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獣医学（じゅういがく、英語: veterinary medicine）は、医学、診断学および治療原理を伴侶動物（ペット）、産業動物（家畜）、野生動物およびエキゾチックアニマルに応用するための学問である。獣医学は家畜生産の実践、群単位での健康管理、疾患のモニタリングなどを研究し、保護するために不可欠の分野である。科学的知識の取得・応用が必要となり、家畜と野生動物両方の疾患防御、及び食品衛生や環境衛生を通じた人間の健康の維持・増進を目的とした技術を使用する。
獣医学は家畜、伴侶動物および野生動物の慎重なモニタリングを通じて、人間の健康を守るという手段のひとつでもある。新興の人獣共通感染症に対処するには、獣医学でも行われている「群の健康管理」という概念に特に適した疫学および感染症制御の手法が必要な場合ある。
目次
- 1 獣医学の歴史
- 2 獣医学の貢献分野
- 3 臨床獣医学
- 4 関連項目
- 5 外部リンク
獣医学の歴史
獣医学は人間と動物の結び付きと同じ程度の長い歴史を持つが、ほとんどの動物種に対して診断・治療技術が利用できるようになったことで、近年は特に急激な進歩を見せている。今日の動物はインスリン注射・歯根管充填・人工股関節置換・白内障治療・心臓ペースメーカー設置などの人間並みの歯科的・外科的医療を受けることもある。
獣医学の専門化は近年特に進んでいる。米獣医学協会（American Veterinary Medical Association；AVMA）では、外科学・内科学・心臓病学・皮膚学・神経学・腫瘍学・放射線学・行動学・麻酔学・救急医療など20の専門科を認定している。
現在の日本の獣医学教育は家畜解剖学・家畜生理学・家畜生理化学・家畜薬理学・家畜微生物学・家畜衛生学・獣医疫学・獣医公衆衛生学・家畜病理学・家畜臨床繁殖学・家畜内科学・家畜外科学・家畜伝染病学・家畜寄生虫学・獣医放射線学などの専門科目を含む。
しかし日本における獣医学教育の黎明期においては犬・猫といった小動物に関する学問の発展は副次的なものでしかなく、本来の目的は明治維新以降における食生活の欧米化に対応した家畜の生産性の向上及び軍馬の生産・疾病予防であった。
獣医学の貢献分野
獣医師は家畜の健康維持を通じて、食糧供給における質、量および安全面の一部に携わっている。また、獣医学者は生物学・化学・農学・薬学研究などにも関わる場合がある。
多くの国で、ウマの獣医学は特殊な分野とされている。臨床活動は主に運動器・疝痛（家畜として飼われるウマの主要な死亡原因）を含む消化器・整形外科・呼吸器感染症の問題への対処が中心となる。
動物医療（zoologic medicine）は動物園および野生動物の健康管理を含み、野生動物保護の危急性が高まる近年、獣医学の新たな分野として重要性を高めている。
臨床獣医学
人間の医療と同様に、獣医学の実践に本来必要となるのは、患畜の求めに応じた多様な専門分野を持つ獣医師の集団である。獣医師の専門化が進む欧米とは異なり、日本では1人の獣医師が複数の（時には全ての）診療科を担当することは珍しくなく、専門的とまで至らないのが現状である。技術的補助を担当する獣医師以外のスタッフを置く動物病院も多い。
日本で獣医師の資格を得るには、大学で獣医師養成する学部・学科・課程にて6年間専門科目を学び、獣医師国家試験に合格しなければならない。
関連項目
- 獣医師
- 獣医学部
- 人獣共通感染症
- 獣医師法
- 獣医師国家試験
- 動物病院
外部リンク
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ウィキメディア・コモンズには、獣医学に関連するメディアがあります。 |
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この項目は、教育に関連した書きかけの項目です。この項目を加筆・訂正などしてくださる協力者を求めています（P:教育）。 |
"Animal hospital" redirects here. For the BBC television show, see Animal Hospital.
A veterinary technician in Ethiopia shows the owner of an ailing donkey how to sanitize the site of infection.
Veterinary medicine is the branch of medicine that deals with the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of disease, disorder and injury in animals. The scope of veterinary medicine is wide, covering all animal species, both domesticated and wild, with a wide range of conditions which can affect different species.
Veterinary medicine is widely practiced, both with and without professional supervision. Professional care is most often led by a veterinary physician (also known as a vet, veterinary surgeon or veterinarian), but also by paraveterinary workers such as veterinary nurses or technicians. This can be augmented by other paraprofessionals with specific specialisms such as animal physiotherapy or dentistry, and species relevant roles such as farriers.
Veterinary science helps human health through the monitoring and control of zoonotic disease (infectious disease transmitted from non-human animals to humans), food safety, and indirectly through human applications from basic medical research. They also help to maintain food supply through livestock health monitoring and treatment, and mental health by keeping pets healthy and long living. Veterinary scientists often collaborate with epidemiologists, and other health or natural scientists depending on type of work. Ethically, veterinarians are usually obliged to look after animal welfare.
Contents
- 1 History
- 1.1 Premodern era
- 1.2 Establishment of profession
- 2 Veterinary workers
- 2.1 Veterinary physicians
- 2.2 Paraveterinary workers
- 2.3 Allied professions
- 3 See also
- 4 Notes
- 5 References
- 5.1 Introductory textbooks and references
- 5.2 Monographs and other speciality texts
- 5.3 Veterinary nursing, ophthalmology, and pharmacology
- 5.4 Other fields related to veterinary medicine
- 6 External links
History
Premodern era
"Shalihotra" manuscript pages
The Egyptian Papyrus of Kahun (1900 BCE) and Vedic literature in ancient India offer one of the first written records of veterinary medicine. (See also Shalihotra) ( Buddhism) First Buddhist Emperor of India edicts of Asoka reads: "Everywhere King Piyadasi (Asoka) made two kinds of medicine (चिकित्सा) available, medicine for people and medicine for animals. Where there were no healing herbs for people and animals, he ordered that they be bought and planted."
The first attempts to organize and regulate the practice of treating animals tended to focus on horses because of their economic significance. In the Middle Ages from around 475 CE, farriers combined their work in horseshoeing with the more general task of "horse doctoring". In 1356, the Lord Mayor of London, concerned at the poor standard of care given to horses in the city, requested that all farriers operating within a seven-mile radius of the City of London form a "fellowship" to regulate and improve their practices. This ultimately led to the establishment of the Worshipful Company of Farriers in 1674.[3]
Meanwhile, Carlo Ruini's book Anatomia del Cavallo, (Anatomy of the Horse) was published in 1598. It was the first comprehensive treatise on the anatomy of a non-human species.[4]
Establishment of profession
Claude Bourgelat established the earliest veterinary college in Lyon in 1761.
The first veterinary college was founded in Lyon, France in 1762 by Claude Bourgelat.[5] According to Lupton, after observing the devastation being caused by cattle plague to the French herds, Bourgelat devoted his time to seeking out a remedy. This resulted in his founding a veterinary college in Lyon in 1761, from which establishment he dispatched students to combat the disease; in a short time, the plague was stayed and the health of stock restored, through the assistance rendered to agriculture by veterinary science and art."[6]
The Odiham Agricultural Society was founded in 1783 in England to promote agriculture and industry,[7] and played an important role in the foundation of the veterinary profession in Britain. A founding member, Thomas Burgess, began to take up the cause of animal welfare and campaign for the more humane treatment of sick animals.[8] A 1785 Society meeting resolved to "promote the study of Farriery upon rational scientific principles.”
Minutes taken at the establishment of the Odiham Agricultural Society, which went on to play a pivotal role in the establishment of the veterinary profession in England.
The physician James Clark wrote a treatise entitled Prevention of Disease in which he argued for the professionalization of the veterinary trade, and the establishment of veterinary colleges. This was finally achieved in 1790, through the campaigning of Granville Penn, who persuaded the Frenchman, Benoit Vial de St. Bel to accept the professorship of the newly established Veterinary College in London.[7] The Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons was established by royal charter in 1844. Veterinary science came of age in the late 19th century, with notable contributions from Sir John McFadyean, credited by many as having been the founder of modern Veterinary research.[9]
In the United States, the first schools were established in the early 19th century in Boston, New York and Philadelphia. In 1879, Iowa Agricultural College became the first land grant college to establish a school of veterinary medicine.[10]
Veterinary workers
Veterinary physicians
Main article: Veterinary physician
Veterinary care is usually led by a veterinary physician (usually called a vet, veterinary surgeon or veterinarian). This role is the equivalent of a doctor in human medicine, and usually involves post-graduate study and qualification.
In many countries, the local nomenclature for a vet is a protected term, meaning that people without the prerequisite qualifications and/or registration are not able to use the title, and in many cases, the activities that may be undertaken by a vet (such as animal treatment or surgery) are restricted only to those people who are registered as vet. For instance, in the United Kingdom, as in other jurisdictions, animal treatment may only be performed by registered vets (with a few designated exceptions, such as paraveterinary workers), and it is illegal for any person who is not registered to call themselves a vet or perform any treatment.
Most vets work in clinical settings, treating animals directly. These vets may be involved in a general practice, treating animals of all types; may be specialized in a specific group of animals such as companion animals, livestock, laboratory animals, zoo animals or horses; or may specialize in a narrow medical discipline such as surgery, dermatology, laboratory animal medicine, or internal medicine.
As with healthcare professionals, vets face ethical decisions about the care of their patients. Current debates within the profession include the ethics of purely cosmetic procedures on animals, such as declawing of cats, docking of tails, cropping of ears and debarking on dogs.
Paraveterinary workers
US and South African army veterinary technicians prepare a dog for spaying.
An eye exam of a kitten under way prior to the kitten's adoption.
Main article: Paraveterinary workers
Paraveterinary workers, including veterinary nurses, technicians and assistants, either assist vets in their work, or may work within their own scope of practice, depending on skills and qualifications, including in some cases, performing minor surgery.
The role of paraveterinary workers is less homogeneous globally than that of a vet, and qualification levels, and the associated skill mix, vary widely.
Allied professions
A number of professions exist within the scope of veterinary medicine, but which may not necessarily be performed by vets or veterinary nurses. This includes those performing roles which are also found in human medicine, such as practitioners dealing with musculoskeletal disorders, including osteopaths, chiropractors and physiotherapists.
There are also roles which are specific to animals, but which have parallels in human society, such as animal grooming and animal massage.
Some roles are specific to a species or group of animals, such as farriers, who are involved in the shoeing of horses, and in many cases have a major role to play in ensuring the medical fitness of the horse.
See also
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Animals portal |
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Medical portal |
- Animal science
- WikiVet
- One Health
- Federation of veterinarians of Europe
- National Office of Animal Health
- By country
- Veterinary medicine in the United Kingdom
- Veterinary medicine in the United States
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- History of veterinary medicine in Pennsylvania
- History of veterinary medicine in the Philippines
Notes
- ^ Hunter, Pamela (2004). Veterinary Medicine: A Guide to Historical Sources, p. 1. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.
- ^ Wernham, R. B. (1968). The New Cambridge Modern History: The Counter-Reformation and price revolution, 1559-1610, Volume 3, p.472. Cambridge University Press.
- ^ Marc Mammerickx, Claude Bourgelat: avocat des vétérinaires, Bruxelles 1971
- ^ J.L.Lupton, "Modern Practical Farriery", 1879, in the section: "The Diseases of Cattle Sheep and Pigs" pp. 1
- ^ a b Pugh, L.P (1962), From Farriery to Veterinary Medicine 1785-1795, Heffner, Cambridge (for RCVS), pp. 8–19
- ^ Cotchen, Ernest (1990), The Royal Veterinary College London, A Bicentenary History, Barracuda Books Ltd, pp. 11–13
- ^ Exacting researcher brought profession into modern age, American Veterinary Medical Association
- ^ Widder, Keith R. (2005). Michigan Agricultural College: The Evolution Of A Land-Grant Philosophy, 1855-1925, p. 107. MSU Press
References
Introductory textbooks and references
- Aspinall, Victoria; Cappello, Melanie; Bowden, Sally (2009), Introduction to Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology Textbook, Jeffery, Andrea (forward), Elsevier Health Sciences, ISBN 978-0-7020-2938-7, retrieved 21 November 2011
- Boden, Edward; West, Geoffrey Philip (1998), Black's veterinary dictionary, Rowman & Littlefield, ISBN 978-0-389-21017-7, retrieved 21 November 2011
- Done, Stanley H. (1996), Color atlas of veterinary anatomy: The dog & cat, Elsevier Health Sciences, ISBN 978-0-7234-2441-3, retrieved 21 November 2011
- Dyce, Keith M.; Sack, Wolfgang O.; Wensing, Cornelis Johannes Gerardus (2010), Textbook of veterinary anatomy, Saunders, ISBN 978-1-4160-6607-1, retrieved 21 November 2011
- Fenner, William R. (2000), Quick reference to veterinary medicine, John Wiley & Sons, ISBN 978-0-397-51608-7, retrieved 21 November 2011
- Lawhead, James B.; Baker, MeeCee (2009), Introduction to veterinary science, Cengage Learning, ISBN 978-1-4283-1225-8, retrieved 21 November 2011
- Pfeiffer, Dirk (2009), Veterinary Epidemiology: An Introduction, John Wiley and Sons, ISBN 978-1-4051-7694-1, retrieved 21 November 2011
- Radostits, O. M.; Gay, C. C.; Blood, D. C.; Arundel, J. H.; Hinchcliff, Kenneth W (2000), Veterinary Medicine: A Textbook of the Diseases of Cattle, Sheep, Pigs, Goats and Horses (9th ed.), Elsevier Health Sciences, p. 1877, ISBN 0-7020-2604-2
Monographs and other speciality texts
- Dunlop, Robert H.; Malbert, Charles-Henri (2004), Veterinary pathophysiology, Wiley-Blackwell, ISBN 978-0-8138-2826-8, retrieved 21 November 2011
- Eurell, Jo Ann Coers; Eurell, Jo Ann; Frappier, Brian L.; Dellman, Horst-Dieter (25 May 2006), Dellmann's textbook of veterinary histology, Wiley-Blackwell, ISBN 978-0-7817-4148-4, retrieved 21 November 2011
- Foreyt, William J.; Foreyt, Bill (2001), Veterinary parasitology reference manual, Wiley-Blackwell, ISBN 978-0-8138-2419-2, retrieved 21 November 2011
- Gupta, Ramesh Chandra (2007), Veterinary toxicology: basic and clinical principles, Academic Press, ISBN 978-0-12-370467-2, retrieved 21 November 2011
- Hirsh, Dwight C.; Maclachlan, Nigel James; Walker, Richard L. (2004), Veterinary microbiology, Wiley-Blackwell, ISBN 978-0-8138-0379-1, retrieved 21 November 2011
- Hunter, Pamela (2004), Veterinary Medicine: A Guide to Historical Sources, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., p. 611, ISBN 0-7546-4053-1
- Merck, Melinda D. (2007), Veterinary forensics: animal cruelty investigations, John Wiley & Sons, ISBN 978-0-8138-1501-5, retrieved 21 November 2011
- Murphy, Frederick A. (1999), Veterinary virology, Academic Press, ISBN 978-0-12-511340-3, retrieved 21 November 2011
- Nicholas, Frank W. (2009), Introduction to Veterinary Genetics, John Wiley and Sons, ISBN 978-1-4051-6832-8, retrieved 21 November 2011
- Robinson, Wayne F.; Huxtable, Clive R. R. (2004), Clinicopathologic Principles for Veterinary Medicine, Cambridge University Press, p. 452, ISBN 0-521-54813-6
- Slatter, Douglas H. (2002), Textbook of small animal surgery, Elsevier Health Sciences, ISBN 978-0-7216-8607-3, retrieved 21 November 2011
- Kahn, Cynthia M., ed. (2010), The Merck Veterinary Manual, Whitehouse Station, N.J., Merck, ISBN 978-0-911910-93-3
- Thrusfield, Michael (2007), Veterinary epidemiology, Wiley-Blackwell, ISBN 978-1-4051-5627-1, retrieved 21 November 2011
- Zajac, A.; Conboy, Gary A.; American Association of Veterinary Parasitologists (2006), Veterinary clinical parasitology, John Wiley & Sons, ISBN 978-0-8138-1734-7, retrieved 21 November 2011
Veterinary nursing, ophthalmology, and pharmacology
- Adams, H. Richard (2001), Veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics, Wiley-Blackwell, ISBN 978-0-8138-1743-9, retrieved 21 November 2011
- Bryant, Susan (2010), Anesthesia for Veterinary Technicians, John Wiley and Sons, ISBN 978-0-8138-0586-3, retrieved 21 November 2011
- Cannon, Marthaxcx; Hijfte, Myra Forster-van (2006), Feline medicine: a practical guide for veterinary nurses and technicians, Elsevier Health Sciences, ISBN 978-0-7506-8827-7, retrieved 21 November 2011
- Crispin, Sheila M. (2005), Notes on veterinary ophthalmology, Wiley-Blackwell, ISBN 978-0-632-06416-8, retrieved 21 November 2011
- Gelatt, Kirk N. (2000), Essentials of veterinary ophthalmology, Wiley-Blackwell, ISBN 978-0-683-30077-2, retrieved 21 November 2011
- Lane, D. R.; Cooper, B. (2003), Veterinary nursing, Elsevier Health Sciences, ISBN 978-0-7506-5525-5, retrieved 21 November 2011
- Pattengale, Paula (2004), Tasks for the veterinary assistant, Wiley-Blackwell, ISBN 978-0-7817-4243-6, retrieved 21 November 2011
- Riviere, Jim E.; Papich, Mark G. (2009), Veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics, John Wiley and Sons, ISBN 978-0-8138-2061-3, retrieved 21 November 2011
Other fields related to veterinary medicine
- Anthony, David; University of Pennsylvania. University Museum (1984), Man and animals: living, working, and changing together : in celebration of the 100th anniversary, the School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, UPenn Museum of Archaeology, ISBN 978-0-934718-68-4, retrieved 21 November 2011
- Catanzaro, Thomas E. (1998), Building the Successful Veterinary Practice: Innovation and creativity, Wiley-Blackwell, ISBN 978-0-8138-2984-5, retrieved 21 November 2011
- Finger, Stanley (2001), Origins of neuroscience: a history of explorations into brain function, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-514694-3, retrieved 21 November 2011
- Rollin, Bernard E. (2006), An introduction to veterinary medical ethics: theory and cases, Wiley-Blackwell, ISBN 978-0-8138-0399-9, retrieved 21 November 2011
- Sherman, David M. (2002), Tending animals in the global village: a guide to international veterinary medicine, John Wiley & Sons, ISBN 978-0-683-18051-0, retrieved 21 November 2011
- Shilcock, Maggie; Stutchfield, Georgina (2003), Veterinary practice management: a practical guide, Elsevier Health Sciences, ISBN 978-0-7020-2696-6, retrieved 21 November 2011
- Smith, Gary; Kelly, Alan M., eds. (2008), Food Security in a Global Economy: Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Phila.: University of Pennsylvania Press, p. 176, ISBN 0-8122-2044-7
- Swabe, Joanna (1999), Animals, Disease, and Human Society: Human-animal Relations and the Rise of Veterinary Medicine, Routledge, p. 243, ISBN 0-415-18193-3
- Swope, Robert E.; Rigby, Julie (2001), Opportunities in veterinary medicine careers, McGraw-Hill Professional, p. 151, ISBN 0-658-01055-7
- Swabe, Joanna, Veterinary Courses and CE., p. 244, ISBN 0-415-18193-3
- Anthony, David; Zoetis (2014), VeritasDVM, Dr. Donal Smith, ISBN 978-0-934718-68-4, retrieved 21 November 2012
External links
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Veterinary medicine. |
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Look up veterinary medicine in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. |
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Veterinary medicine
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| Practitioners |
- Veterinary physician
- Paraveterinary workers (Veterinary nurses, technicians and assistants)
- Veterinary pathologist
- Veterinary pharmacist
- Veterinary surgeon
- List of veterinarians
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| Education |
- Veterinary school
- Schools of veterinary medicine
- Veterinary education in France
- Veterinarian's Oath
- American Veterinary Medical Association
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- Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons
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- Veterinary specialties
- Veterinary surgery
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- Avian veterinarian
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- Exotic animal veterinarian
- Veterinary Corps (U.S. Army)
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Veterinary specialties
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- Alternative medicine
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