WordNet

any bundle of nerve fibers running to various organs and tissues of the body (同)nervus
control of your emotions; "this kind of tension is not good for my nerves"

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〈C〉『神経』 / 〈C〉《複数形で》『神経過敏』,いらだち / 〈U〉『勇気』,度胸(courage) / 〈U〉《時にa ~》厚かましさ,ずぶとさ;無礼 / 〈C〉葉脈;(昆虫の)翅脈(しみゃく) / 〈人,特に自分〉‘に'力を与える,‘を'元気づける

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1. 成人における第三脳神経（動眼神経）麻痺 third cranial nerve oculomotor nerve palsy in adults
2. 神経伝導検査の概要 overview of nerve conduction studies
3. 下肢末梢神経症候群の概要 overview of lower extremity peripheral nerve syndromes
4. 上肢末梢神経症候群の概要 overview of upper extremity peripheral nerve syndromes
5. 小児における第3脳神経（動眼神経）麻痺 third cranial nerve oculomotor nerve palsy in children

English Journal

[New insights into the study of optic nerve diseases].

Negi A.Author information Division of Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery Related, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1- Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan. negi@med.kobe-u.ac.jpAbstractOptical coherence tomography (OCT) provides a new dimenstion in ophthalmology because it allows evaluation of the pathology in vivo, and provides information to assist the management of macular disease and glaucoma. It is necessary to differentiate the diagnosis of glaucoma from diseases of the optic nerve and of the visual pathway. This study evaluates the usefulness of OCT in detecting disorders of the optic nerve and visual pathway. In addition, the pathogenesis of glaucomatous optic neuropathy (GON), the most common optic neuropathy, was investigated by focusing on the dynamics of aquaporin. I. Evaluation of optic nerve and visual pathway disorders by optical coherence tomography. The swinging flashlight test is an easy, sensitive, objective test to detect relative afferent pupillary defects (RAPD). The number of RAPD detected by the swinging flashlight test was closely correlated with the ratio of retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (RNFLT) between the two eyes of 20 cases of unilateral optic atrophy. OCT could assess the amount of RAPD that reflected an asymmetrical functional disturbance of the optic nerves, as a structural difference. The time courses of RNFLT and ganglion cell complex (GCC) changes' were observed immediately following the time of injury in 4 cases of traumatic optic neuropathy. OCT revealed that both the RNFLT and GCC decreased rapidly from 2 weeks after the injury until 20 weeks later. The RNFLT decreased significantly in the horizontal direction in comparison to the perpendicular direction in 34 eyes from the cases of optic chiasm syndrome. This means that OCT could quantitatively detect the band atrophy of the optic disc in optic chiasm syndrome. Measuring the RNFLT showed a thinning of RNFLT in the perpendicular direction in comparison to the horizontal direction in ipsilateral eyes and thinning in the horizontal direction in comparison to the perpendicular direction in the contralateral eyes in optic tract syndrome. Measuring the GCC showed a thinning of the GCC in the temporal hemifield to the central fovea of the ipsilateral eyes, and thinning of the GCC in the nasal hemifield of the contralateral eyes. This means that OCT could detect the structural changes of hourglass atrophy in the ipsilateral eye and band atrophy in the contralateral eye at the optic disc as well as the homonymous hemianopia in the visual field. OCT was useful in evaluating the optic nerve and visual pathway disorders, but there were also some limitations. The thinning area of RNFLT measured by OPTVue and Cirrus were in entirely opposite directions in cases of optic chasm syndrome. The reason was attributed to the better performance of RTVue in measuring a thin RNFLT on the nasal side of the optic disc in comparison to Cirrus. The specific characteristics of the instruments should be considered when the results of OCT are evaluated. II. Dynamics of aquaporin in the optic nerve Aquaporin (AQP) is a membrane protein that forms a water channel to facilitate water crossing the plasma membrane. AQP-4 was originally thought to be expressed in the optic nerve, but it is expressed only in the retrobulbar medullated region of the optic nerve and the expression of AQPs in the optic disc has not been detected. This study investigated the expressions of AQPs in the optic nerve in rat, monkey and human. The results demonstrate that only AQP-9 was expressed at the unmedullated pre-lamina cribrosa and lamina cribrosa regions, and both AQP-4 and AQP-9 were expressed at the medullated retrobulbar region. Astrocytes were observed to express AQP-9, because AQP-9 immunoreactivity was identical to that of glial fibrillary acidic protein. Elevated intraocular pressure substantially reduced AQP-9 expression in the optic nerve, whereas expression of AQP-4 was not changed in rat eyes. The same phenomena were also observed in the monkey eye with ocular hypertension as well as human eye with glaucoma. AQP-9 is an aquaglyceroporin that allows solutes such as lactate rather than water to cross the cell membrane. The astrocyte-to-neuron lactate shuttle hypothesis has been proposed, in which lactate transported from astrocytes is used by neurons as an energy substrate. Reduction of AQP-9 expression in the optic nerve head under elevated intraocular pressures might be closely related to the pathogenesis of GON.
Nippon Ganka Gakkai zasshi.Nihon Ganka Gakkai Zasshi.2013 Mar;117(3):187-210; discussion 211.
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) provides a new dimenstion in ophthalmology because it allows evaluation of the pathology in vivo, and provides information to assist the management of macular disease and glaucoma. It is necessary to differentiate the diagnosis of glaucoma from diseases of the opti
PMID 23631254

[Experimental study of radiofrequency thermocoagulation and applied anatomy of posterior rami of lumbar nerves].

Yao M1, Dong D, Liu Q, Jiang Y, Sun C, Li Z, Zhu J, Zhang J, Song S.Author information 1Department of Orthopaedics, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086.AbstractOBJECTIVE: To determine points of radiofrequency thermocoagulation of the posterior rami of the lumbar nerves and to choose an effective temperature at which the conduction of painful impulse can be blocked.
Zhonghua wai ke za zhi [Chinese journal of surgery].Zhonghua Wai Ke Za Zhi.1999 Nov;37(11):686-8.
OBJECTIVE: To determine points of radiofrequency thermocoagulation of the posterior rami of the lumbar nerves and to choose an effective temperature at which the conduction of painful impulse can be blocked.METHODS: The posterior rami of the lumbar nerves were dissected in 15 corpses of adults. The
PMID 11829928

Ultrastructural observations on muscle spindles in extraocular muscles of pig.

Kubota M.Author information Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Japan.AbstractHuman and some mammals such as the sheep, goat and domestic and wild pigs have more or less muscle spindles in the extrinsic eye muscles, especially the domestic pigs having abundant muscle spindles (Matsuyama, 1987). The muscle spindles play a large role in maintaining the stable visual posture of the eyeballs. To define the morphological properties of the muscle spindles relative to the eye movement, the ultrastructure of the spindles was investigated in 6 extraocular muscles of the pigs by electron microscopy. The muscle spindles in the pig extraocular muscles consist of 4 to 5 intrafusal muscle fibers, one of which is nuclear bag fiber and 3 to 4 are nuclear chain fibers. The outer capsule is thin, composing of few layers, and the inner capsule ramifying to enwrap the individual fiber, accompanied by the medullated and unmedullated nerve fibers and blood capillaries. The nuclear bag fiber, 14 micron in diameter, is innervated by the atypical annulospiral sensory terminals and the chain fiber by the typical annulospiral terminal packed with mitochondria and microvesicles. The intrafusal fibers are innervated by the flower-spray sensory terminals anchoring deeply into the sarcoplasma, having abundant neurotubules and few mitochondria. The gamma motor end-plates have a relatively smooth synaptic cleft with a width of 70 nm and synaptic boutons containing few synaptic vesicles, sometimes, revealing a shallow fold of postsynaptic sarcolemma and abundant synaptic vesicles. The alpha motor end-plates reveal a relatively smooth synaptic cleft with a width of 80 nm, sometimes with a rough postsynaptic infolding, and boutons containing few synaptic vesicles and small-sized mitochondria. The satellite cells are innervated by the sensory terminals in various ways. The muscle spindles in the pig extraocular muscles are found to be much simpler in structure than those in the other antigravity muscles of the body. Their ultrastructure seems to reflect the morphological adaptation relative to the eyebal movement.
Anatomischer Anzeiger.Anat Anz.1988;165(2-3):205-28.
Human and some mammals such as the sheep, goat and domestic and wild pigs have more or less muscle spindles in the extrinsic eye muscles, especially the domestic pigs having abundant muscle spindles (Matsuyama, 1987). The muscle spindles play a large role in maintaining the stable visual posture of
PMID 2969690

Japanese Journal

モルモット臼歯の神経分布に関する研究 : (付)骨様象牙質の形成状態について

安部榮一郎
九州齒科學會雜誌 : Kyushu-Shika-Gakkai-zasshi 37(3), 601-626, 1983-06-25
… Changes in histological structures with growth, especially the formation state of osteodentin in the occlusal third of the teeth, and nerve fibers distributed in the teeth and periodontal tissue were investigated with use of lower molar teeth of guinea pigs from birth to five months after birth when they reach maturity. …
NAID 110003003458

各種動物の口腔組織神経分布に関する研究 : (その II)犬、猫の歯牙内神経について

北村勝也 [他],伊高三千男,別府正敏
九州齒科學會雜誌 : Kyushu-Shika-Gakkai-zasshi 12(2), 171-176, 1958-09-30
… 1) In the monoradicular teeth of both animals, a bundle of nerve fibers distributed to a tooth branches as soon as it comes into the tooth through the apical foramen and directly ascends upward along the wall of the root canal, while in the multiradicular teeth it straightly ascends the root canal along the long axis of the tooth without branching till it reaches the pulp cavity. … 2) Having reached the pulp cavity, most of the nerve bundles turn to branch numerously, covering still the wall of dentin. …
NAID 110003008956

人胎児初期に於ける膝関節及び其周囲の運動器の神経特に知覚神経分布

下田文明
Archivum histologicum japonicum 9(1), 91-107, 1955
膝関節は人胎生3-4ケ月に於て其概形を整える. 滑膜は内皮細胞層, 血液毛細管に富む滑膜層及び密に配列する結合織の線維層から構成される. 膝関節前後の肪脂体は未だ疎らな結合織で表わされている.関節嚢から滑膜組織に進む関節神経は多くの有髄線維と僅かの無髄性植物線維とから成る. 後者は尚お血管壁に伴っている. 関節神経は比較的少量, 従って滑膜内の知覚線維の分布は劣勢である. 反之植物線維は良好に発達 …
NAID 130003881198