unhappy

WordNet

experiencing or marked by or causing sadness or sorrow or discontent; "unhappy over her departure"; "unhappy with her raise"; "after the argument they lapsed into an unhappy silence"; "had an unhappy time at school"; "the unhappy (or sad) news"; "he looks so sad"
causing discomfort; "the unhappy truth"

PrepTutorEJDIC

『悲しい』,気の滅入る / (物事が)不幸な,不運な,みじめな / (物事が)適切でない,適当でない,まずい

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/10/29 03:30:13」(JST)

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"Dejection" and "despair" redirect here. For other uses of despair, see despair (disambiguation). For the mental disorder, see Major depressive disorder.

Melencolia I (ca. 1514), by Albrecht Dürer

Depression is a state of low mood and aversion to activity that can affect a person's thoughts, behavior, feelings and sense of well-being.^[1] Depressed people may feel sad, anxious, empty, hopeless, worried, helpless, worthless, guilty, irritable, hurt, or restless. They may lose interest in activities that once were pleasurable, experience loss of appetite or overeating, have problems concentrating, remembering details, or making decisions, and may contemplate or attempt suicide. Insomnia, excessive sleeping, fatigue, loss of energy, or aches, pains, or digestive problems that are resistant to treatment may also be present.^[2]

Depressed mood is not necessarily a psychiatric disorder. It may be a normal reaction to certain life events, a symptom of some medical conditions, or a side effect of some drugs or medical treatments. Depressed mood is also a primary or associated feature of certain psychiatric syndromes such as clinical depression.

Causes[edit]

Life events[edit]

Life events and changes that may precipitate depressed mood include childbirth, menopause, financial difficulties, job problems, loss of a loved one, natural disasters, relationship troubles, separation, and catastrophic injury.^[3]^[4]

Medical treatments[edit]

Certain medications are known to cause depressed mood in a significant number of patients. These include hepatitis C drug therapy and some drugs used to treat high blood pressure, such as beta-blockers or reserpine.

Non-psychiatric illnesses[edit]

Depressed mood can be the result of a number of infectious diseases, neurological conditions ^[5] and physiological problems including hypoandrogenism (in men), Addison's disease, Lyme disease, multiple sclerosis, chronic pain, stroke,^[6] diabetes,^[7] cancer,^[8] sleep apnea, and disturbed circadian rhythm. It is often one of the early symptoms of hypothyroidism (reduced activity of the thyroid gland). For a discussion of non-psychiatric conditions that can cause depressed mood, see Depression (differential diagnoses).

Psychiatric syndromes[edit]

A number of psychiatric syndromes feature depressed mood as a main symptom. The mood disorders are a group of disorders considered to be primary disturbances of mood. These include major depressive disorder (MDD; commonly called major depression or clinical depression) where a person has at least two weeks of depressed mood or a loss of interest or pleasure in nearly all activities; and dysthymia, a state of chronic depressed mood, the symptoms of which do not meet the severity of a major depressive episode. Another mood disorder, bipolar disorder, features one or more episodes of abnormally elevated mood, cognition and energy levels, but may also involve one or more depressive episodes.^[9] When the course of depressive episodes follows a seasonal pattern, the disorder (major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, etc.) may be described as a seasonal affective disorder.

Outside the mood disorders: borderline personality disorder commonly features depressed mood; adjustment disorder with depressed mood is a mood disturbance appearing as a psychological response to an identifiable event or stressor, in which the resulting emotional or behavioral symptoms are significant but do not meet the criteria for a major depressive episode;^[10]^:355 and posttraumatic stress disorder, an anxiety disorder that sometimes follows trauma, is commonly accompanied by depressed mood.^[11]

Treatment[edit]

Main article: Management of depression

A depressed mood may not require any professional treatment. A prolonged depressed mood, especially in combination with other symptoms, may lead to a diagnosis of a psychiatric or medical condition by a counselor or doctor, which may benefit from treatment.^[12] Different sub-divisions of depression have different treatment approaches.^[13]

References[edit]

^ Salmans, Sandra (1997). Depression: Questions You Have – Answers You Need. People's Medical Society. ISBN 978-1-882606-14-6.
^ "NIMH · Depression". nimh.nih.gov. Retrieved 15 October 2012.
^ Schmidt, Peter (2005). "Mood, Depression, and Reproductive Hormones in the Menopausal Transition". The American Journal of Medicine. 118 Suppl 12B (12): 54–8. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2005.09.033. PMID 16414327.
^ Rashid, T.; Heider, I. (2008). "Life Events and Depression". Annals of Punjab Medical College 2 (1). Retrieved 15 October 2012.
^ Murray ED, Buttner N, Price BH. (2012) Depression and Psychosis in Neurological Practice. In: Neurology in Clinical Practice, 6th Edition. Bradley WG, Daroff RB, Fenichel GM, Jankovic J (eds.) Butterworth Heinemann. April 12, 2012. ISBN 978-1437704341
^ Saravane, D; Feve, B; Frances, Y; Corruble, E; Lancon, C; Chanson, P; Maison, P; Terra, JL et al. (2009). "Drawing up guidelines for the attendance of physical health of patients with severe mental illness". L'Encephale 35 (4): 330–9. doi:10.1016/j.encep.2008.10.014. PMID 19748369. |displayauthors= suggested (help)
^ Rustad, JK; Musselman, DL; Nemeroff, CB (2011). "The relationship of depression and diabetes: Pathophysiological and treatment implications". Psychoneuroendocrinology 36 (9): 1276–86. doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2011.03.005. PMID 21474250.
^ Li, M; Fitzgerald, P; Rodin, G (2012). "Evidence-based treatment of depression in patients with cancer". Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology 30 (11): 1187–96. doi:10.1200/JCO.2011.39.7372. PMID 22412144.
^ Gabbard, Glen O. Treatment of Psychiatric Disorders 2 (3rd ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing. p. 1296.
^ American Psychiatric Association (2000a). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision: DSM-IV-TR. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc. ISBN 0-89042-025-4.
^ Vieweg, W. V.; Fernandez, D. A.; Beatty-Brooks, M; Hettema, J. M.; Pandurangi, A. K.; Pandurangi, Anand K. (May 2006). "Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Clinical Features, Pathophysiology, and Treatment". Am. J. Med. 119 (5): 383–90. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2005.09.027. PMID 16651048.
^ Cheog J et al. for PsychCentral.com. Last reviewed August 26, 2010. Frequently Asked Questions About Depression Accesed May 11, 2013
^ Staff, UK National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) October 2009. Depression

External links[edit]

Media related to depression at Wikimedia Commons

UpToDate Contents

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1. ブリットル型糖尿病成人患者 the adult patient with brittle diabetes mellitus
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4. 患者中心の医療面接 patient centered interviewing
5. 思春期の食習慣 adolescent eating habits

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Demographic and socioeconomic inequalities for self-rated health and happiness in elderly: The situation for Turkey regarding World Values Survey between 1990 and 2013.

Ergin I1, Mandiracioglu A2.
Archives of gerontology and geriatrics.Arch Gerontol Geriatr.2015 Sep-Oct;61(2):224-30. doi: 10.1016/j.archger.2015.06.011. Epub 2015 Jun 25.
PURPOSE: To define the socioeconomic and demographic determinants for self-rated health and happiness for Turkish elderly (≥60) using the World Values Survey (WVS) database.METHODS: WVS data for Turkey covering 23 years (1990-2013) with five separate cross-sections (1990, 1996, 2001, 2007, 2013) w
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Limits on testamentary freedom for people with dementia in Albania: Innovative practice.

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On the interpretation and relevance of the Fundamental Theorem of Natural Selection.

Ewens WJ1, Lessard S2.
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The attempt to understand the statement, and then to find the interpretation, of Fisher's "Fundamental Theorem of Natural Selection" caused problems for generations of population geneticists. Price's (1972) paper was the first to lead to an understanding of the statement of the theorem. The theorem
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An evaluation of psychological distress and social support of survivors and contacts of Ebola virus disease infection and their relatives in Lagos, Nigeria: a cross sectional study - 2014.

Mohammed A1, Sheikh TL2,3, Gidado S4, Poggensee G4, Nguku P4, Olayinka A4,5, Ohuabunwo C6, Waziri N4, Shuaib F7, Adeyemi J8, Uzoma O4, Ahmed A4, Doherty F9, Nyanti SB10, Nzuki CK10, Nasidi A11, Oyemakinde A7, Oguntimehin O12, Abdus-Salam IA12, Obiako RO13.
BMC public health.BMC Public Health.2015 Aug 27;15:824. doi: 10.1186/s12889-015-2167-6.
BACKGROUND: By September 2014, an outbreak of Ebola Viral Disease (EVD) in West African countries of Guinea, Liberia, Sierra Leone, Senegal and Nigeria, had recorded over 4500 and 2200 probable or confirmed cases and deaths respectively. EVD, an emerging infectious disease, can create fear and panic
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Japanese Journal

「不幸」な結婚が意味するもの : 鹿島田真希「冥土めぐり」論

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不遇の晩年をおくった詩人

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19世紀イギリスの舞台衣裳にみる「新しい女New Woman」:―『反逆するスーザンの事件』を中心に―

佐々井啓
日本家政学会誌 66(3), 129-136, 2015
… However, her hopes were dashed when the man married a young girl, and Susan continued to live her unhappy married life. …
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新任保健師の仕事に対するイメージの変化について

安孫子尚子
聖泉看護学研究 3, 93-108, 2014-04
背景新任保健師は, 社会状況の変化と複雑かつ専門的になった住民の健康課題への対応に困難や戸惑いを感じている.目的新任保健師の就職前の仕事に対するイメージの変化と仕事への思いを明らかにする.方法新任保健師12名に対し, 半構造的面接法によるインタビューを行った. インタビュー内容は, 就業前の仕事のイメージと現実の仕事で異なった点や驚いた点と, 仕事への思いである. 仕事のイメージの変化と仕事 …
NAID 110009815859

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[Salmans1995-1] Salmans, Sandra (1997). Depression: Questions You Have – Answers You Need. People's Medical Society. ISBN 978-1-882606-14-6.

[2] "NIMH · Depression". nimh.nih.gov. Retrieved 15 October 2012.

[3] Schmidt, Peter (2005). "Mood, Depression, and Reproductive Hormones in the Menopausal Transition". The American Journal of Medicine. 118 Suppl 12B (12): 54–8. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2005.09.033. PMID 16414327.

[4] Rashid, T.; Heider, I. (2008). "Life Events and Depression". Annals of Punjab Medical College 2 (1). Retrieved 15 October 2012.

[5] Murray ED, Buttner N, Price BH. (2012) Depression and Psychosis in Neurological Practice. In: Neurology in Clinical Practice, 6th Edition. Bradley WG, Daroff RB, Fenichel GM, Jankovic J (eds.) Butterworth Heinemann. April 12, 2012. ISBN 978-1437704341

[Saravane-6] Saravane, D; Feve, B; Frances, Y; Corruble, E; Lancon, C; Chanson, P; Maison, P; Terra, JL et al. (2009). "Drawing up guidelines for the attendance of physical health of patients with severe mental illness". L'Encephale 35 (4): 330–9. doi:10.1016/j.encep.2008.10.014. PMID 19748369. |displayauthors= suggested (help)

[7] Rustad, JK; Musselman, DL; Nemeroff, CB (2011). "The relationship of depression and diabetes: Pathophysiological and treatment implications". Psychoneuroendocrinology 36 (9): 1276–86. doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2011.03.005. PMID 21474250.

[8] Li, M; Fitzgerald, P; Rodin, G (2012). "Evidence-based treatment of depression in patients with cancer". Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology 30 (11): 1187–96. doi:10.1200/JCO.2011.39.7372. PMID 22412144.

[9] Gabbard, Glen O. Treatment of Psychiatric Disorders 2 (3rd ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing. p. 1296.

[psychiatric355-10] American Psychiatric Association (2000a). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision: DSM-IV-TR. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc. ISBN 0-89042-025-4.

[11] Vieweg, W. V.; Fernandez, D. A.; Beatty-Brooks, M; Hettema, J. M.; Pandurangi, A. K.; Pandurangi, Anand K. (May 2006). "Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Clinical Features, Pathophysiology, and Treatment". Am. J. Med. 119 (5): 383–90. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2005.09.027. PMID 16651048.

[12] Cheog J et al. for PsychCentral.com. Last reviewed August 26, 2010. Frequently Asked Questions About Depression Accesed May 11, 2013

[13] Staff, UK National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) October 2009. Depression

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