WordNet

an involuntary orienting response; positive or negative reaction to a stimulus source
positioning with respect to a reference system or determining your bearings physically or intellectually; "noticed the bees momentary orienting pause before heading back to the hive"; "an orienting program for new employees" (同)orientating
an effect of climate on biological processes (as the effect on joint pains etc.)
an orienting response to the sun
an orienting response to warmth
an affinity for work

PrepTutorEJDIC

向性,屈性(植物が一定の刺激の方へ,または反対方向に成長する性質)

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/07/18 14:45:09」(JST)

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Phycomyces, a fungus, exhibiting phototropism

A tropism (from Greek τρόπος, tropos, "a turning") is a biological phenomenon, indicating growth or turning movement of a biological organism, usually a plant, in response to an environmental stimulus. In tropisms, this response is dependent on the direction of the stimulus (as opposed to nastic movements which are non-directional responses). Viruses and other pathogens also affect what is called "host tropism", "tissue tropism", or "cell tropism", or in which case tropism refers to the way in which different viruses/pathogens have evolved to preferentially target specific host species, specific tissue, or specific cell types within those species. Tropisms are usually named for the stimulus involved (for example, a phototropism is a reaction to sunlight) and may be either positive (towards the stimulus) or negative (away from the stimulus).

Tropisms are typically associated with plants (although not necessarily restricted to them).^[a] Where an organism is capable of directed physical movement (motility), movement or activity in response to a specific stimulus is more likely to be regarded by behaviorists as a taxis (directional response) or a kinesis (non-directional response).

In English, the word tropism is used to indicate an action done without cognitive thought: However, "tropism" in this sense has a proper, although non-scientific, meaning as an innate tendency, natural inclination, or propensity to act in a certain manner.

In botany, the Cholodny–Went model, proposed in 1927, is an early model describing tropism in emerging shoots of monocotyledons, including the tendencies for the stalk to grow towards light (phototropism) and the roots to grow downward (gravitropism). In both cases the directional growth is considered to be due to asymmetrical distribution of auxin, a plant growth hormone.^[1]

Types

Example of gravitropism in the remains of a cellar of a Roman villa in the Archeologic Park in Baia, Italy

Chemotropism, movement or growth in response to chemicals
Geotropism (or gravitropism), movement or growth in response to gravity
Heliotropism, diurnal motion or seasonal motion of plant parts in response to the direction of the sun, (e.g. the sunflower)
Hydrotropism, movement or growth in response to water
Phototropism, movement or growth in response to lights or colors of light
Thermotropism, movement or growth in response to temperature
Electrotropism, movement or growth in response to an electric field
Thigmotropism, movement or growth in response to touch or contact
Exotropism, continuation of growth "outward," i.e. in the previously established direction
- Ecotropism, limited host range (e.g. infects only one species or cell type)
- Amphotropism, wide host range (e.g. infects many of entry into cells used by a given strain of HIV)
- Neurotropism, a virus that preferentially infects the host's nervous system
- Photoperiodism, is response to seasons

also see

Chemotaxis
Rapid plant movement

References

Notes

^ For example, some cells may not be conducive for the growth of a virus, which determines its tropism. The stimulus of light on insects may also be seen as a type of ethological tropism.

Sources

^ Haga, Ken; Takano, Makoto; Neumann, Ralf; Iino, Moritoshi (January 1, 2005). "The Rice COLEOPTILE PHOTOTROPISM1 Gene Encoding an Ortholog of Arabidopsis NPH3 Is Required for Phototropism of Coleoptiles and Lateral Translocation of Auxin(W)". Plant Cell. doi:10.1105/tpc.104.028357. Retrieved 2012-06-22. (subscription required)

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English Journal

Identification of novel small molecule inhibitors of adenovirus gene transfer using a high throughput screening approach.

Duffy MR, Parker AL, Kalkman ER, White K, Kovalskyy D, Kelly SM, Baker AH.SourceBritish Heart Foundation Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, 126 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK.
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Non-structural protein 2 of the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus: a crucial protein in viral pathogenesis, immunity and diagnosis.

Wang FX, Song N, Chen LZ, Cheng SP, Wu H, Wen YJ.SourceState Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Special Economic Animals, Institute of Special Economic Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 4899 Juye Street, Changchun, Jilin 130112, PR China.
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Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is a swine disease of significant economic importance that causes reproductive and respiratory problems in pigs. The replicase non-structural protein 2 (Nsp2) of the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is recognized as the
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Pathogenesis of Lassa fever virus infection: I. Susceptibility of mice to recombinant Lassa Gp/LCMV chimeric virus.

Lee AM, Cruite J, Welch MJ, Sullivan B, Oldstone MB.SourceViral-Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. Electronic address: Andrew.Lee@utsouthwestern.edu.
Virology.Virology.2013 Aug 1;442(2):114-21. doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2013.04.010. Epub 2013 May 16.
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Multiple evolutionary origins of bat papillomaviruses.

García-Pérez R, Gottschling M, Wibbelt G, Bravo IG.SourceInfections and Cancer, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO)|Bellvitge Institute of Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain.
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Japanese Journal

オーキシン生合成と今後の展望(<特集>オーキシン研究の新しい展開)

笠原博幸
植物の生長調節 47(2), 67-73, 2012-12-20
… Auxin plays an essential role in many aspects of plant growth and development, including embryogenesis, vascular formation, apical dominance and tropism. …
NAID 110009580311

miR-122はC型肝炎ウイルスの細胞指向性に関与する

福原崇介,松浦善治
ウイルス 62(1), 1-8, 2012-06-01
NAID 10030767742

植物の屈性実験へのスプラウトの活用

久留戸涼子,松永千広,熊切彩乃
常葉学園大学研究紀要. 教育学部 -(32) (-), 21-39, 2012-03-00
NAID 40019237454

Wild-Type Measles Virus with the Hemagglutinin Protein of the Edmonston Vaccine Strain Retains Wild-Type Tropism in Macaques

Takeuchi Kaoru,Nagata Noriyo,Kato Sei-ich,Ami Yasushi,Suzaki Yuriko,Suzuki Tadaki,Sato Yuko,Tsunetsugu-Yokota Yasuko,Mori Kazuyasu,Van Nguyen Nguyen,Kimura Hideki,Nagata Kyosuke,竹内薫,永田恭介
Journal of virology 86(6), 3027-3037, 2012-01-00
… To examine the effect of the H protein on the tropism and attenuation of MV, we generated enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP)-expressing recombinant wild-type MV strains bearing the Edmonston vaccine H protein (MV-EdH) and compared them to EGFP-expressing wild-type MV strains. … Taken together, these results indicate that the CD46-binding activity of the vaccine H protein is important for determining the cell specificity of MV in vitro but not the tropism in vivo. …
NAID 120004680937

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「向性」「指向性」「屈性」「orienting」
拡張検索	「chemotropism」「geotropism」「phototropism」「lymphotropism」「trophotropism」