限外顕微鏡
WordNet
- light microscope that uses scattered light to show particles too small to see with ordinary microscopes (同)dark-field_microscope
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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)』「2018/02/23 08:43:08」(JST)
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An ultramicroscope is a microscope with a system of illumination that allows viewing of tiny particles. When the diameter of a particle is below or near the wavelength of visible light (around 500 nanometers), the particle cannot be seen in a light microscope with the usual method of illumination. The ultramicroscope system is based on light scattering, not light reflection.
In the system, the particles to be observed are dispersed in a liquid or gas colloid (or less often in a coarser suspension). The colloid is placed in a light-absorbing, dark enclosure, and illuminated with a convergent beam of intense light entering from one side. Light hitting the colloid particles will be scattered. In discussions about light scattering, the converging beam is called a "Tyndall cone". The scene is viewed through an ordinary microscope placed at right angles to the direction of the lightbeam. Under the microscope, the individual particles will appear as small fuzzy spots of light moving irregularly. The spots are inherently fuzzy because light scattering produces fuzzier images than light reflection. The particles are in Brownian motion in most kinds of liquid and gas colloids, which causes the movement of the spots. The ultramicroscope system can also be used to observe tiny nontransparent particles dispersed in a transparent solid or gel.
The "ultra" in "ultramicroscope" refers to the ability to see objects whose diameter is shorter than the wavelength of visible light, on the model of the "ultra" in ultraviolet.
Ultramicroscopes have been used for general observation of aerosols and colloids, in studying Brownian motion, in observing ionization tracks in cloud chambers, and in studying biological ultrastructure.
In 1902 the ultramicroscope was developed by Richard Adolf Zsigmondy (1865–1929) and Henry Siedentopf (1872–1940), working for Carl Zeiss AG. Applying bright sunlight for illumination they were able to determine the size of 4 nm small nanoparticles in cranberry glass. Zsigmondy further improved the ultramicroscope and presented the immersion ultramicroscope in 1912, allowing the observation of suspended nanoparticles in defined fluidic volumes. In 1925 he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his research on colloids and the ultramicroscope.
Later the development of electron microscopes provided additional ways to see objects too small for light microscopy.
See also
- Dark field microscopy - a different technique that leverages light scattering against a dark background
- Light sheet fluorescence microscopy
References
- Nobel lecture of R. A. Zsigmondy: Properties of colloids (including a short explanation of the ultramicroscope(
- T. Mappes et al.: The Invention of Immersion Ultramicroscopy in 1912 – The Birth of Nanotechnology? Angewandte Chemie International Edition, vol. 51, pp. 11208–11212 describing the early development of ultramicroscopes and showing the use of an antique immersion ultramicroscope with a video of vividly moving silver nanoparticles of 50 nm size.
- Antique immersion ultramicroscope with optics as of the 1912 patent
English Journal
- Ultramicroscopy: light-sheet-based microscopy for imaging centimeter-sized objects with micrometer resolution.
- Becker K, Jährling N, Saghafi S, Dodt HU.
- Cold Spring Harbor protocols.Cold Spring Harb Protoc.2013 Aug 1;2013(8):704-13. doi: 10.1101/pdb.top076539.
- Ultramicroscopy (UM) is a powerful imaging technique that achieves precise and accurate three-dimensional (3D) reconstructions of intact macroscopic specimens with micrometer resolution. It was developed for specimens in the size range of ∼1-15 mm, such as whole mouse brains, mouse embryos, mouse
- PMID 23906921
- The invention of immersion ultramicroscopy in 1912-the birth of nanotechnology?
- Mappes T1, Jahr N, Csaki A, Vogler N, Popp J, Fritzsche W.
- Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English).Angew Chem Int Ed Engl.2012 Nov 5;51(45):11208-12. doi: 10.1002/anie.201204688. Epub 2012 Oct 12.
- Dawn of nanotechnology: the immersion ultramicroscope was patented a century ago. When an analyte was examined with an antique instrument and with state-of-the-art technology, the historic assumptions were confirmed: the size and shape of the nanoparticles are in the same range as that described 100
- PMID 23065955
- [Dispersion behavior of effective ingredients in Chinese medicine decoctions].
- Wan ML1, Liu L, Wu HF, Lu CH, Fan YN, Huang H.
- Zhong yao cai = Zhongyaocai = Journal of Chinese medicinal materials.Zhong Yao Cai.2011 Mar;34(3):455-8.
- OBJECTIVE: To research the disperse behavior of many Chinese medicine decoctions.METHODS: Through the analysis of the dispersible attributes of 22 kinds of Chinese medicine decoctions including Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae by means of turbidity, ultramicroscope and TEM, we found that a lot of nanomet
- PMID 21823467
Japanese Journal
- レーザ光散乱法によるSiウエハ表面上の極薄酸化膜段差の計測
- レーザ光散乱法によるSiウエハ表面上の微小酸化膜段差の観察
- レーザ光散乱法によるSiウエハ表面上の超微小欠陥計測
Related Links
- An ultramicroscope is a system of illumination for viewing tiny particles. When the diameter of a particle is below or near the wavelength of light (around 500 nanometers), the particle cannot be seen in a light microscope with the usual method ...