WordNet

make a plug for; praise the qualities or in order to sell or promote
persist in working hard; "Students must plug away at this problem" (同)plug_away
insert a plug into; "plug the wall"
insert as a plug; "She plugged a cork in the wine bottle"
an electrical device with two or three pins that is inserted in a socket to make an electrical connection (同)male plug
blockage consisting of an object designed to fill a hole tightly (同)stopper, stopple
fill or close tightly with or as if with a plug; "plug the hole"; "stop up the leak" (同)stop up, secure
the lower part of the female reproductive tract; a moist canal in female mammals extending from the labia minora to the uterus; "the vagina receives the penis during coitus"; "the vagina is elastic enough to allow the passage of a fetus"
of or relating to the vagina; "vaginal suppository"

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(穴・すきまなどをふさぐ)『栓』,くさび / (電気の)『差し込み』,プラグ / 《話》=spark plug / 消火栓(fireplug) / (一口分に切った)かみたばこ / 《話》(テレビ・ラジオの番組にはさんだ)宣伝,広告 / 《米俗》老いぼれ馬 / 〈穴・すきまなど〉‘を'『ふさぐ』,‘に'せんをする《+『up』+『名』,+『名』+『up』》 / …‘の'プラグを努し込む《+『in』+『名,』+『名』+『in』》;コンセントに)…‘の'プラグを努し込む《+『名』+『into』+『名』》 / 《話》(…に)こつこつ(せっせと)取り組む《+『away』(『along』)『at』+『名』》
膣
膣の(に関する)

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/01/28 17:09:51」(JST)

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A mating plug in a female Richardson's ground squirrel (Spermophilus richardsonii)

A mating plug, also known as a copulation plug, sperm plug, vaginal plug, sement or sphragis, is gelatinous secretion used in the mating of some species. It is deposited by a male into a female genital tract, such as the vagina, and later hardens into a plug or glues the tract together.^[1] While females can expel the plugs, the male’s sperm still gets a time advantage in getting to the egg, which is often the deciding factor in fertilization.

The mating plug plays an important role in sperm competition and may serve as an alternative and more advantageous strategy to active mate guarding. In some species, such a passive mate-guarding strategy may reduce selection on large male size.^[2] Such a strategy may be advantageous because it would allow a male to increase reproductive success by spending more time pursuing new female mates rather than active mate-guarding.^[2]

Composition

Sphragis on female of Parnassius apollo

The mating plug of the Bombus terrestris was chemically analyzed and found to consist of palmitic acid, linoleic acid, oleic acid, stearic acid, and cycloprolylproline.^[3] It was found that the acids (without cycloprolylproline) were sufficient by themselves to create the plug. Researchers hypothesize that cycloprolylproline reduces female receptivity to further breeding.

Occurrence in nature

Mating plugs are used by many species, including several primates,^[2] kangaroos,^[4] bees, rats, reptiles, squirrels,^[5] scorpions,^[6] mice,^[7] and spiders.^[8]

Use of a mating plug as a strategy for reproductive success can also be seen in a few taxa of Lepidoptera and other insects and is often associated with pupal mating.^[9] For example, male Variable Checkerspot butterflies pass a mating plug into the genital opening of females in order to prevent the females from remating and thus protecting their paternity.^[10]

Heliconius charithonia uses a mating plug in the form of a spermataphore that provides predatory defense chemicals and protein sources for developing eggs.^[11] It also acts as an anaphrodisiac that prevents other males from mating with the female.^[12]

In homosexual matings

Male-male matings have been observed in species of acanthocephalan worms. Upon completion of the act, the penetrating partner will seal off the recipient's genital region with a mating plug.^[13] Once sealed, the anal cavity becomes impervious to further infiltration.

References

^ David Quammen. The Flight of the Iguana: A Sidelong View of Science and Nature. Simon and Schuster, 1998, ISBN 0-684-83626-2. Page 29.
^ ^a ^b ^c Dunham, A. E. & Rudolf, V. H. W. (2009). "Evolution of sexual size monomorphism: the influence of passive mate guarding". Journal of Evolutionary Biology 22 (7): 1376–1386. doi:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2009.01768.x. PMID 19486235.
^ Baer, Boris; Maile, Roland; Schmid-Hempel, Paul; Morgan, E. David; Jones, Graeme R. (2000). Journal of Chemical Ecology 26 (8): 1869. doi:10.1023/A:1005596707591.
^ Terence Dawson (16 April 2012). Kangaroos. Csiro Publishing. ISBN 978-0-643-10627-7. Retrieved 13 July 2013.
^ Vaginal plug. Biology online dictionary
^ Contreras-Garduno, Jorge; Peretti, Alfredo V.; Cordoba-Aguilar, Alex (2006). "Evidence that Mating Plug is Related to Null Female Mating Activity in the Scorpion Vaejovis punctatus". Ethology 112 (2): 152. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0310.2006.01149.x.
^ Ittner, Lars M; Götz, Jürgen (2007). "Pronuclear injection for the production of transgenic mice". Nature Protocols 2 (5): 1206–15. doi:10.1038/nprot.2007.145. PMID 17546016. Figure 2 - Mating scheme and copulation plug
^ Knoflach, B. & van Harten, A. (2001). "Tidarren argo sp. nov (Araneae: Theridiidae) and its exceptional copulatory behaviour: emasculation, male palpal organ as a mating plug and sexual cannibalism". Journal of Zoology 254 (4): 449–459. doi:10.1017/S0952836901000954.
^ The encyclopedia of land invertebrate behaviour By Rod Preston-Mafham, Ken Preston-Mafham. Pg 113.
^ Dickinson, Janis L., and Ronald L. Rutowski. "The Function of the Mating Plug in the Chalcedon Checkerspot Butterfly." Animal Behaviour 38.1 (1989): 154-62.
^ Cardoso, Márcio Zikán, and Lawrence E. Gilbert. (2006). A Male Gift to Its Partner? Cyanogenic Glycosides in the Spermatophore of Longwing Butterflies (Heliconius). Naturwissenschaften 94(1):39-42.
^ Estrada, Catalina, Stefan Schulz, Selma Yildizhan, and Lawrence E. Gilbert. (2011). Sexual Selection Drives The Evolution Of Antiaphrodisiac Pheromones In Butterflies. Evolution 65(10):2843-854.
^ Abele, L.; Gilchrist, S (1977). "Homosexual rape and sexual selection in acanthocephalan worms". Science 197 (4298): 81–3. doi:10.1126/science.867055. PMID 867055.

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

Maternal weight as an alternative determinant of the gestational day of Wistar rats housed in individually-ventilated cages.

Paronis E1, Samara A2, Polyzos A3, Spyropoulos C4, Kostomitsopoulos NG5.
Laboratory animals.Lab Anim.2015 Jul;49(3):188-95. doi: 10.1177/0023677214562846. Epub 2014 Dec 8.
One of the commonly used animal models in fertility, developmental and neurobiological studies is the laboratory rat. The early recognition of rat pregnancy and confirmation of the exact embryonic day are vital. The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation of maternal weight at the time
PMID 25488321

Folate deficiency decreases apoptosis of endometrium decidual cells in pregnant mice via the mitochondrial pathway.

Liao XG1, Li YL2, Gao RF3, Geng YQ4, Chen XM5, Liu XQ1, Ding YB6, Mu XY7, Wang YX8, He JL9.
Nutrients.Nutrients.2015 Mar 13;7(3):1916-32. doi: 10.3390/nu7031916.
It is well known that maternal folate deficiency results in adverse pregnancy outcomes. In addition to aspects in embryonic development, maternal uterine receptivity and the decidualization of stromal cells is also very important for a successful pregnancy. In this study, we focused on endometrium d
PMID 25781218

[Role of macrophages in mouse uterine during the peri-implantation period].

Gao R1, Chen L, Tan W, Tan H, Ou X, Li H, Quan S.
Nan fang yi ke da xue xue bao = Journal of Southern Medical University.Nan Fang Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao.2015 Mar;35(3):365-9.
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of macrophages on embryo implantation by observing the distribution of macrophages in mouse uterine tissues during the peri-implantation period.METHODS: Uterine tissues were collected from pregnant (n=30) and pseudopregnant mice (n=30) during the peri-implantatio
PMID 25818781

Japanese Journal

〈Original Papers〉マウス体外成熟由来2細胞期胚を用いた冷蔵輸送・保存方法の検討

西村愛美,中牟田裕子,福本紀代子,近藤朋子,春口幸恵,竹下由美,土山修治,石川裕子,石束祐太,細井美彦,三谷匡,竹尾透,中潟直己,安齋政幸
Memoirs of the Faculty of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology of Kinki University (29), 33-41, 2012-3
… Collected 2-cell stage embryos were transferred into the oviducts of pseudopregnant females on the day that a vaginal plug was found (Day 1 of pseudopregnancy). …
NAID 120004009249

Embryo Implantation is Blocked by Intraperitoneal Injection with Anti-LIF Antibody in Mice

TERAKAWA Jumpei,WAKITANI Shoichi,SUGIYAMA Makoto,INOUE Naoko,OHMORI Yasushige,KISO Yasuo,HOSAKA Yoshinao Z.,HONDO Eiichi
The Journal of reproduction and development 57(6), 700-707, 2011-12-01
… Intraperitoneal (ip) injections with anti-LIF antibody (7.5 μg/g body weight, 3 times) between D3 (D1 = day of vaginal plug detection) and D4 effectively blocked embryo implantation; …
NAID 10030406178

〈Original Papers〉Transport of 2-cell embryos produced by intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) at cold temperatures (4℃)

Nishimura Manami,Fukumoto Kiyoko,Nakamuta Yuko,Hosoi Yoshihiko,Takeo Toru,Nakagata Naomi,Anzai Masayuki
Memoirs of the Faculty of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology of Kinki University (28), 109-115, 2011-9
… At CARD, the embryos were recovered from the sampling tubes and transferred into the oviducts of pseudopregnant females on the day that a vaginal plug was found (Day 1 of pseudopregnancy). …
NAID 120003460253