WordNet

the force applied to a unit area of surface; measured in pascals (SI unit) or in dynes (cgs unit); "the compressed gas exerts an increased pressure" (同)pressure level, force per unit area
an oppressive condition of physical or mental or social or economic distress
the somatic sensation that results from applying force to an area of skin; "the sensitivity of his skin to pressure and temperature was normal" (同)pressure_sensation
a force that compels; "the public brought pressure to bear on the government"

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈U〉『押すこと』,『押しつけること』,圧搾,圧縮;〈C〉〈U〉『圧力』,圧力の強さ / 〈U〉『圧迫』,『強制』 / 〈U〉(不快な)圧迫感 / 〈C〉〈U〉(精神的な)重荷,苦脳;(時間・金銭的)切迫 / 〈U〉多忙,あわただしさ / 《おもに米》…‘に'圧力をかける,強制する(《英》pressurise)

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/09/25 14:39:59」(JST)

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High pressure in science and engineering is studying the effects of high pressure on materials and the design and construction of devices, such as a diamond anvil cell, which can create high pressure. By high pressure it is usually meant pressures of thousands (kilobars) or millions (megabars) of times atmospheric pressure (about 1 bar or 100,000 Pa).

Percy Williams Bridgman received a Nobel prize for advancing this area of physics by several magnitudes of pressure (400 MPa to 40,000 MPa). The list of founding fathers of this field includes also the names of Harry George Drickamer, Tracey Hall, F.P. Bundy, L.F. Vereschagin, Sergey M. Stishov.

It was by applying high pressure as well as high temperature to carbon that man-made diamonds were first produced as well as many other interesting discoveries. Almost any material when subjected to high pressure will compact itself into a denser form, for example, quartz, also called silica or silicon dioxide will first adopt a denser form known as coesite, then upon application of even higher pressure, form stishovite. These two forms of silica were first discovered by high-pressure experimenters, but then found in nature at the site of a meteor impact.

Chemical bonding is likely to change under high pressure, when the P*V term in the free energy becomes comparable to the energies of typical chemical bonds - i.e. at around 100 GPa. Among the most striking changes are metallization of oxygen at 96 GPa (rendering oxygen a superconductor), and transition of sodium from a nearly-free-electron metal to a transparent insulator at ~200 GPa. At ultimately high compression, however, all materials will metallize.^{[citation needed]}

High-pressure experimentation has led to the discovery of the types of minerals which are believed to exist in the deep mantle of the Earth, such as silicate perovskite, which is thought to make up half of the Earth's bulk, and post-perovskite, which occurs at the core-mantle boundary and explains many anomalies inferred for that region.^{[citation needed]}

Pressure "landmarks": pressure exerted by a fingernail scratching is ~0.6 GPa,^{[citation needed]} typical pressures reached by large-volume presses are up to 30-40 GPa, pressures that can be generated inside diamond anvil cells are ~320 GPa, pressure in the center of the Earth is 364 GPa, and highest pressures ever achieved in shock waves are over 100,000 GPa.^[1]

References

^ "Achieving high-density states through shock-wave loading of precompressed samples". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

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1. 成人における頭蓋内圧亢進の評価およびマネージメント evaluation and management of elevated intracranial pressure in adults
2. 成人における24時間携帯血圧測定および白衣高血圧症 ambulatory blood pressure monitoring and white coat hypertension in adults
3. 脈圧の上昇 increased pulse pressure
4. 褥瘡の予防 prevention of pressure ulcers
5. 褥瘡の臨床病期分類およびマネージメント clinical staging and management of pressure ulcers

English Journal

Confirmation of drug delivery after liver chemoembolization: direct tissue doxorubicin measurement by UHPLC-MS-MS.

Baumgarten S, Gaba RC, van Breemen RB.SourceDepartment of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, 833 S. Wood St, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
Biomedical chromatography : BMC.Biomed Chromatogr.2012 Dec;26(12):1529-33. doi: 10.1002/bmc.2727. Epub 2012 Mar 27.
Because liver cancer is rarely suitable for surgery, transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) is used for palliative therapy. In this procedure, an emulsion of doxorubicin in iodized oil is injected directly into liver tumors through a catheter positioned within the artery supplying blood flo
PMID 22454282

A novel ultrasensitive LC-MS/MS assay for quantification of intracellular raltegravir in human cell extracts.

Robbins BL, Nelson SR, Fletcher CV.SourceAntiviral Pharmacology Laboratory, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States. Electronic address: blrobbins@unmc.edu.
Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis.J Pharm Biomed Anal.2012 Nov;70:378-87. doi: 10.1016/j.jpba.2012.05.035. Epub 2012 Jun 2.
An assay using ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry detection was developed and validated for measurement of the HIV integrase inhibitor raltegravir (MK-0518) in human cell extracts. The assay is designed to utilize 200μl of 70% MeOH cell extract derived from human periphe
PMID 22727807

Japanese Journal

Sm-Nd and Lu-Hf isotope geochemistry of the Himalayan high- and ultrahigh-pressure eclogites

REHMAN Hafiz Ur
日本鉱物科学会年会講演要旨集 2012, 242, 2012-09-15
NAID 10030867840

Ultrahigh-Speed Synthesis of Nanographene Using Alcohol In-Liquid Plasma

Hagino Tatsuya,Kondo Hiroki,Ishikawa Kenji [他],Kano Hiroyuki,Sekine Makoto,Hori Masaru
Applied physics express 5(3), 035101-035101-3, 2012-03-25
… Ultrahigh-speed synthesis of high-crystallinity nanographene was realized using an alcohol in-liquid plasma, which was generated from a nonequilibrium microhollow atmospheric-pressure plasma with an ultrahigh electron density. …
NAID 10030511381