関: irritants

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a chemical agent that causes blistering (especially mustard gas) (同)vesicatory

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水泡を生じる / 発泡剤;びらん性毒ガス

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/09/01 17:35:08」(JST)

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Blister agents are named for their ability to cause large, painful water blisters on the bodies of those affected

Soldier with moderate mustard gas burns sustained during World War I showing characteristic bullae on neck, armpit and hands

A blister agent, or vesicant, is a chemical compound that causes severe skin, eye and mucosal pain and irritation. They are named for their ability to cause severe chemical burns, resulting in painful water blisters on the bodies of those affected. Although the term is often used in connection with large-scale burns caused by chemical spills or chemical warfare agents,^[1] some naturally occurring substances such as cantharidin are also blister-producing agents (vesicants).^[2] Furanocoumarin, another naturally occurring substance, causes vesicant-like effects indirectly, for example, by increasing skin photosensitivity greatly. Vesicants have medical uses including wart removal but can be fatal if even small amounts are ingested.^[2]

Blister agents used in warfare

Most blister agents fall into one of three groups:

Sulfur mustards – A family of sulfur-based agents, including the so-called "mustard gas".
Nitrogen mustards – A family of agents similar to the sulfur mustards, but based on nitrogen instead of sulfur.
Lewisite – An early blister agent that was developed, but not used, during World War I. It was effectively rendered obsolete with the development of British anti-Lewisite in the 1940s.

Occasionally, phosgene oxime is included among the blister agents, although it is more properly termed a nettle agent.

Effects of blister agents

Exposure to a weaponized blister agent can cause a number of life-threatening symptoms, including:

Severe skin, eye and mucosal pain and irritation
Skin erythema with large fluid blisters that heal slowly and may become infected
Tearing, conjunctivitis, corneal damage
Mild respiratory distress to marked airway damage

All blister agents currently known are heavier than air, and are readily absorbed through the eyes, lungs, and skin. Effects of the two mustard agents are typically delayed: exposure to vapors becomes evident in 4 to 6 hours, and skin exposure in 2 to 48 hours. The effects of Lewisite are immediate.

References

^ Center for Disease Control
^ ^a ^b Cantharidin and Meloids: a review of classical history, biosynthesis, and function

External links

Medterms.com
Medical Aspects of Biological and Chemical Warfare, Chapter 7: Vesicants

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English Journal

Selectin-mediated leukocyte trafficking during the development of autoimmune disease.

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Autoimmunity reviews.Autoimmun Rev.2015 Nov;14(11):984-95. doi: 10.1016/j.autrev.2015.06.006. Epub 2015 Jun 24.
Tissue inflammation is a finely regulated process that controls wound healing and allows the clearance of damaged cells, pathogens and irritants. However, excessive or uncontrolled inflammation is detrimental, causing tissue damage and leading to autoimmunity. The recruitment of circulating leukocyt
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Cleaning products and short-term respiratory effects among female cleaners with asthma.

Vizcaya D1, Mirabelli MC2, Gimeno D3, Antó JM4, Delclos GL5, Rivera M6, Orriols R7, Arjona L8, Burgos F9, Zock JP10.
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Thioredoxin Cross-Linking by Nitrogen Mustard in Lung Epithelial Cells: Formation of Multimeric Thioredoxin/Thioredoxin Reductase Complexes and Inhibition of Disulfide Reduction.

Jan YH1, Heck DE2, Casillas RP3, Laskin DL4, Laskin JD1.
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Japanese Journal

抗がん剤漏出 (特集がんの支持療法とその周辺)

朝尾哲彦,小山良,高橋和久
呼吸器内科 25(5), 419-423, 2014-05
NAID 40020115242

中国天津市の産業共生モデルのライフサイクル評価：下水汚泥と建築廃棄物の再資源化を中心とした事例

高揚,黄佳虎,松本亨,薛咏海,左健
Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Ser. G (Environmental Research) 70(5), I_53-I_58, 2014
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Incidence of Injection Site Reactions Induced by Vinorelbine and Prevention with Hot Compresses

Hayashi Makoto,Ohnishi Chie,Sugimura Hayato,Miyazawa Kenji,Yamatani Akimasa,Funaki Hiromu,Miyamoto Kenichi
医薬品情報学 15(1), 8-12, 2013
… Patients treated with vinorelbine(VNR)-containing chemotherapy often suffer from injection site reactions. VNR is a moderate vesicant that is well known to cause local venous damage. We conducted this study to identify clinical risk factors related to the incidence of injection site reactions caused by VNR, and whether applying a hot compress was effective for preventing such reactions.Methods: Medical records were retrospectively investigated for 48 patients treated with chemotherapy regimens containing VNR. Injection site reactions …
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