unmyelinated

ミエリン鞘のない、無髄の

関

pulpless

　

WordNet

1. (of neurons) not myelinated

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/05/18 04:00:42」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

Structure of a typical neuron

Myelin sheath
Dendrite Soma Axon Nucleus Node of Ranvier Axon terminal Schwann cell Myelin sheath

Myelin is a dielectric (electrically insulating) material that forms a layer, the myelin sheath, usually around only the axon of a neuron. It is essential for the proper functioning of the nervous system. It is an outgrowth of a type of glial cell. The production of the myelin sheath is called myelination. In humans, the production of myelin begins in the 14th week of fetal development, although little myelin exists in the brain at the time of birth. During infancy, myelination occurs quickly and continues through the adolescent stages of life.

Schwann cells supply the myelin for peripheral neurons, whereas oligodendrocytes, specifically of the interfascicular type, myelinate the axons of the central nervous system. Myelin is considered a defining characteristic of the (gnathostome) vertebrates, but myelin-like sheaths have also arisen by parallel evolution in some invertebrates, although they are quite different from vertebrate myelin at the molecular level. Myelin was discovered in 1854 by Rudolf Virchow.

Composition of myelin

Myelin is made up by different cell types, and varies in chemical composition and configuration, but performs the same insulating function. Myelinated axons are white in appearance, hence the "white matter" of the brain. The fat helps to insulate the axons from electrically charged atoms and molecules. These charged particles (ions) are found in the fluid surrounding the entire nervous system. Under a microscope, myelin looks like strings of sausages. Myelin is also a part of the maturation process leading to a child's fast development, including crawling and walking in the first year.

Myelin is about 40% water; the dry mass is about 70 - 85% lipids and about 15 - 30% proteins. Some of the proteins are myelin basic protein, myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein, and proteolipid protein. The primary lipid of myelin is a glycolipid called galactocerebroside. The intertwining hydrocarbon chains of sphingomyelin serve to strengthen the myelin sheath.

Function of myelin layer

Transmission electron micrograph of a myelinated axon, generated at the Electron Microscopy Facility at Trinity College, Hartford, CT

The main purpose of a myelin layer (or sheath) is to increase the speed at which impulses propagate along the myelinated fiber. Along unmyelinated fibers, impulses move continuously as waves, but in myelinated fibers, they hop or "propagate by saltation." Myelin decreases capacitance across the cell membrane, and increases electrical resistance. Thus, myelination helps prevent the electrical current from leaving the axon. It has been suggested that myelin enables larger body size by maintaining agile communication between distant body parts.

When a peripheral fiber is severed, the myelin sheath provides a track along which regrowth can occur. Unfortunately, the myelin layer does not ensure a perfect regeneration of the nerve fiber. Some regenerated nerve fibers do not find the correct muscle fibers and some damaged motor neurons of the peripheral nervous system die without regrowth. Damage to the myelin sheath and nerve fiber is often associated with increased functional insufficiency.

Unmyelinated fibers and myelinated axons of the mammalian central nervous system do not regenerate.

Some studies have revealed optic nerve fibers can be regenerated in postnatal rats. This regeneration depends upon two conditions: axonal die-back has to be prevented with appropriate neurotrophic factors, and neurite growth inhibitory components have to be inactivated. These studies may lead to further understanding of nerve fiber regeneration in the central nervous system.^{[citation needed]}

Disorders of the myelin sheath

Demyelination

Further information: Demyelinating disease

Demyelination is the loss of the myelin sheath insulating the nerves, and is the hallmark of some neurodegenerative autoimmune diseases, including multiple sclerosis, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, Neuromyelitis Optica, transverse myelitis, chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, Guillain-Barré syndrome, central pontine myelinosis, inherited demyelinating diseases such as leukodystrophy, and Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. Sufferers of pernicious anaemia can also suffer nerve damage if the condition is not diagnosed quickly. Subacute combined degeneration of spinal cord secondary to pernicious anaemia can lead to slight peripheral nerve damage to severe damage to the central nervous system, affecting speech, balance and cognitive awareness. When myelin degrades, conduction of signals along the nerve can be impaired or lost and the nerve eventually withers. A more serious case of when myelin is deteriorated is also called Canavan Disease.

The immune system may play a role in demyelination associated with such diseases, including inflammation causing demyelination by overproduction of cytokines via upregulation of tumor necrosis factor or interferon.

Symptoms

Demyelination results in diverse symptoms determined by the functions of the affected neurons. It disrupts signals between the brain and other parts of the body; symptoms differ from patient to patient, and have different presentations upon clinical observation and in laboratory studies.

Typical symptoms include:

• blurriness in the central visual field that affects only one eye, may be accompanied by pain upon eye movement
• double vision
• loss of vision/hearing
• odd sensation in legs, arms, chest, or face, such as tingling or numbness (neuropathy)
• weakness of arms or legs
• cognitive disruption, including speech impairment and memory loss
• heat sensitivity (symptoms worsen or reappear upon exposure to heat, such as a hot shower)
• loss of dexterity
• difficulty coordinating movement or balance disorder
• difficulty controlling bowel movements or urination
• fatigue

Myelin repair

Research to repair damaged myelin sheaths is ongoing. Techniques include surgically implanting oligodendrocyte precursor cells in the central nervous system and inducing myelin repair with certain antibodies. While results in mice have been encouraging (via stem cell transplantation), whether this technique can be effective in replacing myelin loss in humans is still unknown. Cholinergic treatments, such as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEIs), may have beneficial effects on myelination, myelin repair, and myelin integrity. Increasing cholinergic stimulation also may act through subtle trophic effects on brain developmental processes and particularly on oligodendrocytes and the lifelong myelination process they support. By increasing oligodendrocyte cholinergic stimulation, AChEIs, and other cholinergic treatments, such as nicotine, possibly could promote myelination during development and myelin repair in older age. Glycogen synthase kinase 3β inhibitors such as lithium chloride have been found to promote myelination in mice with damaged facial nerves.

Dysmyelination

Dysmyelination is characterized by a defective structure and function of myelin sheaths; unlike demyelination, it does not produce lesions. Such defective sheaths often arise from genetic mutations affecting the biosynthesis and formation of myelin. The shiverer mouse represents one animal model of dysmyelination. Human diseases where dysmyelination has been implicated include leukodystrophies (Pelizaeus–Merzbacher disease, Canavan disease, phenylketonuria) and schizophrenia.

Invertebrate Myelin

Functionally equivalent myelin-like sheaths are found in several invertebrate taxa including Oligochaete, Penaeid, Palaemonid, and Calanoids. These myelin-like sheaths share several structural features with the sheaths found in vertebrates including multiplicity of membranes, condensation of membrane, and nodes. However, the nodes in vertebrates are annular: i.e., they encircle the axon. In contrast, nodes found in the sheaths of invertebrates are either annular or fenestrated: i.e., they are restricted to "spots." It is notable that the fastest recorded conduction speed (across both vertebrates and invertebrates) is found in the ensheathed axons of the Kuruma shrimp, an invertebrate.

See also

• The Myelin Project, project to regenerate myelin
• Myelinogenesis, order of myelination of central nervous system
• Myelin Repair Foundation, a nonprofit medical research foundation accelerating drug discovery in myelin repair for multiple sclerosis
• Endogenous remyelination
• American Society for Neurochemistry

References

External links

• The Myelin Project
• Athabasca University Biological Psychology Website
• The MS Information Sourcebook, Myelin
• The Myelin Repair Foundation
• H & E Histology
• Luxol Fast Blue: Modified Kluver's Method to stain for Myelin Sheath
• Radiology and Pathology of Myelin the MedPix Medical Image Database
• [1] Archives of Neurology
• American Society for Neurochemistry

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

• 1. Skin biopsy for the evaluation of peripheral nerve disease
• 2. 遺伝性感覚自律神経ニューロパチー hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathies
• 3. 末梢神経疾患および筋疾患の鑑別診断 differential diagnosis of peripheral nerve and muscle disease
• 4. 神経伝導検査の概要 overview of nerve conduction studies
• 5. 糖尿病性多発性神経障害の臨床症状および診断 clinical manifestations and diagnosis of diabetic polyneuropathy

English Journal

• Deletion of the murine ATP/UTP receptor P2Y2 alters mechanical and thermal response properties in polymodal cutaneous afferents.

• Molliver DC1, Rau KK2, Jankowski MP3, Soneji DJ4, Baumbauer KM5, Koerber HR4.
• Neuroscience.Neuroscience.2016 Sep 22;332:223-30. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.06.054. Epub 2016 Jul 5.
• P2Y2 is a member of the P2Y family of G protein-coupled nucleotide receptors that is widely co-expressed with TRPV1 in peripheral sensory neurons of the dorsal root ganglia. To characterize P2Y2 function in cutaneous afferents, intracellular recordings from mouse sensory neurons were made using an e
• PMID 27393251

• The prokineticin Bv8 sensitizes cutaneous terminals of female mice to heat.

• Hoffmann T1, Negri L2, Maftei D2, Lattanzi R2, Reeh PW1.
• European journal of pain (London, England).Eur J Pain.2016 Sep;20(8):1326-34. doi: 10.1002/ejp.857. Epub 2016 Feb 23.
• BACKGROUND: Injection of the noxious peptide Bv8 has previously been shown to induce a biphasic thermal hyperalgesia in rodents, the first peak presumably due to peripheral sensitization. This hypothesis has never been directly confirmed. We have assessed whether Bv8 can indeed sensitize peripheral
• PMID 26914965

• Targeting Kv1.3 channels to reduce white matter pathology after traumatic brain injury.

• Reeves TM1, Trimmer PA1, Colley BS1, Phillips LL1.
• Experimental neurology.Exp Neurol.2016 Sep;283(Pt A):188-203. doi: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.06.011. Epub 2016 Jun 11.
• Axonal injury is present in essentially all clinically significant cases of traumatic brain injury (TBI). While no effective treatment has been identified to date, experimental TBI models have shown promising axonal protection using immunosuppressants FK506 and Cyclosporine-A, with treatment benefit
• PMID 27302680

Japanese Journal

• Effect of photosensitization reaction on myelinated or unmyelinated nerve

• 生体医工学 55Annual(Proc), 574-575, 2017
• NAID 130006077276

• 神経に対する光増感反応：ex vivoでの検討

• 生体医工学 55Annual(5AM-Abstract), 386-386, 2017
• NAID 130006077077

• Stimulus frequency-dependent inhibition of micturition contractions of the urinary bladder by electrical stimulation of afferent Aβ, Aδ, and C fibers in cutaneous branches of the pudendal nerve

• The journal of physiological sciences 66(6), 491-496, 2016-11
• NAID 40020975663

Related Links

• Unmyelinated | Definition of Unmyelinated by Merriam-Webster

Define unmyelinated: lacking a myelin sheath — unmyelinated in a sentence ... Seen and Heard What made you want to look up unmyelinated? Please tell us where you read or heard it (including the quote, if possible).

• Unmyelinated | definition of unmyelinated by Medical dictionary

unmyelinated [un-mi´ĕ-lĭ-nāt″ed] not having a myelin sheath. un·my·e·li·nat·ed (ŭn-mī'ĕ-li-nāt'ed), Denoting nerve fibers (axons) lacking a myelin sheath. Synonym(s): amyelinated, amyelinic, nonmedullated, nonmyelinated, unmedullated

Related Pictures

---

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「pulpless」「ミエリン鞘のない」

「pulpless」

　　[★]

• 無髄性の、無髄の

関

unmyelinated

「ミエリン鞘のない」

　　[★]

英

unmyelinated

関

無髄