting focal adhesion assembly and preventing actin polymerization. On the other hand, overexpression of vinculin may restore adhesion and spreading by promoting recruitment of cytoskeletal proteins to the focal adhesion complex at the site of integrin binding.^[7] Vinculin's ability to interact with integrins to the cytoskeleton at the focal adhesion appears to be critical for control of cytoskeletal mechanics, cell spreading, and lamellipodia formation. Thus, vinculin appears to play a key role in shape control based on its ability to modulate focal adhesion structure and function.

Vinculin binding site

Vinculin binding sites are predominantly found in talin and talin-like molecules, enabling binding of vinculin to talin, stabilising integrin-mediated cell-matrix junctions. Talin, in turn, links integrins to the actin cytoskeleton. The consensus sequence for Vinculin binding sites is LxxAAxxVAxxVxxLIxxA, with a secondary structure prediction of four amphipathic helices. The hydrophobic residues that define the VBS are themselves 'masked' and are buried in the core of a series of helical bundles that make up the talin rod.^[8]

Metavinculin splice variant

Smooth muscles and skeletal muscles (and probably to a lower extent in cardiac muscle) in their well-differentiated (contractile) state co-express (along with vinculin) a splice variant carrying an extra exon in the 3' coding region, thus encoding a longer isoform meta-vinculin (meta VCL) of ~150KD molecular weight — a protein whose existence has been known since the 1980s.^[9] Translation of the extra exon causes a 68- to 79-amino acid acid-rich insert between helices I and II within the C-terminal tail domain. Mutations within the insert region correlate with hereditary idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy.^[10]

The length of the insert in metavinculin is 68 AA in mammals and 79 in frog.^[11] Compared metavinculin sequences from pig, man, chicken, and frog, and found the insert to be bipartite: the first part variable and the second highly conserved. Both vinculin isoforms co-localize in muscular adhesive structures, such as dense plaques in smooth muscles, intercalated discs in cardiomyocytes, and costameres in skeletal muscles.^[12] Metavinculin tail domain has a lower affinity for the head as compared with the vinculin tail. In case of metavinculin, unfurling of the C-terminal hydrophobic hairpin loop of tail domain is impaired by the negative charges of the 68-amino acid insert, thus requiring phospholipid-activated regular isoform of vinculin to fully activate the metavinculin molecule.

Interactions

Vinculin has been shown to interact with:

CDH1,^[13]^[14]
Paxillin,^[15]^[16]^[17] and
SORBS1.^[18]

In cases of Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth presented as IBS symptoms, anti-cdtb antibodies have been identified to affect vinculin function, which is required in gut motility.^[19]

References

^ "Human PubMed Reference:".
^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:".
^ Geiger B (1979). "A 130K protein from chicken gizzard: its localization at the termini of microfilament bundles in cultured chicken cells". Cell. 18 (1): 193–205. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(79)90368-4. PMID 574428.
^ Burridge K, Feramisco JR (1980). "Microinjection and localization of a 130K protein in living fibroblasts: a relationship to actin and fibronectin". Cell. 19 (3): 587–95. doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(80)80035-3. PMID 6988083.
^ ^a ^b Goldmann WH, Ingber DE (2001). "Intact vinculin protein is Require for control of cell shape, cell mechanics, and rac-Dependent Lamellipodia Formation". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 290 (2): 749–755. doi:10.1006/bbrc.2001.6243. PMID 11785963.
^ Xu W, Baribault H, Adamson ED (1998). "vinculin knockout results in heart and brain defects during embryonic development". Development. 125 (2): 327–337. PMID 9486805.
^ ^a ^b Ezzell RM, Goldmann WH, Wang N, Parashurama N, Parasharama N, Ingber DE (1997). "Vinculin promotes cell spreading by mechanically coupling integrins to the cytoskeleton". Exp. Cell Res. 231 (1): 14–26. doi:10.1006/excr.1996.3451. PMID 9056408.
^ Gingras AR, Vogel KP, Steinhoff HJ, Ziegler WH, Patel B, Emsley J, Critchley DR, Roberts GC, Barsukov IL (February 2006). "Structural and dynamic characterization of a vinculin binding site in the talin rod". Biochemistry. 45 (6): 1805–17. doi:10.1021/bi052136l. PMID 16460027.
^ Feramisco JR, Smart JE, Burridge K, Helfman DM, Thomas GP (1982). "Co-existence of vinculin and a vinculin-like protein of higher molecular weight in smooth muscle". J. Biol. Chem. 257 (18): 11024–31. PMID 6809764.
^ Witt S, Zieseniss A, Fock U, Jockusch BM, Illenberger S (2004). "Comparative biochemical analysis suggests that vinculin and metavinculin cooperate in muscular adhesion sites". J. Biol. Chem. 279 (30): 31533–43. doi:10.1074/jbc.M314245200. PMID 15159399.
^ Strasser P, Gimona M, Herzog M, Geiger B, Small JV (1993). "Variable and constant regions in the C-terminus of vinculin and metavinculin. Cloning and expression of fragments in E. coli". FEBS Lett. 317 (3): 189–94. doi:10.1016/0014-5793(93)81274-4. PMID 8425604.
^ Belkin AM, Ornatsky OI, Glukhova MA, Koteliansky VE (1988). "Immunolocalization of meta-vinculin in human smooth and cardiac muscles". J. Cell Biol. 107 (2): 545–53. doi:10.1083/jcb.107.2.545. PMC 2115213. PMID 3138246.
^ Hazan RB, Kang L, Roe S, Borgen PI, Rimm DL (December 1997). "Vinculin is associated with the E-cadherin adhesion complex". J. Biol. Chem. 272 (51): 32448–53. doi:10.1074/jbc.272.51.32448. PMID 9405455.
^ Hazan RB, Norton L (April 1998). "The epidermal growth factor receptor modulates the interaction of E-cadherin with the actin cytoskeleton". J. Biol. Chem. 273 (15): 9078–84. doi:10.1074/jbc.273.15.9078. PMID 9535896.
^ Turner CE, Brown MC, Perrotta JA, Riedy MC, Nikolopoulos SN, McDonald AR, Bagrodia S, Thomas S, Leventhal PS (May 1999). "Paxillin LD4 motif binds PAK and PIX through a novel 95-kD ankyrin repeat, ARF-GAP protein: A role in cytoskeletal remodeling". J. Cell Biol. 145 (4): 851–63. doi:10.1083/jcb.145.4.851. PMC 2133183. PMID 10330411.
^ Mazaki Y, Hashimoto S, Sabe H (March 1997). "Monocyte cells and cancer cells express novel paxillin isoforms with different binding properties to focal adhesion proteins". J. Biol. Chem. 272 (11): 7437–44. doi:10.1074/jbc.272.11.7437. PMID 9054445.
^ Brown MC, Perrotta JA, Turner CE (November 1996). "Identification of LIM3 as the principal determinant of paxillin focal adhesion localization and characterization of a novel motif on paxillin directing vinculin and focal adhesion kinase binding". J. Cell Biol. 135 (4): 1109–23. doi:10.1083/jcb.135.4.1109. PMC 2133378. PMID 8922390.
^ Mandai K, Nakanishi H, Satoh A, Takahashi K, Satoh K, Nishioka H, Mizoguchi A, Takai Y (March 1999). "Ponsin/SH3P12: an l-afadin- and vinculin-binding protein localized at cell-cell and cell-matrix adherens junctions". J. Cell Biol. 144 (5): 1001–17. doi:10.1083/jcb.144.5.1001. PMC 2148189. PMID 10085297.
^ Pimentel M, Morales W, Pokkunuri V, Brikos C, Kim SM, Kim SE, Triantafyllou K, Weitsman S, Marsh Z, Marsh E, Chua KS, Srinivasan S, Barlow GM, Chang C (May 2015). "Autoimmunity Links Vinculin to the Pathophysiology of Chronic Functional Bowel Changes Following Campylobacter jejuni Infection in a Rat Model.". Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 60 (5): 1195–205. doi:10.1007/s10620-014-3435-5. PMID 25424202.

External links

MBInfo - Vinculin
http://www.stjude.org/media/0,2561,453_5297_9660,00.html
http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/medicalnews.php?newsid=5196
http://www.olympusmicro.com/primer/techniques/fluorescence/gallery/cells/bpae/images/bpaelarge.jpg
Vinculin Info with links in the Cell Migration Gateway

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. 拡張型心筋症の遺伝学 genetics of dilated cardiomyopathy
2. 糸球体足細胞のバイオロジー biology of glomerular podocytes
3. 慢性骨髄性白血病の細胞生物学および分子生物学 cellular and molecular biology of chronic myeloid leukemia
4. 血小板生物学 platelet biology

English Journal

Chemical cross-linking and native mass spectrometry: A fruitful combination for structural biology.

Sinz A1, Arlt C1, Chorev D2, Sharon M2.
Protein science : a publication of the Protein Society.Protein Sci.2015 Aug;24(8):1193-209. doi: 10.1002/pro.2696. Epub 2015 May 27.
Mass spectrometry (MS) is becoming increasingly popular in the field of structural biology for analyzing protein three-dimensional-structures and for mapping protein-protein interactions. In this review, the specific contributions of chemical crosslinking and native MS are outlined to reveal the str
PMID 25970732

Metavinculin tunes the flexibility and the architecture of vinculin induced bundles of actin filaments.

Oztug Durer ZA1, McGillivary RM1, Kang H2, Elam WA2, Vizcarra CL1, Hanein D3, De La Cruz EM2, Reisler E4, Quinlan ME4.
Journal of molecular biology.J Mol Biol.2015 Jul 10. pii: S0022-2836(15)00383-6. doi: 10.1016/j.jmb.2015.07.005. [Epub ahead of print]
Vinculin is an abundant protein found at cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix junctions. In muscles, a longer splice-isoform of vinculin, metavinculin, is also expressed. The metavinculin-specific insert is part of the C-terminal tail domain, the actin-binding site of both isoforms. Mutations in
PMID 26168869

Structure of the free form of the N-terminal VH1 domain of monomeric α-catenin.

Shibahara T1, Hirano Y1, Hakoshima T2.
FEBS letters.FEBS Lett.2015 Jul 8;589(15):1754-60. doi: 10.1016/j.febslet.2015.05.053. Epub 2015 Jun 9.
The N-terminal vinculin-homology 1 (VH1) domain of α-catenin facilitates two exclusive forms, a monomeric form directly bound to β-catenin for linking E-cadherin to F-actin or a homodimer for the inhibition of β-catenin binding. Competition of these two forms is affected by ∼80 N-terminal resid
PMID 26071377

Japanese Journal

2H33 骨形成促進のための酸素プラズマ処理による基材表面改質手法の開発

バイオエンジニアリング講演会講演論文集 2016(28), "2H33-1"-"2H33-3", 2016-01-09
NAID 110010052266

2D42 αカテニンに対するビンキュリン結合のAFM分子イメージング

バイオエンジニアリング講演会講演論文集 2016(28), "2D42-1"-"2D42-5", 2016-01-09
NAID 110010052193

2D41 細胞間張力を感知するαカテニンの力学的分子適応メカニズム

バイオエンジニアリング講演会講演論文集 2016(28), "2D41-1"-"2D41-4", 2016-01-09
NAID 110010052192

Related Pictures

Molecular Expressions Microscopy Primer: Specialized Microscopy Techniques Vinculin; alpha-Vinculin; beta-Vinculin Bovine Pulmonary Artery Cell Vinculin with Cy2 | MicroscopyU Vinculin antibody [EPR8185] Recombinant (ab129002) | Abcam Anti-Vinculin antibody (Alexa Fluor® 647) [EPR8185] Recombinant What is Vinculin? | MBInfo

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元

「ビンクリン」

Available protein structures:
Pfam	structures
PDB	RCSB PDB; PDBe; PDBj
PDBsum	structure summary

VBS
	human vinculin head (1-258) in complex with talin's vinculin binding site 3 (residues 1944-1969)
Identifiers
Symbol	VBS
Pfam	PF08913
InterPro	IPR015009
Available protein structures:
Pfam	structures
PDB	RCSB PDB; PDBe; PDBj
PDBsum	structure summary

VCL
Available structures
PDB	Ortholog search: PDBe RCSB
List of PDB id codes
	1RKC, 1RKE, 1SYQ, 1TR2, 2GWW, 2IBF, 3H2U, 3H2V, 3MYI, 3TJ5, 3TJ6, 3VF0, 4DJ9, 4EHP, 1YDI, 2HSQ, 3RF3, 3S90, 4LN2, 4LNP, 4PR9, 3JBK
Identifiers
Aliases	VCL, CMD1W, CMH15, HEL114, MV, Mvinculin
External IDs	OMIM: 193065 MGI: 98927 HomoloGene: 7594 GeneCards: 7414
Gene ontology
Molecular function	• beta-catenin binding; • dystroglycan binding; • cadherin binding; • structural molecule activity; • protein binding; • actin binding; • alpha-catenin binding; • ubiquitin protein ligase binding; • cadherin binding involved in cell-cell adhesion;
Cellular component	• cytoplasm; • extracellular vesicle; • cytosol; • outer dense plaque of desmosome; • cell; • membrane; • cell-cell junction; • focal adhesion; • cell-substrate junction; • adherens junction; • plasma membrane; • inner dense plaque of desmosome; • cell-cell adherens junction; • protein complex; • terminal web; • extracellular region; • cell junction; • brush border; • actin cytoskeleton; • zonula adherens; • membrane raft; • fascia adherens; • costamere; • cytoskeleton; • extracellular exosome;
Biological process	• movement of cell or subcellular component; • regulation of cell migration; • muscle contraction; • adherens junction assembly; • epithelial cell-cell adhesion; • platelet degranulation; • morphogenesis of an epithelium; • cell adhesion; • negative regulation of cell migration; • protein localization to cell surface; • axon extension; • cell-matrix adhesion; • platelet aggregation; • apical junction assembly; • lamellipodium assembly;
	Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
RNA expression pattern
	; ;
	More reference expression data
Orthologs
	7414
	22330
	ENSG00000035403
	ENSMUSG00000021823
	P18206
	Q64727
	NM_003373; NM_014000
	NM_009502
	NP_003364.1; NP_054706.1
	NP_033528.3
	Wikidata
View/Edit Human	View/Edit Mouse

　　[★]

英: vinculin
同: ビンキュリン

[1] "Human PubMed Reference:".

[2] "Mouse PubMed Reference:".

[pmid574428-3] Geiger B (1979). "A 130K protein from chicken gizzard: its localization at the termini of microfilament bundles in cultured chicken cells". Cell. 18 (1): 193–205. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(79)90368-4. PMID 574428.

[pmid6988083-4] Burridge K, Feramisco JR (1980). "Microinjection and localization of a 130K protein in living fibroblasts: a relationship to actin and fibronectin". Cell. 19 (3): 587–95. doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(80)80035-3. PMID 6988083.

[Goldman_2001-5] Goldmann WH, Ingber DE (2001). "Intact vinculin protein is Require for control of cell shape, cell mechanics, and rac-Dependent Lamellipodia Formation". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 290 (2): 749–755. doi:10.1006/bbrc.2001.6243. PMID 11785963.

[6] Xu W, Baribault H, Adamson ED (1998). "vinculin knockout results in heart and brain defects during embryonic development". Development. 125 (2): 327–337. PMID 9486805.

[Ezzell_997-7] Ezzell RM, Goldmann WH, Wang N, Parashurama N, Parasharama N, Ingber DE (1997). "Vinculin promotes cell spreading by mechanically coupling integrins to the cytoskeleton". Exp. Cell Res. 231 (1): 14–26. doi:10.1006/excr.1996.3451. PMID 9056408.

[pmid16460027-8] Gingras AR, Vogel KP, Steinhoff HJ, Ziegler WH, Patel B, Emsley J, Critchley DR, Roberts GC, Barsukov IL (February 2006). "Structural and dynamic characterization of a vinculin binding site in the talin rod". Biochemistry. 45 (6): 1805–17. doi:10.1021/bi052136l. PMID 16460027.

[pmid6809764-9] Feramisco JR, Smart JE, Burridge K, Helfman DM, Thomas GP (1982). "Co-existence of vinculin and a vinculin-like protein of higher molecular weight in smooth muscle". J. Biol. Chem. 257 (18): 11024–31. PMID 6809764.

[pmid15159399-10] Witt S, Zieseniss A, Fock U, Jockusch BM, Illenberger S (2004). "Comparative biochemical analysis suggests that vinculin and metavinculin cooperate in muscular adhesion sites". J. Biol. Chem. 279 (30): 31533–43. doi:10.1074/jbc.M314245200. PMID 15159399.

[pmid8425604-11] Strasser P, Gimona M, Herzog M, Geiger B, Small JV (1993). "Variable and constant regions in the C-terminus of vinculin and metavinculin. Cloning and expression of fragments in E. coli". FEBS Lett. 317 (3): 189–94. doi:10.1016/0014-5793(93)81274-4. PMID 8425604.

[pmid3138246-12] Belkin AM, Ornatsky OI, Glukhova MA, Koteliansky VE (1988). "Immunolocalization of meta-vinculin in human smooth and cardiac muscles". J. Cell Biol. 107 (2): 545–53. doi:10.1083/jcb.107.2.545. PMC 2115213. PMID 3138246.

[pmid9405455-13] Hazan RB, Kang L, Roe S, Borgen PI, Rimm DL (December 1997). "Vinculin is associated with the E-cadherin adhesion complex". J. Biol. Chem. 272 (51): 32448–53. doi:10.1074/jbc.272.51.32448. PMID 9405455.

[pmid9535896-14] Hazan RB, Norton L (April 1998). "The epidermal growth factor receptor modulates the interaction of E-cadherin with the actin cytoskeleton". J. Biol. Chem. 273 (15): 9078–84. doi:10.1074/jbc.273.15.9078. PMID 9535896.

[pmid10330411-15] Turner CE, Brown MC, Perrotta JA, Riedy MC, Nikolopoulos SN, McDonald AR, Bagrodia S, Thomas S, Leventhal PS (May 1999). "Paxillin LD4 motif binds PAK and PIX through a novel 95-kD ankyrin repeat, ARF-GAP protein: A role in cytoskeletal remodeling". J. Cell Biol. 145 (4): 851–63. doi:10.1083/jcb.145.4.851. PMC 2133183. PMID 10330411.

[pmid9054445-16] Mazaki Y, Hashimoto S, Sabe H (March 1997). "Monocyte cells and cancer cells express novel paxillin isoforms with different binding properties to focal adhesion proteins". J. Biol. Chem. 272 (11): 7437–44. doi:10.1074/jbc.272.11.7437. PMID 9054445.

[pmid8922390-17] Brown MC, Perrotta JA, Turner CE (November 1996). "Identification of LIM3 as the principal determinant of paxillin focal adhesion localization and characterization of a novel motif on paxillin directing vinculin and focal adhesion kinase binding". J. Cell Biol. 135 (4): 1109–23. doi:10.1083/jcb.135.4.1109. PMC 2133378. PMID 8922390.

[pmid10085297-18] Mandai K, Nakanishi H, Satoh A, Takahashi K, Satoh K, Nishioka H, Mizoguchi A, Takai Y (March 1999). "Ponsin/SH3P12: an l-afadin- and vinculin-binding protein localized at cell-cell and cell-matrix adherens junctions". J. Cell Biol. 144 (5): 1001–17. doi:10.1083/jcb.144.5.1001. PMC 2148189. PMID 10085297.

[19] Pimentel M, Morales W, Pokkunuri V, Brikos C, Kim SM, Kim SE, Triantafyllou K, Weitsman S, Marsh Z, Marsh E, Chua KS, Srinivasan S, Barlow GM, Chang C (May 2015). "Autoimmunity Links Vinculin to the Pathophysiology of Chronic Functional Bowel Changes Following Campylobacter jejuni Infection in a Rat Model.". Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 60 (5): 1195–205. doi:10.1007/s10620-014-3435-5. PMID 25424202.

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vinculin