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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2007) |
| Urethra |
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The urethra transports urine from the bladder to the outside of the body. This image shows (a) a female urethra and (b) a male urethra.
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| Details |
| Latin |
urethra vagina; feminina (female); urethra masculina (male) |
| Greek |
οὐρήθρα |
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Artery
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Inferior vesical artery
Middle rectal artery
Internal pudendal artery |
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Vein
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Inferior vesical vein
Middle rectal vein
Internal pudendal vein |
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Nerve
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Pudendal nerve
Pelvic splanchnic nerves
Inferior hypogastric plexus |
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Lymph
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Internal iliac lymph nodes
Deep inguinal lymph nodes |
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Precursor
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Urogenital sinus |
| Identifiers |
| Gray's |
p.1234 |
| MeSH |
A05.360.444.492.726 |
Dorlands
/Elsevier |
Urethra |
| TA |
A08.4.01.001F
A08.5.01.001M |
| Anatomical terminology |
In anatomy, the urethra (from Greek οὐρήθρα – ourḗthrā) is a tube that connects the urinary bladder to the urinary meatus for the removal of fluids from the body. In male placental mammals, the urethra travels through the penis, and carries semen as well as urine.[1] In female placental mammals, the urethra is shorter and emerges at the female external urethral orifice above the vaginal opening.
Female placental mammals use their urethra only for urinating, but male placental mammals use their urethra for both urination and ejaculation.[1] The external urethral sphincter is a striated muscle that allows voluntary control over urination.[2]
Contents
- 1 Anatomy
- 1.1 Female
- 1.2 Male
- 1.3 Histology
- 2 Physiology
- 3 Clinical significance
- 3.1 Investigations
- 3.2 Catheterization
- 4 Additional images
- 5 See also
- 6 References
- 7 External links
Anatomy
Female
Urethra is number 2, dark yellow
In the human female, the urethra is about 1.9 inches (4.8 cm) to 2 inches (5.1 cm) long and exits the body between the clitoris and the vagina, extending from the internal to the external urethral orifice. The meatus is located 28.9 mm[3] below the clitoris. It is placed behind the symphysis pubis, embedded in the anterior wall of the vagina, and its direction is obliquely downward and forward; it is slightly curved with the concavity directed forward. The proximal 2/3rds is lined by transitional epithelium cells while distal 1/3rd is lined by stratified squamous epithelium cells.[4] The urethra consists of three coats: muscular, erectile, and mucous, the muscular layer being a continuation of that of the bladder. Between the superior and inferior fascia of the urogenital diaphragm, the female urethra is surrounded by the Sphincter urethrae (urethral sphincter). Somatic (conscious) innervation of the external urethral sphincter is supplied by the pudendal nerve. The uro-genital sinus may be divided into three component parts. The first of these is the cranial portion which is continuous with the allantois and forms the bladder proper. The pelvic part of the sinus forms the prostatic urethra and epithelium as well as the membranous urethra and bulbo urethral glands in the male and the membranous urethra and part of the vagina in females.
The female urethra is about 4 cm in length.[5]
Male
See also Category:Male urethra.
In the human male, the urethra is about 8 inches (20 cm) long and opens at the end of the penis.[citation needed] The urethra provides an exit for urine as well as semen during ejaculation.
The urethra is divided into four parts in men, named after the location:
| Region |
Description |
Epithelium |
| pre-prostatic urethra |
This is the intramural part of the urethra and varies between 0.5 and 1.5 cm in length depending on the fullness of the bladder. |
Transitional |
| prostatic urethra |
Crosses through the prostate gland. There are several openings: (1) the ejaculatory duct receives sperm from the vas deferens and ejaculate fluid from the seminal vesicle, (2) several prostatic ducts where fluid from the prostate enters and contributes to the ejaculate, (3) the prostatic utricle, which is merely an indentation. These openings are collectively called the verumontanum. |
Transitional |
| membranous urethra |
A small (1 or 2 cm) portion passing through the external urethral sphincter. This is the narrowest part of the urethra. It is located in the deep perineal pouch. The bulbourethral glands (Cowper's gland) are found posterior to this region but open in the spongy urethra. |
Pseudostratified columnar |
| spongy urethra (or penile urethra) |
Runs along the length of the penis on its ventral (underneath) surface. It is about 15–16 cm in length, and travels through the corpus spongiosum. The ducts from the urethral gland (gland of Littre) enter here. The openings of the bulbourethral glands are also found here.[6] Some textbooks will subdivide the spongy urethra into two parts, the bulbous and pendulous urethra. The urethral lumen runs effectively parallel to the penis, except at the narrowest point, the external urethral meatus, where it is vertical. This produces a spiral stream of urine and has the effect of cleaning the external urethral meatus. The lack of an equivalent mechanism in the female urethra partly explains why urinary tract infections occur so much more frequently in females. |
Pseudostratified columnar – proximally, Stratified squamous – distally |
There is inadequate data for the typical length of the male urethra; however, a study of 109 men showed an average length of 22.3 cm (SD = 2.4 cm), ranging from 15 cm to 29 cm.[7]
Histology
The epithelium of the urethra starts off as transitional cells as it exits the bladder. Further along the urethra there are pseudostratified columnar and stratified columnar epithelia, then stratified squamous cells near the external urethral orifice.
There are small mucus-secreting urethral glands, that help protect the epithelium from the corrosive urine.
Physiology
See also: Urination
The urethra is the vessel through which urine passes after leaving the bladder.
Sexual physiology
The male urethra is the conduit for semen during sexual intercourse. It also serves as a passage for urine to flow. Urine typically contains epithelial cells shed from the urinary tract. Urine cytology evaluates this urinary sediment for the presence of cancerous cells from the lining of the urinary tract, and it is a convenient noninvasive technique for follow-up analysis of patients treated for urinary tract cancers. For this process, urine must be collected in a reliable fashion, and if urine samples are inadequate, the urinary tract can be assessed via instrumentation. In urine cytology, collected urine is examined microscopically. One limitation is the inability to definitively identify low-grade cancer cells and urine cytology is used mostly to identify high-grade tumors.
Clinical significance
Micrograph of urethral cancer (urothelial cell carcinoma), a rare problem of the urethra.
Investigations
As the urethra is an open vessel with a lumen, investigations of the genitourinary tract may involve the urethra. Endoscopy of the bladder may be conducted by the urethra, called cystoscopy.
Catheterization
During a hospital stay or surgical procedure, a catheter may be inserted through the urethra to drain urine from the bladder. The length of a male's urethra, and the fact it contains a prominent bend, makes catheterization more difficult. The integrity of the urethra can be determined by a procedure known as retrograde urethrogram.
Additional images
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Position of the urethra in males
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Muscles of the female perineum
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Transverse section of the penis.
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Urethra. Deep dissection.Serial cross section.
See also
- Perineal urethra
- Vulvovaginal health
- Urethral sponge
- Sexual stimulation: Urethral sounding and Urethral intercourse
- Urethrotomy
- Internal urethral orifice
References
- ^ a b Marvalee H. Wake (15 September 1992). Hyman's Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy. University of Chicago Press. pp. 583–. ISBN 978-0-226-87013-7. Retrieved 6 May 2013.
- ^ Marianne J. Legato, John P. Bilezikian (editors) (2004). "109: The Evaluation and Treatment of Urinary Incontinence". Principles of Gender-specific Medicine 1. Gulf Professional Publishing. p. 1187.
- ^ BJOG: an International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology May 2005, Vol. 112, pp. 643–650
- ^ Manual of Obstetrics. (3rd ed.). Elsevier. pp. 1-16. ISBN 9788131225561.
- ^ Zacharin RF (July 1963). "The suspensory mechanism of the female urethra". J. Anat. 97 (Pt 3): 423–7. PMC 1244203. PMID 14047361.
- ^ Atlas of Human Anatomy 5th Edition, Netter.
- ^ Kohler TS, Yadven M, Manvar A, Liu N, Monga M (2008). "The length of the male urethra". International Braz J Urol 34 (4): 451–4; discussion 455–6. doi:10.1590/s1677-55382008000400007. PMID 18778496.
- ^ Stravodimos, Konstantinos G; Koritsiadis, Georgios; Koutalellis, Georgios (2009). "Electrical wire as a foreign body in a male urethra: a case report". Journal of Medical Case Reports 3: 49. doi:10.1186/1752-1947-3-49. PMC 2649937. PMID 19192284.
External links
- Histology at KUMC epithel-epith07 "Male Urethra"
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Human systems and organs
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TA 2–4:
MS |
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Skeletal system
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- Bone
- Carpus
- Collar bone (clavicle)
- Thigh bone (femur)
- Fibula
- Humerus
- Mandible
- Metacarpus
- Metatarsus
- Ossicles
- Patella
- Phalanges
- Radius
- Skull (cranium)
- Tarsus
- Tibia
- Ulna
- Rib
- Vertebra
- Pelvis
- Sternum
- Cartilage
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Joints
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- Fibrous joint
- Cartilaginous joint
- Synovial joint
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|
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Muscular system
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|
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TA 5–11:
splanchnic/
viscus |
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Respiratory system
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|
|
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Digestive system
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- Mouth
- upper GI
- Oropharynx
- Laryngopharynx
- Esophagus
- Stomach
- lower GI
- Small intestine
- Appendix
- Colon
- Rectum
- Anus
- accessory
- Liver
- Biliary tract
- Pancreas
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GU: Urinary system
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- Kidney
- Ureter
- Bladder
- Urethra
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GU: Reproductive system
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- Female
- Uterus
- Vagina
- Vulva
- Ovary
- Placenta
- Male
- Scrotum
- Penis
- Prostate
- Testicle
- Seminal vesicle
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Endocrine system
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- Pituitary
- Pineal
- Thyroid
- Parathyroid
- Adrenal
- Islets of Langerhans
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| TA 12–16 |
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Circulatory system
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Cardiovascular system
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- peripheral
- Artery
- Vein
- Lymphatic vessel
- Heart
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Lymphatic system
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- primary
- secondary
- CNS equivalent
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Nervous system
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Integumentary system
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- Skin
- Subcutaneous tissue
- Breast
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| Blood |
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General anatomy: systems and organs, regional anatomy, planes and lines, superficial axial anatomy, superficial anatomy of limbs
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Anatomy of the urinary system (TA A08, TH H3.06)
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| Abdomen |
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Kidneys
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Layers
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- Renal fascia
- Renal capsule
- Renal cortex
- Renal medulla
- Renal sinus
- Renal pyramids
- medullary interstitium
- Renal lobe
- Cortical lobule
- Medullary ray
- Nephron
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Intrarenal arteries
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- Renal artery
- Segmental arteries
- Interlobar arteries
- Arcuate arteries
- Interlobular arteries
- Afferent arterioles
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Renal tubule
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- Renal corpuscle
- Glomerulus
- Bowman's capsule
- Proximal convoluted tubule
- Loop of Henle
- Descending
- Thin ascending
- Thick ascending
- Distal convoluted tubule
- Connecting tubule
- Collecting ducts aka Duct of Belini
- Renal papilla
- Minor calyx
- Major calyx
- Renal pelvis
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Intrarenal veins
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- Efferent arterioles
- Peritubular capillaries/Vasa recta
- Arcuate vein
- Interlobar veins
- Renal vein
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JGA
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- Macula densa
- Juxtaglomerular cells
- Mesangium/Extraglomerular mesangial cell
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Filtration
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- Glomerular basement membrane
- Podocyte
- Filtration slits
- Mesangium/Intraglomerular mesangial cell
- Tubular fluid
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Ureters
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- Orifice of ureter
- Adventitia
- Muscular layer
- Mucosa
- Ureteropelvic junction
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| Pelvis |
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Bladder
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- Apex
- Uvula
- Neck
- Median umbilical ligament
- Muscular layer
- Mucosa
- Submucosa
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Urethra
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- Urethral sphincters
- External sphincter muscle of male urethra
- External sphincter muscle of female urethra
- Internal sphincter muscle of urethra
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noco/acba/cong/tumr, sysi/epon, urte
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proc/itvp, drug (G4B), blte, urte
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Male reproductive system (TA A09.3–4, TH H3.07.02, GA 11.1236)
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| Internal |
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Seminal
tract
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Testes
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- layers
- Tunica vaginalis
- Tunica albuginea
- Tunica vasculosa
- Appendix
- Mediastinum
- Lobules
- Septa
- Leydig cell
- Sertoli cell
- Blood-testis barrier
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Spermatogenesis
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- Spermatogonium
- Spermatocytogenesis
- Spermatocyte
- Spermatidogenesis
- Spermatid
- Spermiogenesis
- Spermatozoon
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Other
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- Seminiferous tubules
- Tubuli seminiferi recti
- Rete testis
- Efferent ducts
- Epididymis
- Paradidymis
- Spermatic cord
- Vas deferens
- Ejaculatory duct
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Accessory
glands
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- Seminal vesicles
- Excretory duct of seminal gland
- Prostate
- Urethral crest/Seminal colliculus/Prostatic utricle/Ejaculatory duct
- Prostatic sinus/Prostatic ducts
- Bulbourethral glands
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| External |
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Penis
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- root
- Crus
- Bulb
- Fundiform ligament
- Suspensory ligament
- body
- Corpus cavernosum
- Corpus spongiosum
- glans
- fascia
- superficial/subcutaneous
- deep/Buck's
- Tunica albuginea
- Septum of the penis
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Urinary
tract
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- Internal urethral orifice
- Urethra
- Prostatic
- Intermediate
- Spongy
- Navicular fossa
- External urethral orifice
- Lacunae of Morgagni
- Urethral gland
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Scrotum
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- layers
- skin
- Dartos
- External spermatic fascia
- Cremaster/Cremasteric fascia
- Internal spermatic fascia
- Perineal raphe
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noco/cong/tumr, sysi/epon
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