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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/12/25 15:35:38」(JST)

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"There are known knowns" is a phrase from a response United States Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld gave to a question at a U.S. Department of Defense news briefing in February 2002 about the lack of evidence linking the government of Iraq with the supply of weapons of mass destruction to terrorist groups.^[1]

Rumsfeld stated:

Reports that say that something hasn't happened are always interesting to me, because as we know, there are known knowns; there are things we know we know. We also know there are known unknowns; that is to say we know there are some things we do not know. But there are also unknown unknowns -- the ones we don't know we don't know. And if one looks throughout the history of our country and other free countries, it is the latter category that tend to be the difficult ones.^[1]

The statement became the subject of much negative and positive commentary.^[2]

Reaction

The Plain English Campaign gave Rumsfeld its Foot in Mouth Award which it presents to statements that run counter to its goal of ensuring "public information is delivered in a clear manner."^[3]

Linguist Geoffrey Pullum stated the quotation was "completely straightforward" and "impeccable, syntactically, semantically, logically, and rhetorically".^[4]

As for the substance of his statement, Rumsfeld's defenders have included Canadian columnist Mark Steyn, who called it "in fact a brilliant distillation of quite a complex matter",^[5] and Australian economist and blogger John Quiggin, who wrote, "Although the language may be tortured, the basic point is both valid and important ... Having defended Rumsfeld, I'd point out that the considerations he refers to provide the case for being very cautious in going to war."^[6]

Psychoanalytic philosopher Slavoj Žižek says that beyond these three categories there is a fourth, the unknown known, that which we intentionally refuse to acknowledge that we know:^[7] "If Rumsfeld thinks that the main dangers in the confrontation with Iraq were the "unknown unknowns", that is, the threats from Saddam whose nature we cannot even suspect, then the Abu Ghraib scandal shows that the main dangers lie in the "unknown knowns" – the disavowed beliefs, suppositions and obscene practices we pretend not to know about, even though they form the background of our public values."

In his 2007 book The Black Swan: The Impact of the Highly Improbable, Nassim Nicholas Taleb tells of a presentation on uncertainty he was requested to give to the United States Department of Defense shortly before Rumsfeld's speech. The core message of The Black Swan is that unknown unknowns are responsible for the greatest societal change.^{[citation needed]}

Rumsfeld named his autobiography Known and Unknown: A Memoir.

The event has been used in multiple books to discuss risk assessment.^[2]^[8]

The Unknown Known is the title of Errol Morris's 2013 biographical documentary about Rumsfeld.^[9]

References

^ ^a ^b "Defense.gov News Transcript: DoD News Briefing – Secretary Rumsfeld and Gen. Myers, United States Department of Defense (defense.gov)".
^ ^a ^b Girard, John; Girard, JoAnn (2009-06-01). A Leader's Guide to Knowledge Management: Drawing on the Past to Enhance Future Performance. Business Expert Press. pp. 55–. ISBN 9781606490198. Retrieved 10 February 2014.
^ "Rum remark wins Rumsfeld an award". BBC News. 2 December 2003. Retrieved March 31, 2013.
^ Pullum, Geoffrey K. (2003-12-02). "Language Log: No foot in mouth". Penn: University of Pennsylvania. Retrieved 2012-04-12.
^ Steyn, Mark (December 9, 2003). "Rummy speaks the truth, not gobbledygook". Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 2008-10-30.
^ Quiggin, John (February 10, 2004). "In Defense of Rumsfeld".
^ "What Rumsfeld Doesn't Know That He Knows About Abu Ghraib". Retrieved 2009-02-23.
^ Neve, Geert de; Luetchford, Peter (2008). Hidden Hands in the Market: Ethnographies of Fair Trade, Ethical Consumption, and Corporate Social Responsibility. Emerald Group Publishing. pp. 252–. ISBN 9781848550582. Retrieved 10 February 2014.
^ Scott (2014). "Not Giving an Inch in a Battle of Wits and Words; Deciphering Donald H. Rumsfeld in ‘The Unknown Known’". Retrieved 4 April 2014.

External links

February 12, 2002, Press conference – The reporter asks the question that leads to the "known unknowns" response at approx. 37:19

English Journal

PARPs and ADP-Ribosylation: 50 Years … and Counting.

Kraus WL1.
Molecular cell.Mol Cell.2015 Jun 18;58(6):902-10. doi: 10.1016/j.molcel.2015.06.006.
Over 50 years ago, the discovery of poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) set a new field of science in motion-the field of poly(ADP-ribosyl) transferases (PARPs) and ADP-ribosylation. The field is still flourishing today. The diversity of biological processes now known to require PARPs and ADP-ribosylation was pr
PMID 26091339

NANOMACHINES AND "NANOSOLUTIONS": THEY ARE CHANGING THE PERSPECTIVE OF MEDICAL TREATMENTS.

da Silva LE1.
Recent patents on anti-infective drug discovery.Recent Pat Antiinfect Drug Discov.2015 May 29. [Epub ahead of print]
In Medicinal Chemistry "size plays a role". With this expression known in many differents countries we stand today on the edge of a new frontier of nanotechnology: nominally known as nanoterapy. In this context nanomaterials applied in nanotherapeutic should have a plataform with capacity for carryi
PMID 26021491

Understanding FRET as a research tool for cellular studies.

Shrestha D1,2, Jenei A3, Nagy P4, Vereb G5,6, Szöllősi J7,8.
International journal of molecular sciences.Int J Mol Sci.2015 Mar 25;16(4):6718-56. doi: 10.3390/ijms16046718.
Communication of molecular species through dynamic association and/or dissociation at various cellular sites governs biological functions. Understanding these physiological processes require delineation of molecular events occurring at the level of individual complexes in a living cell. Among the fe
PMID 25815593

Japanese Journal

慰安婦問題との関わりから (講演&シンポジウム&上映会市民的不服従と現代) -- (「共生」 : 問われる日本社会)

東西南北 : 和光大学総合文化研究所年報 = Tozai nanboku : bulletin of the Wako Institute of Social and Cultural Sciences, 37-41, 2016
NAID 120005854486

コミュニティ・プロジェクトの成功要因:プリマス町の事例研究

総合政策 16(2), 125-138, 2015-03
NAID 110009892676

教育ビッグデータの大きな可能性とアカデミズムに求められるもの:－情報工学と社会科学のさらなる連携の重要性－

コンピュータ＆エデュケーション 38(0), 28-38, 2015
NAID 130005113407

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[defense.gov-transcript-1] "Defense.gov News Transcript: DoD News Briefing – Secretary Rumsfeld and Gen. Myers, United States Department of Defense (defense.gov)".

[GirardGirard2009-2] Girard, John; Girard, JoAnn (2009-06-01). A Leader's Guide to Knowledge Management: Drawing on the Past to Enhance Future Performance. Business Expert Press. pp. 55–. ISBN 9781606490198. Retrieved 10 February 2014.

[3] "Rum remark wins Rumsfeld an award". BBC News. 2 December 2003. Retrieved March 31, 2013.

[4] Pullum, Geoffrey K. (2003-12-02). "Language Log: No foot in mouth". Penn: University of Pennsylvania. Retrieved 2012-04-12.

[telegraph-5] Steyn, Mark (December 9, 2003). "Rummy speaks the truth, not gobbledygook". Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 2008-10-30.

[6] Quiggin, John (February 10, 2004). "In Defense of Rumsfeld".

[7] "What Rumsfeld Doesn't Know That He Knows About Abu Ghraib". Retrieved 2009-02-23.

[NeveLuetchford2008-8] Neve, Geert de; Luetchford, Peter (2008). Hidden Hands in the Market: Ethnographies of Fair Trade, Ethical Consumption, and Corporate Social Responsibility. Emerald Group Publishing. pp. 252–. ISBN 9781848550582. Retrieved 10 February 2014.

[9] Scott (2014). "Not Giving an Inch in a Battle of Wits and Words; Deciphering Donald H. Rumsfeld in ‘The Unknown Known’". Retrieved 4 April 2014.

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