関: urothelial

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/07/01 07:41:35」(JST)

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Urothelium (or uroepithelium) is an example of "transitional epithelium". It is the type of epithelium that lines much of the urinary tract including the renal pelvis, the ureters, the bladder, and parts of the urethra.^[1]

Structure and function

Urothelial tissue is highly specific to the urinary tract, and has high elasticity and trans-epithelial electrical resistance.^[1]

Urothelium consists of approximately 3-5 cell layers, accompanied by a thick layer of protective glycoprotein plaques at its luminal (apical) surface, and is classified as transitional epithelium.^{[citation needed]}

Pathology

Epithelia are sites of specific diseases.^{[citation needed]}

Cancers that originate in epithelial cells are termed carcinomas, and they are characterized as having lost the mature, differentiated morphology and molecular patterns of the normal tissue. Infectious diseases also afflict epithelia where diverse microbes (viruses, bacteria, fungi) have surface structures that bind specific features of particular epithelial cells (e.g., influenza virus binds respiratory epithelium). Genetic defects can also inhibit normal epithelial integrity, such as defects in intercellular adhesion molecules that result in blistering diseases.^{[citation needed]}
The second most common infectious disease is urinary tract infection (UTI). UTIs afflict approximately half of all women during their lifetime, and about 25% of these women will suffer recurrent UTIs. The majority of these infections are due to uropathogenic Escherichia coli bacteria (commonly known as E. coli). However, UTIs can also develop in healthcare settings and such infections are caused by a greater frequency of non-E. coli bacteria.^{[citation needed]}
One unusual condition which affects the urothelium is interstitial cystitis (IC), a condition with symptoms similar to UTI (urinary frequency, urinary urgency, pressure and/or pain). Urine culture, however, is negative. During hydrodistention of the bladder, small petechial hemorrhages (aka glomerulations) are frequently found throughout the bladder. Larger "Hunner's Ulcers", known for their characteristic waterfall bleeding effect, represent larger areas of bladder wall thinning and/or trauma. The cause of IC is currently unknown though some suggest that it could be genetic, the result of traumatic injury (aka chemical exposure), infection, autoimmune disease, etc. Researcher Susan Keay (University of Maryland) has found an unusual protein in the urine of IC patients which appears to interfere with healing, known as an Antiproliferative Factor. Research efforts into IC are focused on the urothelium, including newly discovered signaling molecules which suggest that the urothelium is far more than a barrier, as well as how the urothelium interacts with proximal nerves and smooth muscle.^{[citation needed]}
Urothelium is susceptible to carcinoma. Because the bladder is in contact with urine for extended periods, chemicals that become concentrated in the urine can cause Bladder cancer. For example, cigarette smoking leads to the concentration of carcinogens in the urine and is a leading cause of bladder cancer. Occupational exposure to certain chemicals is also a risk factor for bladder cancer.^{[citation needed]} This can include aromatic amines (aniline dye), polycytic aromatic hydrocarbons, and diesel engine exhaust.^[2]

Urothelial lesions

Papillary urothelial lesions
- Papillary urothelial hyperplasia
- Urothelial papilloma
- Papillary urothelial neoplasm of low malignant potential (PUNLMP)
- Low-grade papillary urothelial carcinoma
- High-grade papillary urothelial carcinoma
- Invasive urothelial carcinoma
Flat urothelial lesions
- Reactive urothelial atypia
- Urothelial inverted papilloma
- Urothelial atypia of unknown significance
- Urothelial dysplasia
- Urothelial carcinoma in situ
Invasive urothelial carcinoma
- Invasive urothelial carcinoma (NOS)
- Urothelial carcinoma with inverted growth pattern
- Urothelial carcinoma with squamous differentiation
- Urothelial carcinoma with villoglandular differentiation
- Urothelial carcinoma, micropapillary variant
- Urothelial carcinoma, lymphoepithelioma-like variant
- Urothelial carcinoma, clear cell (glycogen-rich) variant
- Urothelial carcinoma, lipoid cell variant
- Urothelial carcinoma with syncitiotrophoblastic giant cells
- Urothelial carcinoma with rhabdoid differentiation
- Urothelial carcinoma similar to giant cell tumor of bone

References

Notes

^ ^a ^b Andersson, 2011: p. 134
^ "Bladder cancer risk factors". Cancer Research UK. Retrieved 27 July 2014.

Bibliography

Andersson, Karl-Erik (2011). Urinary Tract. Springer. ISBN 978-3-642-16498-9.

External links

www.urothelium.com is an online resource for information about Human Urothelium and the "Biomimetic Urothelium"
Urothelium at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
Histology at qmul.ac.uk
Diagram at umich.edu
Histology at wisc.edu

UpToDate Contents

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1. 膀胱腫瘍の病理 pathology of bladder neoplasms
2. 尿路感染症における細菌付着およびその他の病原因子 bacterial adherence and other virulence factors for urinary tract infection
3. 尿路上皮（移行上皮）膀胱癌の検出のための尿中バイオマーカー urine biomarkers for the detection of urothelial transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder
4. 尿路上皮（移行上皮）膀胱癌の疫学および病因 epidemiology and etiology of urothelial transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder
5. 膀胱癌のスクリーニング screening for bladder cancer

English Journal

Constructs of electrospun PLGA, compressed collagen and minced urothelium for minimally manipulated autologous bladder tissue expansion.

Ajalloueian F1, Zeiai S2, Fossum M3, Hilborn JG4.
Biomaterials.Biomaterials.2014 Jul;35(22):5741-8. doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.04.002. Epub 2014 Apr 24.
Bladder regeneration based on minced bladder mucosa in vivo expansion is an alternative to in vitro culturing of urothelial cells. Here, we present the design of a hybrid, electrospun poly(lactic-co-glycolide) (PLGA) - plastically compressed (PC) collagen scaffold that could allow in vivo bladder
PMID 24768046

DLG1 influences distal ureter maturation via a non-epithelial cell autonomous mechanism involving reduced retinoic acid signaling, Ret expression, and apoptosis.

Kim ST1, Ahn SY2, Swat W3, Miner JH4.
Developmental biology.Dev Biol.2014 Jun 15;390(2):160-9. doi: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.03.014. Epub 2014 Mar 31.
The absence of Discs-large 1 (DLG1), the mouse ortholog of the Drosophila discs-large tumor suppressor, results in congenital hydronephrosis characterized by urinary tract abnormalities, reduced ureteric bud branching, and delayed disconnection of the ureter from the common nephric duct (CND). To de
PMID 24699546

Complex of Molecular Genetic and Immunohistochemical Methods for Detection of Human Papillomavirus in the Bladder Cancer Epithelium.

Golovina DA1, Trofimova OB, Ermilova VD, Matveev VB, Volgareva GM.
Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine.Bull Exp Biol Med.2014 Jun 10. [Epub ahead of print]
A battery of tests for detection human papillomavirus DNA, mRNA corresponding to viral oncogenes, and viral oncoprotein E7 in cancer bladder urothelium was piloted in 35 samples of bladder cancer. DNA of human papillomavirus type 16 (causes cervical cancer) was found in 16 (46%) samples; E6/E7 oncog
PMID 24909719

Japanese Journal

Adaptor protein CRK induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition and metastasis of bladder cancer cells through HGF/c-Met feedback loop

Cancer science 106(6), 709-717, 2015-06
NAID 120005627239

IgG4-related Disease: A Mass Lesion in the Intrarenal Sinus near the Renal Pelvis

Internal Medicine 54(15), 1897-1900, 2015
NAID 130005090934

Increased expression of 5-HT2A and 5-HT2B receptors in detrusor muscle after partial bladder outlet obstruction in rats

Biomedical Research 36(3), 187-194, 2015
NAID 130005083859

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「urothelial」「尿路上皮」

「urothelial」

Urothelium
	Transitional epithelium of the urinary bladder. Note the rounded surface of the apical cells -- a distinguishing characteristic of this type of epithelium.
	Transverse section of ureter.
Identifiers
FMA	67695
	Anatomical terminology