WordNet

a fleshy underground stem or root serving for reproductive and food storage
bulge out; form a bulge outward, or be so full as to appear to bulge (同)bag
cause to bulge or swell outwards (同)bulk
something that bulges out or is protuberant or projects from its surroundings; "the gun in his pocket made an obvious bulge"; "the hump of a camel"; "he stood on the rocky prominence"; "the occipital protuberance was well developed"; "the bony excrescence between its horns" (同)bump, hump, swelling, gibbosity, gibbousness, jut, prominence, protuberance, protrusion, extrusion, excrescence
swell or protrude outwards; "His stomach bulged after the huge meal" (同)pouch, protrude
an abnormal protuberance or localized enlargement (同)puffiness, lump
the act of projecting out from something (同)projection, jut, jutting
high status importance owing to marked superiority; "a scholar of great eminence" (同)distinction, preeminence, note
ride or float on an inflated tube; "We tubed down the river on a hot summer day"
conduit consisting of a long hollow object (usually cylindrical) used to hold and conduct objects or liquids or gases (同)tubing
electronic device consisting of a system of electrodes arranged in an evacuated glass or metal envelope (同)vacuum_tube, thermionic vacuum tube, thermionic_tube, electron_tube, thermionic_valve
(anatomy) any hollow cylindrical body structure (同)tube-shaped structure
convey in a tube; "inside Paris, they used to tube mail"
place or enclose in a tube
provide with a tube or insert a tube into
the amount that a tub will hold; "a tub of water" (同)tubful
a large open vessel for holding or storing liquids (同)vat
type genus of the Tuberaceae: fungi whose fruiting bodies are typically truffles (同)genus Tuber

PrepTutorEJDIC

塊茎(ジャガイモのような塊状の地下室茎)
ふくらんだ部分,ふくらみ / (…で)ふくらむ,張り出す《+『out』『with』+『名』》 / 'を'ふくらませる《+『of』+『名,』+『名』+『名』+『out』》
〈U〉ふくらむこと;膨張,増大 / 〈C〉(体の)はれもの,こぶ
〈U〉突き出すこと,突き出ていること / 〈C〉突き出た部分,隆起
〈U〉(地位・名声などの)高いこと;高貴,高名,傑出 / 〈C〉《文》高所,高台,高地 / 〈C〉《Eminence》(カトリック教会で)台下(枢機卿の尊称)
(…から)突き出る《+『from』+『名』》 / …‘を'突き出す
(金属・ガラス・ゴムなどの)管,筒 / (絵の具・歯みがきなどの)チューブ / 《米》(列車・地下鉄の)トンネル / 《英》地下鉄(《米》subway) / (ラジオ・テレビなどの)真空管(vacuum tube) / (動植物の)管状器官
『おけ』,たらい / 《話》'bath 2 / (また tubful)おけ1杯[の量](の…)《+of+名》 / 《話》のろくてぶかっこうな船;《俗》でぶ,太っちょ

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/06/07 05:09:38」(JST)

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Tuber is Latin for "swelling", as also used for benign tumours such as in tuberous sclerosis

Oca tubers

Tubers are various types of modified plant structures that are enlarged to store nutrients. They are used by plants to survive the winter or dry months, to provide energy and nutrients for regrowth during the next growing season, and as a means of asexual reproduction.^[1] Some sources define the term "tuber" to mean only structures derived from stems;^[2] others use the term for structures derived from stems or roots.^[3]

Stem tubers

A stem tuber forms from thickened rhizomes or stolons. The top sides of the tuber produce shoots that grow into typical stems and leaves and the under sides produce roots. They tend to form at the sides of the parent plant and are most often located near the soil surface. The below-ground stem tuber is normally a short-lived storage and regenerative organ developing from a shoot that branches off a mature plant. The offspring or new tubers, are attached to a parent tuber or form at the end of a hypogeogenous rhizome. In the autumn the plant dies except for the new offspring stem tubers which have one dominant bud, which in spring regrows a new shoot producing stems and leaves, in summer the tubers decay and new tubers begin to grow. Some plants also form smaller tubers and/or tubercules which act like seeds, producing small plants that resemble (in morphology and size) seedlings. Some stem tubers are long lived such as those of tuberous begonia but many tuberous plants have tubers that survive only until the plants have fully leafed out, at which point the tuber is reduced to a shriveled up husk.

Stem tubers generally start off as enlargements of the hypocotyl section of a seedling but also sometimes include the first node or two of the epicotyl and the upper section of the root. The stem tuber has a vertical orientation with one or a few vegetative buds on the top and fibrous roots produced on the bottom from a basal section, typically the stem tuber has an oblong rounded shape.

Tuberous begonia, yams,^[4]^[5] and Cyclamen are commonly grown stem tubers. Mignonette vine (Anredera cordifolia) produces aerial stem tubers on 12-to-25-foot-tall (3.7 to 7.6 m) vines, the tubers fall to the ground and grow. Plectranthus esculentus of the mint family Lamiaceae, produces tuberous under ground organs from the base of the stem, weighing up to 1.8 kg per tuber, forming from axillary buds producing short stolons that grow into tubers.^[6]

Potatoes

Potatoes are stem tubers. Enlarged stolons thicken to develop into storage organs.^[7]^[8]^[9]

The tuber has all the parts of a normal stem, including nodes and internodes. The nodes are the eyes and each has a leaf scar. The nodes or eyes are arranged around the tuber in a spiral fashion beginning on the end opposite the attachment point to the stolon. The terminal bud is produced at the farthest point away from the stolon attachment and tubers thus show the same apical dominance as a normal stem. Internally, a tuber is filled with starch stored in enlarged parenchyma like cells. The inside of a tuber has the typical cell structures of any stem, including a pith, vascular zones, and a cortex.

The tuber is produced in one growing season and used to perennialize the plant and as a means of propagation. When fall comes, the above-ground structure of the plant dies, but the tubers survive over winter underground until spring, when they regenerate new shoots that use the stored food in the tuber to grow. As the main shoot develops from the tuber, the base of the shoot close to the tuber produces adventitious roots and lateral buds on the shoot. The shoot also produces stolons that are long etiolated stems. The stolon elongates during long days with the presence of high auxins levels that prevent root growth off of the stolon. Before new tuber formation begins, the stolon must be a certain age. The enzyme lipoxygenase makes a hormone, jasmonic acid, which is involved in the control of potato tuber development.

The stolons are easily recognized when potato plants are grown from seeds. As the plants grow, stolons are produced around the soil surface from the nodes. The tubers form close to the soil surface and sometimes even on top of the ground. When potatoes are cultivated, the tubers are cut into pieces and planted much deeper into the soil. Planting the pieces deeper creates more area for the plants to generate the tubers and their size increases. The pieces sprout shoots that grow to the surface. These shoots are rhizome-like and generate short stolons from the nodes while in the ground. When the shoots reach the soil surface, they produce roots and shoots that grow into the green plant.

Root tubers

Freshly dug sweet potato plants with tubers.

A tuberous root or storage root, is a modified lateral root, enlarged to function as a storage organ. The enlarged area of the root-tuber, or storage root, can be produced at the end or middle of a root or involve the entire root. It is thus different in origin but similar in function and appearance to a stem tuber. Examples of plants with notable tuberous roots include the sweet potato, cassava, and dahlia.

Root tubers are perennating organs, thickened roots that store nutrients over periods when the plant cannot actively grow, thus permitting survival from one year to the next. The massive enlargement of secondary roots typically represented by Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas), have the internal and external cell and tissue structures of a normal root, they produce adventitious roots and stems which again produce adventitious roots.^[10]

In root-tubers, there are no nodes and internodes or reduced leaves. Root tubers have one end called the proximal end, which is the end that was attached to the old plant; this end has crown tissue that produces buds which grow into new stems and foliage.^[11] The other end of the root tuber is called the distal end, and it normally produces unmodified roots. In stem tubers the order is reversed, with the distal end producing stems. Tuberous roots are biennial in duration: the first year the plant produces root-tubers, and at the end of the growing season, the plant shoots often die, leaving the newly generated tubers. The next growing season, the root-tubers produce new shoots. As the shoots of the new plant grow, the stored reserves of the root-tuber are consumed in the production of new roots, stems, and reproductive organs; any remaining root tissue dies concurrently to the plant's regeneration of next generation of root-tubers.

Hemerocallis fulva plus a number of Daylily hybrids have large root-tubers, H. fulva spreads by underground stolons^[12] that end with a new fan that grows roots that produce thick root tubers and then send out more stolons.^[13]^[14]

Root tubers, along with other storage tissues that plants produce, are consumed by animals as a rich source of nutrients. The root-tubers of Arrowhead plants of the genus Sagittaria are eaten by ducks.^[15]

Plants with root tubers are propagated in late summer to late winter by digging up the tubers and separating them, making sure that each piece has some crown tissue for replanting.

References

^ Rooting cuttings of tropical trees, London: Commonwealth Science Council, 1993, p. 11, ISBN 978-0-85092-394-0
^ Mauseth, James D. (2012), Botany : An Introduction to Plant Biology (5th ed.), Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning, ISBN 978-1-4496-6580-7 , p. 672
^ Beentje, Henk (2010), The Kew Plant Glossary, Richmond, Surrey: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, ISBN 978-1-84246-422-9 , p. 124
^ Raz, Lauren (2002). Dioscoreaceae. Flora of North America North of Mexico. p. Vol 26, 479.
^ Martin, FW; Ortiz, Sonia (1963). "Origin and Anatomy of Tubers of Dioscorea Floribunda and D. Spiculiflora". Botanical Gazette 124 (6): 416–421. doi:10.1086/336228. Retrieved 20 September 2014.
^ J. Allemann; P.J. Robbertse; P.S. Hammes (20 June 2003). "Organographic and anatomical evidence that the edible storage organs of Plectranthus esculentus N.E.Br. (Lamiaceae) are stem tubers". Field Crops Research 83 (1): 35–39. doi:10.1016/S0378-4290(03)00054-6. Retrieved 20 November 2014.
^ Potato Genome Project
^ Interrelationships of the number of initial sprouts, stems, stolons [1] and tubers per potato plant Journal Potato Research. Springer Netherlands ISSN 0014-3065 (Print) 1871-4528 (Online)Issue Volume 33, Number 2 / June, 1990
^ http://www.personal.psu.edu/faculty/w/x/wxm15/Online/Botany/Stems/stem_lecture_01.htm
^ Davis, Edited by Tim D.; Haissig, Bruce E. (1994), Biology of adventitious root formation, New York: Plenum Press, p. 17, ISBN 0-306-44627-8
^ Kyte, Lydiane; Kleyn, John (1996), Plants from test tubes : an introduction to micropropagation, Portland, Or.: Timber Press, pp. 23–24, ISBN 0-88192-361-3
^ http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200027676
^ Mansfeld, Rudolf (2001), Mansfeld's Encyclopedia of agricultural and horticultural crops, Berlin: Springe, p. 2231, ISBN 3-540-41017-1
^ http://sain.utk.edu/invasives/species32.shtml
^ Hammerson, Geoffrey A. (2004), Connecticut wildlife : biodiversity, natural history, and conservation, Hanover: University Press of New England, p. 89, ISBN 1-58465-369-8
^ Davis, P.H.; Cullen, J. (1979), The identification of flowering plant families, including a key to those native and cultivated in north temperate regions, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 102, ISBN 0-521-29359-6

External links

Cook's Thesaurus has a good inventory of tuber varieties.

UpToDate Contents

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1. 結節性硬化症：遺伝学、臨床的特徴、および診断 tuberous sclerosis complex genetics clinical features and diagnosis
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English Journal

Ultrastructure of underutilized tuber starches and its relation to physicochemical properties.

Lan X1, Li Y1, Xie S2, Wang Z3.
Food chemistry.Food Chem.2015 Dec 1;188:632-40. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.05.025. Epub 2015 May 7.
Starches from five underutilized tubers (canna, potato, Chinese yam, water chestnut, and taro) were extracted to investigate quantitative structure-property relationships (QSPR) in each starch using a combination of X-ray diffraction (XRD) and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). Structural paramete
PMID 26041241

Antioxidant properties of sterilized yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius) tuber flour.

Sousa S1, Pinto J1, Rodrigues C1, Gião M1, Pereira C1, Tavaria F1, Xavier Malcata F1, Gomes A1, Bertoldo Pacheco MT2, Pintado M3.
Food chemistry.Food Chem.2015 Dec 1;188:504-9. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.04.047. Epub 2015 Apr 22.
The objective of this research work was to investigate the antioxidant properties of sterilized yacon tuber flour. The results revealed for the first time the high antioxidant activity of sterilized yacon flour. The best extract obtained by boiling 8.9% (w/v) of yacon flour in deionised water for 10
PMID 26041224

Endophytic bacteria from Pinellia ternata, a new source of purine alkaloids and bacterial manure.

Liu Y1, Liu W, Liang Z.
Pharmaceutical biology.Pharm Biol.2015 Oct;53(10):1545-8. doi: 10.3109/13880209.2015.1016580. Epub 2015 Apr 14.
CONTEXT: Pinellia ternata (Thunb.) Berit., a perennial herb belonging to Araceae, is one of the few medicinal plants to produce purine alkaloids. It is speculated that endophytic bacteria from P. ternata may produce guanosine or inosine. However, there is no report about endophytic bacteria in P. te
PMID 25868618

Towards on-line prediction of dry matter content in whole unpeeled potatoes using near-infrared spectroscopy.

Helgerud T1, Wold JP2, Pedersen MB1, Liland KH1, Ballance S2, Knutsen SH2, Rukke EO3, Afseth NK4.
Talanta.Talanta.2015 Oct 1;143:138-44. doi: 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.05.037. Epub 2015 May 27.
Prediction of dry matter content in whole potatoes is a desired capability in the processing industry. Accurate prediction of dry matter content may greatly reduce waste quantities and improve utilization of the raw material through sorting, hence also reducing the processing cost. The following stu
PMID 26078141

Japanese Journal

Interview 登録者40万人の女性You Tuber バイリンガール吉田ちかさんに聞く英語なんて怖くない? (特集 NHK英語の秘密 TOEICの謎 : 2大英語ブランドその舞台裏を解き明かす禁断の英語攻略) -- (NHK英語の秘密)

吉田ちか
週刊ダイヤモンド 103(14), 60-61, 2015-04-04
NAID 40020409659

トリュフ及び松露のビタミンB₁₂含量とビタミンB₁₂化合物の特性

滕飛,美藤友博,竹中重雄 [他]
日本きのこ学会誌 22(4), 159-164, 2015-01
NAID 40020364425

エチレン貯蔵によるバレイショ塊茎の萌芽抑制とエチレンが塊茎に与える影響

遠藤千絵,瀧川重信,西中未央 [他]
北農 82(1), 44-49, 2015-01
NAID 40020341309

Potato genetics, genomics, and applications

Breeding Science 65(1), 53-68, 2015
… The reproductive information has been applied to enable interspecific hybridization to enhance valuable traits, such as disease and pest resistances, from the tuber-bearing Solanum gene pool. …
NAID 130005066143