関: coccidioidomycosis

WordNet

an infection of the lungs and skin characterized by excessive sputum and nodules (同)coccidiomycosis, valley_fever, desert_rheumatism
a rise in the temperature of the body; frequently a symptom of infection (同)febrility, febricity, pyrexia, feverishness
intense nervous anticipation; "in a fever of resentment"
highly excited; "a fevered imagination"
a long depression in the surface of the land that usually contains a river (同)vale

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈U〉《しばしばa fever》(身体の異常な)『熱』,発熱 / 〈U〉『熱病』 / 〈U〉〈C〉(…に対する)『興奮』,熱狂《+『for』+『名』》
(比較変化なし)《名詞の前にのみ用いて》熱のある,熱病にかかった / 熱にうかされたような,興奮した / (憎しみなどが)異常に強い
『谷』,谷間 / 《修飾語を伴って》《通例単数形で》(大河の)流域

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/08/22 10:47:42」(JST)

wiki en

Coccidioidomycosis (/kɒkˌsɪdiɔɪdoʊmaɪˈkoʊsɪs/, kok-sid-ee-oy-doh-my-KOH-sis), commonly known as cocci,^[1] "valley fever",^[1] as well as "California fever",^[2] "desert rheumatism",^[2] and "San Joaquin Valley fever",^[2] is a mammalian fungal disease caused by Coccidioides immitis or Coccidioides posadasii.^[3] It is endemic in certain parts of Arizona, California, Nevada, New Mexico, Texas, Utah, and northern Mexico.^[4]

C. immitis is a dimorphic saprophytic fungus that grows as a mycelium in the soil and produces a spherule form in the host organism. It resides in the soil in certain parts of the southwestern United States, most notably in California and Arizona.^[1] It is also commonly found in northern Mexico, and parts of Central and South America.^[1] C. immitis is dormant during long dry spells, then develops as a mold with long filaments that break off into airborne spores when it rains. The spores, known as arthroconidia, are swept into the air by disruption of the soil, such as during construction, farming, or an earthquake.^[5]

Coccidioidomycosis is a common cause of community acquired pneumonia in the endemic areas of the United States.^[1] Infections usually occur due to inhalation of the arthroconidial spores after soil disruption.^[1] The disease is not contagious.^[1] In some cases the infection may recur or be permanent.

Signs and symptoms

Most people infected with the fungi responsible for coccidioidomycosis have minimal to no symptoms.^[1] Of those who do develop symptoms, nearly all develop symptoms resembling bronchitis or pneumonia that resolve over a matter of a few weeks. Notable coccidioidomycosis signs and symptoms include a profound feeling of tiredness, fever, cough, headaches, rash, muscle pain, and joint pain.^[1] The classic triad of coccidioidomycosis known as "desert rheumatism" includes the combination of fever, joint pains, and erythema nodosum.^[1]

Some people do not recover from the initial acute infection and develop a chronic lung infection or widespread disseminated infection (affecting the tissues lining the brain, soft tissues, joints, and bone). Severe lung disease may develop in HIV-infected persons.^[6]

Types

After Coccidioides infection, Coccidioidomycosis begins with Valley fever, which is its initial acute form. If left untreated, it can progress to the chronic form and then to disseminated Coccidioidomycosis. Therefore, Coccidioidomycosis may be divided into the following types:^[7]

Acute coccidioidomycosis, sometimes described in literature as primary pulmonary coccidioidomycosis
Chronic coccidioidomycosis
Disseminated Coccidioidomycosis, which includes primary cutaneous coccidioidomycosis

Complications

Serious complications may occur in patients with weakened immune systems, including severe pneumonia, lung nodules, and possible disseminated form, where the infection spreads throughout the body. The disseminated form of Coccidioidomycosis can devastate the body, causing skin ulcers, abscesses, bone lesions, swollen joints with severe pain, heart inflammation, urinary tract problems, and inflammation of the brain's lining, which can lead to death.^[8]

Cause

Life cycle of coccidioides

Both Coccidioides species share the same asexual life cycle, switching between saprobic (on left) and parasitic (on right) life stages.

In soil (and in agar media), coccidioides exists in filament form. It forms hyphae in both horizontal and vertical directions. With time, cells within hyphae degenerate to form alternating barrel-shaped cells (arthroconidia). Arthroconidia are light-weight and carried by air currents. They can be easily inhaled without the person knowing. On arriving in alveoli, they enlarge in size and internal septations are developed. This structure is called a spherule. Septations develop and form endospores. Rupture of spherules release these endospores, which in turn repeat the cycle and spread the infection locally. Nodules can form in lungs surrounding these spherules. When they rupture, they release their contents into bronchi, forming thin-walled cavities. These cavities can result in symptoms like characteristic chest pain, coughing up blood, and persistent cough. In individuals with a weakened immune system, the infection can spread through the blood.

Diagnosis

Coccidioidomycosis diagnosis relies on a combination of an infected person's signs and symptoms, findings on radiographic imaging, and laboratory results.^[1] The disease is commonly misdiagnosed as bacterial community-acquired pneumonia.^[1] The fungal infection can be demonstrated by microscopic detection of diagnostic cells in body fluids, exudates, sputum and biopsy-tissue by methods of Papanicolaou or Grocott's methenamine silver staining. These stains can demonstrate spherules and surrounding inflammation.

With specific nucleotide primers, C.immitis DNA can be amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). It can also be detected in culture by morphological identification or by using molecular probes that hybridize with C.immitis RNA. C. immitis and C. posadasii cannot be distinguished on cytology or by symptoms, but only by DNA PCR.

An indirect demonstration of fungal infection can be achieved also by serologic analysis detecting fungal antigen or host IgM or IgG antibody produced against the fungus. The available tests include the tube-precipitin (TP) assays, complement fixation assays, and enzyme immunoassays. TP antibody is not found in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). TP antibody is specific and is used as confirmatory test, while ELISA is sensitive and thus used for screening.

If the meninges are affected, CSF will show abnormally low glucose levels in CSF, a decreased level of protein in the CSF, and lymphocytic pleocytosis. Rarely, CSF eosinophilia is present.

Imaging

Chest x-rays rarely demonstrate nodules or cavities in the lungs but these images commonly demonstrate lung opacification, pleural effusions, or enlargement of lymph nodes associated with the lungs.^[1] Computed tomography scans of the chest are better able to detect these changes than chest x-rays.^[1]

Treatment

Significant disease develops in less than 5% of those infected and typically occurs in those with a weakened immune system.^[9] Mild asymptomatic cases often do not require any treatment. Those with severe symptoms may warrant anti-fungal therapy.^[10] There is a lack of prospective studies that examine optimal anti-fungal therapy for coccidioidomycosis.

On the whole, oral fluconazole and intravenous amphotericin B are used in progressive or disseminated disease, or in immunocompromised individuals.^[9] Alternatively, itraconazole or ketoconazole may be used for milder disease.^[11] Fluconazole is the preferred medication for coccidioidal meningitis, due to its penetration into CSF.^[3] Intrathecal or intraventricular amphotericin B therapy is used if infection persists after fluconazole treatment.^[9] Itraconazole is used for cases that involve treatment of infected person's bones and joints. The antifungal medications posaconazole and voriconazole have also been used to treat coccidioidomycosis.

Prevention

Currently there are no completely effective preventive measures available for people who live or travel through Valley fever endemic areas. Recommended preventive measures include avoiding airborne dust or dirt, but this does not guarantee protection against infection. People in certain occupations may be advised to wear face masks.^[12]

In 1998-2011, there were 111,117 cases of coccidioidomycosis in the U.S. that were logged into the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS).^[13] Since many U.S. states do not require reporting of coccidioidomycosis, the actual numbers can be higher. The United States' Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) called the disease a "silent epidemic" and acknowledged that there is no proven anticoccidioidal vaccine available.^[14]

Raising both surveillance and awareness of the disease while medical researchers are developing a human vaccine can positively contribute towards prevention efforts.^[15]^[16] Research demonstrates that patients from endemic areas who are aware of the disease are most likely to request diagnostic testing for coccidioidomycosis.^[17] Presently, Meridian Bioscience manufactures the so-called EIA test to diagnose the Valley fever, which however is known for producing a fair quantity of false positives. Currently, recommended prevention measures can include type-of-exposure-based respirator protection for persons engaged in agriculture, construction and others working outdoors in the endemic areas.^[18]^[19] Dust control measures such as planting grass and wetting the soil, and also limiting exposure to dust storms are advisable for residential areas in endemic regions.^[20]

Epidemiology

Coccidioidomycosis is confined to the western hemisphere between 40° N and 40° S.^[21] Dry soil, especially in the Lower Sonoran Life Zone, is supportive of the pathogenic fungi growth. In harmony with the mycelium life cycle, incidence increases with periods of dryness after a rainy season; this phenomenon, termed "grow and blow", refers to growth of the fungus in wet weather, producing spores which are spread by the wind during succeeding dry weather.^[22]

North America

California state prisons, beginning in 1919, have been particularly affected by Coccidioidomycosis. In 2005 and 2006, the Pleasant Valley State Prison near Coalinga and Avenal State Prison near Avenal on the western side of the San Joaquin Valley had the highest incidence in 2005, of at least 3,000 per 100,000.^[23] The receiver appointed in Plata v. Schwarzenegger issued an order in May 2013 requiring relocation of vulnerable populations in those prisons.^[24]

Incidence varies widely across the west and southwest. In Arizona, for instance, in 2007, there were 3,450 cases in Maricopa County, which in 2007 had an estimated population of 3,880,181^[25] for an incidence of approximately 1 in 1,125.^[26] In contrast, though southern New Mexico is considered an endemic region, there were 35 cases in the entire state in 2008, and 23 in 2007,^[26] in a region that had an estimated 2008 population of 1,984,356^[27] for an incidence of approximately 1 in 56,695.

There was an outbreak in the summer of 2001 in Colorado, away from where the disease was considered endemic. A group of archeologists visited Dinosaur National Monument, and eight members of the crew, along with two National Park Service workers were diagnosed with Valley fever.^[28]

Infection rates vary greatly by county, and although population density is important, so are other factors that have not been proven yet. Greater construction activity may disturb spores in the soil. In addition, the effect of altitude on fungi growth and morphology has not been studied, and altitude can range from sea level to 10,000 feet or higher across California, Arizona, Texas and New Mexico.

In California from 2000 to 2007, there were 16,970 reported cases (5.9 per 100,000 people) and 752 deaths (0.26 per 100,000 people) with the highest incidence in the San Joaquin Valley (44.1 per 100,000).^[29] Following the 1994 Northridge earthquake, there was a sudden increase of cases in the areas affected by the quake, at a pace of over 10 times baseline.^[30]

Coccidioidomycosis cases have been on the rise in the United States in the last decade. The incidence of coccidioidomycosis in the United States in 2011 (42.6 per 100,000) was almost ten times higher than the incidence reported in 1998 (5.3 per 100,000).^[1]

Risk factors

Pregnancy is a known risk factor for developing advanced forms of coccidioidomycosis such as the disseminated version of the disease.^[31] Additionally, certain racial groups are at higher risk for progressing to disseminated coccidioidomycosis than others. The populations most susceptible to disseminated coccidioidomycosis in decreasing order of risk are as follows: people of Filipino, African, Native American, Hispanic, and Asian descent.^[32] Individuals with a weakened immune system are also more susceptible to the disease.^[1]

Other animals

Aside from humans, dogs, and cats, the fungus can infect other mammals, even if they do not get sick from it very often. Species in which Valley fever has been found include livestock such as cattle and horses; llamas; marine mammals, including sea otter; zoo animals such as monkeys and apes, kangaroos, tigers, etc.; and wildlife endemic to the geographic area such as cougars, skunks, and javelina.^[33]

History

The first case of what was later named Coccidioidomycosis was described in 1892 in Buenos Aires by Alejandro Posadas, a medical intern at the Hospital de Clínicas "José de San Martín".^[34] Posados established an infectious character of the disease after being able to transfer it in laboratory conditions to lab animals.^[35] In the U.S., E. Rixford, a physician from a San Francisco hospital, and T. C. Gilchrist, a pathologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, became early pioneers of clinical studies of the infection.^[36] They decided that the causative organism was a Coccidia-type protozoan and named it Coccidioides immitis (resembling Coccidia, not mild).

During the next several decades it became clear that the etiological agent of the disease that was at first called Coccidioides infection and later Coccidioidomycosis^[37] was a fungal pathogen, and Coccidioidomycosis was also distinguished from Histoplasmosis and Blastomycosis. Further, C. immitis was identified as the culprit of respiratory disorders previously called San Joaquin fever, Desert fever, and Valley fever, and a serum precipitin test was developed by Charles E. Smith that was able to detect an acute form of the infection. In retrospect, Smith played a major role in both medical research and raising awareness about Coccidioidomycosis,^[38] especially when he became dean of the School of Public Health at the University of California at Berkeley in 1951.

C. immitis was considered by the United States during the 1950s and 1960s as a potential biological weapon.^[39] The explored strain was designated with the military symbol OC, and initial expectations were for its employment as a human incapacitant. Medical research suggested that OC might have had some lethal effects on the populace, and C. immitis started to be classified by the authorities as a threat to public health. However, C. immitis was never weaponized, and most of the military research in the mid-1960s was concentrated on developing a human vaccine.^[40] Currently, it is not on the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services' (HHS)^[41] or Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's^[42] list of select agents and toxins.

In 2002, Coccidioides posadasii was identified as genetically distinct from C. immitis despite their morphologic similarities and can also cause coccidioidomycosis.^[43]

Research

As of 2013, there is no vaccine available to prevent disease from infection with Coccidioides immitis or Coccidioides posadasii, but efforts to develop such a vaccine are underway.^[44]

Additional images

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p Malo J, Luraschi-Monjagatta C, Wolk DM, Thompson R, Hage CA, Knox KS (February 2014). "Update on the diagnosis of pulmonary coccidioidomycosis". Ann Am Thor Soc 11 (2): 243–53. doi:10.1513/AnnalsATS.201308-286FR. PMID 24575994.
^ ^a ^b ^c Rapini, Ronald P.; Bolognia, Jean L.; Jorizzo, Joseph L. (2007). Dermatology: 2-Volume Set. St. Louis: Mosby. ISBN 1-4160-2999-0.
^ ^a ^b Nguyen C, Barker BM, Hoover S, Nix DE, Ampel NM, Frelinger JA, Orbach MJ, Galgiani JN (July 2013). "Recent advances in our understanding of the environmental, epidemiological, immunological, and clinical dimensions of coccidioidomycosis". Clin Microbiol Rev 26 (3): 505–25. doi:10.1128/CMR.00005-13. PMC 3719491. PMID 23824371.
^ Hector R, Laniado-Laborin R (2005). "Coccidioidomycosis—A Fungal Disease of the Americas". PLoS Med 2 (1): e2. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0020002. PMC 545195. PMID 15696207.
^ Schneider E, Hajjeh RA, Spiegel RA et al. (1997). "A coccidioidomycosis outbreak following the Northridge, Calif, earthquake". JAMA 277 (11): 904–8. doi:10.1001/jama.277.11.904. PMID 9062329.
^ Ampel N (2005). "Coccidioidomycosis in persons infected with HIV type 1". Clin Infect Dis 41 (8): 1174–8. doi:10.1086/444502. PMID 16163637.
^ James, William D.; Berger, Timothy G. et al. (2006). Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: clinical Dermatology. Saunders Elsevier. ISBN 0-7216-2921-0.
^ Galgiani J. N. Coccidioidomycosis. In: Cecil, Russell L., Lee Goldman, and D. A. Ausiello. Cecil Medicine. Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier, 2007.
^ ^a ^b ^c Welsh O., Vera-Cabrera L., Rendon A. (November–December 2012). "Coccidioidomycosis". Clinics in dermatology 30 (6): 573–591. doi:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2012.01.003. PMID 23068145.
^ Galgiani, John N., Ampel, Neil M. , Blair, Janis E. et al. "Coccidioidomycosis" (PDF). Practice Guidelines for the Treatment of Coccidioidomycosis. Infectious Diseases Society of America. Retrieved 10 July 2013.
^ Barron MA and Madinger NE (November 18, 2008). "Opportunistic Fungal Infections, Part 3: Cryptococcosis, Histoplasmosis, Coccidioidomycosis, and Emerging Mould Infections". Infections in Medicine.
^ "Risk factors". Valley Fever Center for Excellence.
^ "Increase in Reported Coccidioidomycosis—United States, 1998–2011". Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved 6 July 2013.
^ "Valley Fever: Awareness is Key". CDC Features. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved 6 July 2013.
^ Cole G.T., Xue J.M., Okeke C.N., at al. (June 2004). "A vaccine against coccidioidomycosis is justified and attainable". Medical mycology 42 (3): 189–216. doi:10.1080/13693780410001687349. PMID 15283234.
^ "Valley Fever Vaccine Project" (PDF). Retrieved 11 July 2013.
^ Tsang C.A., Anderson S.M., Imholte S.B. et al. (2010). "Enhanced surveillance of coccidioidomycosis, Arizona, USA, 2007–2008". Emerging Infectious Diseases 16 (11): 1738–44. doi:10.3201/eid1611.100475.
^ Das R., McNary J., Fitzsimmons K. et al. (May 2012). "Occupational coccidioidomycosis in California: outbreak investigation, respirator recommendations, and surveillance findings". Journal of occupational and environmental medicine 54 (5): 564–571. doi:10.1097/JOM.0b013e3182480556. PMID 22504958.
^ "Coccidioidomycosis (Valley Fever)". Health Information: Diseases & Conditions. California Department of Public Health. Retrieved 11 July 2013.
^ "Coccidioidomycosis: Prevention" (PDF). Acute Communicable Disease Control Annual Morbidity Reports, Los Angeles County, 2002-2010. Retrieved 12 July 2013.
^ Pappagianis, D (1988). "Epidemiology of coccidioidomycosis.". Current topics in medical mycology 2: 199–238. doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-3730-3_6. PMID 3288356.
^ Brian Bienkowski (May 9, 2013). "Valley Fever throws baseball a curve ball: Fifteen Major League Baseball teams bring players to Arizona for spring training every year. There the athletes are exposed to a lung disease that's on the rise as the region's climate warms and dries.". Daily Climate. Retrieved May 9, 2013.
^ Pappagianis, Demosthenes; Coccidioidomycosis Serology Laboratory (September 2007). "Coccidioidomycosis in California State Correctional Institutions". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1111: 103–11. doi:10.1196/annals.1406.011. PMID 17332089.
^ Rachel Cook; Rebecca Plevin (May 7, 2013). "Some Prison Inmates to Be Moved Out of Valley Fever Hot Spots". Voice of OC. Retrieved May 9, 2013.
^ U.S. Census Bureau, State & County QuickFacts
^ ^a ^b "Number of Reported Cases of Selected Notifiable Diseases by Category for each County, Arizona, 2007" (PDF). Arizona Department of Health Services. Retrieved 10 July 2013.
^ New Mexico Intercensal Population Estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau [1]
^ "Coccidioidomycosis in Workers at an Archeologic Site ---Dinosaur National Monument, Utah, June--July 2001". Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR), 50(45), p. 1005-1008. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). November 16, 2001. Retrieved 10 July 2013.
^ "Increase in Coccidioidomycosis: California, 2000-2007". Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) 58 (5): 105–109. February 13, 2009.
^ "Coccidioidmycosis Outbreak". USGS Landslide Hazards Program. Archived from the original on 2014-02-02.
^ Bercovitch RS, Catanzaro A, Schwartz BS, Pappagianis D, Watts DH, Ampel NM (August 2011). "Coccidioidomycosis during pregnancy: a review and recommendations for management". Clinical infectious diseases 53 (4): 363–8. doi:10.1093/cid/cir410. PMID 21810749.
^ "Coccidioidomycosis (San Joaquin Fever; Valley Fever)". The Merck Manual. Merck & Co. Retrieved 10 July 2013.
^ "Valley Fever Center for Excellence: Valley Fever in Other Animal Species". University of Arizona.
^ Posadas A. Un nuevo caso de micosis fungoidea con posrospemias. Annales Cir. Med. Argent. (1892), Volume 15, p. 585-597.
^ Hirschmann, Jan V. (2007). "The Early History of Coccidioidomycosis: 1892–1945". Clinical Infectious Diseases 44 (9): 1202–1207. doi:10.1086/513202. PMID 17407039.
^ Rixford E., Gilchrist T. C. Two cases of protozoan (coccidioidal) infection of the skin and other organs. Johns Hopkins Hosp Rep 1896; 10:209-268.
^ Dickson, EC; Gifford, MA (1 November 1938). "Coccidioides infection (coccidioidomycosis). ii. The primary type of infection". Archives of Internal Medicine 62 (5): 853–71. doi:10.1001/archinte.1938.00180160132011.
^ Smith, CE (Jun 1940). "Epidemiology of Acute Coccidioidomycosis with Erythema Nodosum ("San Joaquin" or "Valley Fever").". American journal of public health and the nation's health 30 (6): 600–11. doi:10.2105/AJPH.30.6.600. PMC 1530901. PMID 18015234.
^ Ciottone, Gregory R. Disaster Medicine. Philadelphia, PA: Mosby Elsevier, 2006, pp. 726-128.
^ "Coccidioidomycosis". Piczo. Retrieved 11 July 2013.
^ "HHS select agents and toxins" (PDF). Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), Title 42 - Public Health. Office of the Federal Register. Retrieved 11 July 2013.
^ "Select Agents and Toxins List" (PDF). CDC. December 4, 2012. Retrieved 11 July 2013.
^ Fisher, M. C., Koenig, G. L., White, T. J., & Taylor, J. W (2002). "Molecular and phenotypic description of Coccidioides posadasii sp. nov., previously recognized as the non-California population of Coccidioides immitis" (PDF). Mycologia 94 (1): 73–84. doi:10.2307/3761847. PMID 21156479.
^ Yoon HJ, Clemons KV (July 2013). "Vaccines against Coccidioides". The Korean journal of internal medicine 28 (4): 403–7. doi:10.3904/kjim.2013.28.4.403. PMC 3712146. PMID 23864796.

External links

U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention page on Coccidioidomycosis
Medline Plus Entry for Coccidioidomycosis
Radiology of Lesions in Valley Fever

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. 原発性コクシジオイデス感染 primary coccidioidal infection
2. 東アフリカへの旅行によって感染する可能性のある疾患 diseases potentially acquired by travel to east africa
3. 北アフリカへの旅行によって感染する可能性のある疾患 diseases potentially acquired by travel to north africa
4. デング熱ウイルス感染症の臨床症状および診断 clinical manifestations and diagnosis of dengue virus infection
5. 黄熱 yellow fever

English Journal

Neglected tropical diseases of Namibia: Unsolved mysteries.

Noden BH, van der Colf BE.SourceDepartment of Biomedical Science, School of Health and Applied Science, Polytechnic of Namibia, Windhoek, Private Bag 13388, 13 Storch Street, Windhoek, Namibia. Electronic address: bnoden@polytechnic.edu.na.
Acta tropica.Acta Trop.2013 Jan;125(1):1-17. doi: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2012.09.007. Epub 2012 Sep 21.
Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) are diseases most commonly found in settings of poverty and are responsible for the morbidity and/or mortality of millions each year. As an upper-middle income country, Namibia is not normally considered to have many NTDs but published reports indicate the possible
PMID 23006744

Modelling vertical transmission in vector-borne diseases with applications to Rift Valley fever.

Chitnis N, Hyman JM, Manore CA.Sourcea Department of Epidemiology and Public Health , Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute , 4002 Basel , Switzerland.
Journal of biological dynamics.J Biol Dyn.2013;7(1):11-40. doi: 10.1080/17513758.2012.733427.
We present two ordinary differential equation models for Rift Valley fever (RVF) transmission in cattle and mosquitoes. We extend existing models for vector-borne diseases to include an asymptomatic host class and vertical transmission in vectors. We define the basic reproductive number, ℛ(0), and
PMID 23098257

Japanese Journal

Competitive ELISA for the Detection of Antibodies to Rift Valley Fever Virus in Goats and Cattle

KIM Hyun-Joo,NAH Jin-Ju,MOON Jin-San [他]
The journal of veterinary medical science 74(3), 321-327, 2012-03
NAID 40019249135

Competitive ELISA for the Detection of Antibodies to Rift Valley Fever Virus in Goats and Cattle

KIM Hyun-Joo,NAH Jin-Ju,MOON Jin-San,KO Young-Joon,YOO Han-Sang,KWEON Chang-Hee
Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 74(3), 321-327, 2012
… Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is one of the important emerging viral diseases of serious impact in public health and animal hygiene both in human and animal industries. … In addition, the C-ELISA did not show any cross-reactivity with positive sera against arboviruses such as Akabane, Aino, Chuzan, Ibaraki and bovine ephemeral fever virus, which are prevalent viral agents in ruminant animals throughout Southeast Asia. …
NAID 130001190399

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「コクシジオイデス症」「渓谷熱」

「コクシジオイデス症」

Coccidioidomycosis
	Histopathological changes in a case of coccidioidomycosis of the lung showing a large fibrocaseous nodule.
Classification and external resources
Specialty	Infectious disease
ICD-10	B38
ICD-9-CM	114
MedlinePlus	001322
eMedicine	med/103 ped/423
NCI	Coccidioidomycosis
MeSH	D003047

　　[★]

英: coccidioidomycosis
同: 渓谷熱 valley fever、砂漠リウマチ desert rheumatism、サンホアキン熱 San Joaquin fever、コクシジオイデス肉芽腫 coccidioidal granuloma
関: コクシジオイデス属

first aid step1 2006 p.146

「渓谷熱」

　　[★]

英: valley fever
関: コクシジオイデス症

[Malo2014-1] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p Malo J, Luraschi-Monjagatta C, Wolk DM, Thompson R, Hage CA, Knox KS (February 2014). "Update on the diagnosis of pulmonary coccidioidomycosis". Ann Am Thor Soc 11 (2): 243–53. doi:10.1513/AnnalsATS.201308-286FR. PMID 24575994.

[Bolognia-2] Rapini, Ronald P.; Bolognia, Jean L.; Jorizzo, Joseph L. (2007). Dermatology: 2-Volume Set. St. Louis: Mosby. ISBN 1-4160-2999-0.

[Nguyen2013-3] Nguyen C, Barker BM, Hoover S, Nix DE, Ampel NM, Frelinger JA, Orbach MJ, Galgiani JN (July 2013). "Recent advances in our understanding of the environmental, epidemiological, immunological, and clinical dimensions of coccidioidomycosis". Clin Microbiol Rev 26 (3): 505–25. doi:10.1128/CMR.00005-13. PMC 3719491. PMID 23824371.

[Hector_2005-4] Hector R, Laniado-Laborin R (2005). "Coccidioidomycosis—A Fungal Disease of the Americas". PLoS Med 2 (1): e2. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0020002. PMC 545195. PMID 15696207.

[5] Schneider E, Hajjeh RA, Spiegel RA et al. (1997). "A coccidioidomycosis outbreak following the Northridge, Calif, earthquake". JAMA 277 (11): 904–8. doi:10.1001/jama.277.11.904. PMID 9062329.

[Ampel_2005-6] Ampel N (2005). "Coccidioidomycosis in persons infected with HIV type 1". Clin Infect Dis 41 (8): 1174–8. doi:10.1086/444502. PMID 16163637.

[Andrews-7] James, William D.; Berger, Timothy G. et al. (2006). Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: clinical Dermatology. Saunders Elsevier. ISBN 0-7216-2921-0.

[8] Galgiani J. N. Coccidioidomycosis. In: Cecil, Russell L., Lee Goldman, and D. A. Ausiello. Cecil Medicine. Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier, 2007.

[Welsh-9] Welsh O., Vera-Cabrera L., Rendon A. (November–December 2012). "Coccidioidomycosis". Clinics in dermatology 30 (6): 573–591. doi:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2012.01.003. PMID 23068145.

[10] Galgiani, John N., Ampel, Neil M. , Blair, Janis E. et al. "Coccidioidomycosis" (PDF). Practice Guidelines for the Treatment of Coccidioidomycosis. Infectious Diseases Society of America. Retrieved 10 July 2013.

[11] Barron MA and Madinger NE (November 18, 2008). "Opportunistic Fungal Infections, Part 3: Cryptococcosis, Histoplasmosis, Coccidioidomycosis, and Emerging Mould Infections". Infections in Medicine.

[12] "Risk factors". Valley Fever Center for Excellence.

[13] "Increase in Reported Coccidioidomycosis—United States, 1998–2011". Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved 6 July 2013.

[14] "Valley Fever: Awareness is Key". CDC Features. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved 6 July 2013.

[15] Cole G.T., Xue J.M., Okeke C.N., at al. (June 2004). "A vaccine against coccidioidomycosis is justified and attainable". Medical mycology 42 (3): 189–216. doi:10.1080/13693780410001687349. PMID 15283234.

[16] "Valley Fever Vaccine Project" (PDF). Retrieved 11 July 2013.

[17] Tsang C.A., Anderson S.M., Imholte S.B. et al. (2010). "Enhanced surveillance of coccidioidomycosis, Arizona, USA, 2007–2008". Emerging Infectious Diseases 16 (11): 1738–44. doi:10.3201/eid1611.100475.

[18] Das R., McNary J., Fitzsimmons K. et al. (May 2012). "Occupational coccidioidomycosis in California: outbreak investigation, respirator recommendations, and surveillance findings". Journal of occupational and environmental medicine 54 (5): 564–571. doi:10.1097/JOM.0b013e3182480556. PMID 22504958.

[19] "Coccidioidomycosis (Valley Fever)". Health Information: Diseases & Conditions. California Department of Public Health. Retrieved 11 July 2013.

[20] "Coccidioidomycosis: Prevention" (PDF). Acute Communicable Disease Control Annual Morbidity Reports, Los Angeles County, 2002-2010. Retrieved 12 July 2013.

[21] Pappagianis, D (1988). "Epidemiology of coccidioidomycosis.". Current topics in medical mycology 2: 199–238. doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-3730-3_6. PMID 3288356.

[DC5913-22] Brian Bienkowski (May 9, 2013). "Valley Fever throws baseball a curve ball: Fifteen Major League Baseball teams bring players to Arizona for spring training every year. There the athletes are exposed to a lung disease that's on the rise as the region's climate warms and dries.". Daily Climate. Retrieved May 9, 2013.

[23] Pappagianis, Demosthenes; Coccidioidomycosis Serology Laboratory (September 2007). "Coccidioidomycosis in California State Correctional Institutions". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1111: 103–11. doi:10.1196/annals.1406.011. PMID 17332089.

[VOC5213-24] Rachel Cook; Rebecca Plevin (May 7, 2013). "Some Prison Inmates to Be Moved Out of Valley Fever Hot Spots". Voice of OC. Retrieved May 9, 2013.

[25] U.S. Census Bureau, State & County QuickFacts

[azdhs.gov-26] "Number of Reported Cases of Selected Notifiable Diseases by Category for each County, Arizona, 2007" (PDF). Arizona Department of Health Services. Retrieved 10 July 2013.

[27] New Mexico Intercensal Population Estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau [1]

[28] "Coccidioidomycosis in Workers at an Archeologic Site ---Dinosaur National Monument, Utah, June--July 2001". Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR), 50(45), p. 1005-1008. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). November 16, 2001. Retrieved 10 July 2013.

[29] "Increase in Coccidioidomycosis: California, 2000-2007". Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) 58 (5): 105–109. February 13, 2009.

[30] "Coccidioidmycosis Outbreak". USGS Landslide Hazards Program. Archived from the original on 2014-02-02.

[Bercovitch2011-31] Bercovitch RS, Catanzaro A, Schwartz BS, Pappagianis D, Watts DH, Ampel NM (August 2011). "Coccidioidomycosis during pregnancy: a review and recommendations for management". Clinical infectious diseases 53 (4): 363–8. doi:10.1093/cid/cir410. PMID 21810749.

[The_Merck_Manual-32] "Coccidioidomycosis (San Joaquin Fever; Valley Fever)". The Merck Manual. Merck & Co. Retrieved 10 July 2013.

[33] "Valley Fever Center for Excellence: Valley Fever in Other Animal Species". University of Arizona.

[34] Posadas A. Un nuevo caso de micosis fungoidea con posrospemias. Annales Cir. Med. Argent. (1892), Volume 15, p. 585-597.

[35] Hirschmann, Jan V. (2007). "The Early History of Coccidioidomycosis: 1892–1945". Clinical Infectious Diseases 44 (9): 1202–1207. doi:10.1086/513202. PMID 17407039.

[36] Rixford E., Gilchrist T. C. Two cases of protozoan (coccidioidal) infection of the skin and other organs. Johns Hopkins Hosp Rep 1896; 10:209-268.

[37] Dickson, EC; Gifford, MA (1 November 1938). "Coccidioides infection (coccidioidomycosis). ii. The primary type of infection". Archives of Internal Medicine 62 (5): 853–71. doi:10.1001/archinte.1938.00180160132011.

[38] Smith, CE (Jun 1940). "Epidemiology of Acute Coccidioidomycosis with Erythema Nodosum ("San Joaquin" or "Valley Fever").". American journal of public health and the nation's health 30 (6): 600–11. doi:10.2105/AJPH.30.6.600. PMC 1530901. PMID 18015234.

[39] Ciottone, Gregory R. Disaster Medicine. Philadelphia, PA: Mosby Elsevier, 2006, pp. 726-128.

[40] "Coccidioidomycosis". Piczo. Retrieved 11 July 2013.

[41] "HHS select agents and toxins" (PDF). Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), Title 42 - Public Health. Office of the Federal Register. Retrieved 11 July 2013.

[42] "Select Agents and Toxins List" (PDF). CDC. December 4, 2012. Retrieved 11 July 2013.

[43] Fisher, M. C., Koenig, G. L., White, T. J., & Taylor, J. W (2002). "Molecular and phenotypic description of Coccidioides posadasii sp. nov., previously recognized as the non-California population of Coccidioides immitis" (PDF). Mycologia 94 (1): 73–84. doi:10.2307/3761847. PMID 21156479.

[Yoon2013-44] Yoon HJ, Clemons KV (July 2013). "Vaccines against Coccidioides". The Korean journal of internal medicine 28 (4): 403–7. doi:10.3904/kjim.2013.28.4.403. PMC 3712146. PMID 23864796.

匿名

検索

案内

案内

valley fever