WordNet

the force applied to a unit area of surface; measured in pascals (SI unit) or in dynes (cgs unit); "the compressed gas exerts an increased pressure" (同)pressure level, force per unit area
an oppressive condition of physical or mental or social or economic distress
the somatic sensation that results from applying force to an area of skin; "the sensitivity of his skin to pressure and temperature was normal" (同)pressure_sensation
a force that compels; "the public brought pressure to bear on the government"
(biology) the normal rigid state of fullness of a cell or blood vessel or capillary resulting from pressure of the contents against the wall or membrane

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈U〉『押すこと』,『押しつけること』,圧搾,圧縮;〈C〉〈U〉『圧力』,圧力の強さ / 〈U〉『圧迫』,『強制』 / 〈U〉(不快な)圧迫感 / 〈C〉〈U〉(精神的な)重荷,苦脳;(時間・金銭的)切迫 / 〈U〉多忙,あわただしさ / 《おもに米》…‘に'圧力をかける,強制する(《英》pressurise)

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/10/06 15:25:44」(JST)

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Look up turgid in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Turgor pressure pushes the plasma membrane against the cell wall of plant, bacteria, and fungi cells as well as those protist cells which have cell walls. This pressure, turgidity, is caused by the osmotic flow of water from area of low solute concentration outside of the cell into the cell's vacuole, which has a higher solute concentration. Healthy plant cells are turgid and plants rely on turgidity to maintain rigidity. In contrast, this phenomenon is not observed in animal cells which have no cell walls to prevent them from being burst by the flow of water into the cell and must either continually pump out water or live in an isotonic solution where there is no osmotic pressure.

Mechanism[edit]

A physical phenomenon known as osmosis causes water to flow from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration until the two areas have an equal ratio of solute to water. Normally, the solute diffuses toward equilibrium as well; however, all cells are surrounded by a lipid bilayer cell membrane which permits the flow of water in and out of the cell but restricts the flow of solute under many circumstances. As a result, when a cell is placed in a hypotonic solution, water rushes into the membrane, increasing the cell's volume.

Eventually, the cell's membrane is enlarged such that it pushes against the cell's rigid wall. At this point the cell is said to be turgid.^[1] In an isotonic solution, water flows into the cell at the same rate it flows out. The pressure pushing the cell's membrane against its wall is reduced and the cell is said to be flaccid. When a cell is placed in a hypertonic solution water actually flows out of the cell into the surrounding solution. This, plasmolysis, causes the membrane to recede from the wall and is responsible for wilting in plant cells.

References[edit]

^ Campbell, Neil A.; Reece, Jane B.; Urry, Lisa A.; Cain, Michael L.; Wasserman, Steven A.; Minorsky, Peter V.; Jackson, Robert B. (2008). Biology (8th ed.). p. 134. ISBN 978-0-8053-6844-4.

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

The Ktr Potassium Transport System in Staphylococcus aureus and its Role in Cell Physiology, Antimicrobial Resistance, and Pathogenesis.

Gries CM, Bose JL, Nuxoll AS, Fey PD, Bayles KW.SourceDepartment of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha Nebraska 68198.
Molecular microbiology.Mol Microbiol.2013 Jul 2. doi: 10.1111/mmi.12312. [Epub ahead of print]
Potassium (K+ ) plays a vital role in bacterial physiology, including regulation of cytoplasmic pH, turgor pressure, and transmembrane electrical potential. Here, we examine the Staphylococcus aureus Ktr system uniquely comprised of two ion-conducting proteins (KtrB and KtrD) and only one regulator
PMID 23815639

Differences between appressoria formed by germ tubes and appressorium-like structures developed by hyphal tips in Magnaporthe oryzae.

Kong LA, Li GT, Liu Y, Liu MG, Zhang SJ, Yang J, Zhou XY, Peng YL, Xu JR.SourceNWAFU-Purdue Joint Research Center, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and MOA Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
Fungal genetics and biology : FG & B.Fungal Genet Biol.2013 Jul;56:33-41. doi: 10.1016/j.fgb.2013.03.006. Epub 2013 Apr 13.
Melanized appressoria are highly specialized infection structures formed by germ tubes of the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae for plant infection. M. oryzae also forms appressorium-like structures on hyphal tips. Whereas appressorium formation by conidial germ tubes has been well characterized,
PMID 23591122

Japanese Journal

木材細胞壁形成における細胞壁成分供給の日周性

細尾佳宏
木材学会誌 58(3), 109-117, 2012-05-25
NAID 10030591604

In situ Turgor Stability in Grape Mesocarp Cells and Its Relation to Cell Dimensions and Microcapillary Tip Size and Geometry

WADA Hiroshi,MATTHEWS Mark A.,CHOAT Brendan,SHACKEL Ken A.
Environment control in biology 49(2), 61-73, 2011-06-30
… The role of three tip fabrication methods and of tip size in cell pressure probe measurements was investigated. … The stability over time of turgor pressure (P) in mesocarp cells of intact grape berries was determined for microcapillary tips of contrasting sizes and methods of production (micro-beveler, micro-grinder, and breaking) at contrasting depths below the berry epidermis. …
NAID 10029323278