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bone extending from the shoulder to the elbow

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《所有・所属》…『の』,…のものである,…に属する・《材料・要素》…『でできた』,から成る・《部分》…『の』[『中の』] ・《数量・単位・種類を表す名詞に付いて》…の・《原因・動機》…『で』,のために(because of) ・《主格関係》…『の』,による,によって・《目的格関係》…『を』,の・《同格関係》…『という』・《関係・関連》…『についての』[『の』],の点で・《抽象名詞などと共に》…の[性質をもつ] ・《『It is』+『形』+『of』+『名』+『to』 doの形で,ofの後の名詞を意味上の主語として》・《分離》…『から』・《起原・出所》…『から』[『の』](out of) ・《『名』+『of』+『a』(『an』)+『名』の形で》…のような・《『名』+『of』+『mine』(『yours, his』など独立所有格)の形で》…の…・《時》(1)《副詞句を作って》…に《形容詞句を作って》…の・《時刻》《米》…前(to,《米》before)
(人・動物の)上腕骨
OLD French古[代]フランス語

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/12/07 13:06:24」(JST)

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In the human arm, the humeral trochlea is the medial portion of the articular surface of the elbow joint which articulates with the trochlear notch on the ulna in the forearm.

Structure[edit]

In humans and apes it is trochleariform (or trochleiform), as opposed to cylindrical in most monkeys and conical in some prosimians.^[1] It presents a deep depression between two well-marked borders; it is convex from before backward, concave from side to side, and occupies the anterior, lower, and posterior parts of the extremity.

The trochlea has the capitulum located on its lateral side and the medial epicondyle on its medial. It is directly inferior to the coronoid fossa anteriorly and to the olecranon fossa posteriorly. In humans, these two fossae, the most prominent in the humerus, are occasionally transformed into a hole, the supratrochlear foramen,^[2] which is regularly present in, for example, dogs.

Carrying angle[edit]

When viewed from in front or behind the trochlear looks roughly cylindrical, but when viewed from below its true oblique shape and the spiralling nature of its groove becomes apparent. The spiralling nature of the trochlear groove results in the varying transverse axes of the elbow joint.^[3]

Most frequently, the groove is vertical on the anterior side but runs down laterally on the posterior side. During elbow flexion, the vertical anterior part of the trochela keep the upper arm and forearm aligned (when viewed in front). During elbow extension, however, the oblique posterior part makes contact with the trochlear notch on the ulna so that this obliquity forces the main axis of the forearm to form an small angle with that of the upper arm. This angle is known as the carrying angle and is more prominent in women than in men.^[3]

Less frequently, the anterior part is oblique too, but in the opposite direction of the posterior side. Consequently, during full elbow flexion, the hand tend to rest outside the shoulder. Very rarely, the anterior part is oblique in the opposite direction, resulting in the hand to rest on the chest during flexion.^[3]

Function[edit]

The trochlea articulated with the trochlear notch

The elbow is a hinge joint with a rotatory component where the trochlea forms the convex, proximal surface which articulates with the concave, distal surface on the ulna, the trochlear notch. While the trochlea together with its associated fossae almost covers a 360° angle, the trochlear notch on the ulna forms a 190° arc and the gap in between allows flexion and extension at the elbow. Maximum elbow flexion and extension is made possible because the two fossae accommodates to coronoid and olecranon processes. ^[4]

Ossification[edit]

While the ossification of the capitulum has started a year after birth, the ossification of the trochlea begins at 8–9 years of age; that of the head of radius and the medial epicondyle at 4–5 years and that of the lateral condyle at 10 years. ^[5]

Additional images[edit]

Elbow joint. Deep dissection. Anterior view.
Elbow joint. Deep dissection. Anterior view.

References[edit]

^ Bernard F. Morrey, Joaquin Sanchez-Sotelo (2009) The Elbow and Its Disorders p.4
^ Platzer, Werner (2004). Color Atlas of Human Anatomy, Vol. 1: Locomotor System (5th ed.). Thieme. p. 114. ISBN 3-13-533305-1.
^ ^a ^b ^c Kapandji, Ibrahim Adalbert (1982). The Physiology of the Joints: Volume One Upper Limb (5th ed.). New York: Churchill Livingstone. p. 84.
^ Wells, Jason; Ablove, Robert H. (May 2008). "Coronoid Fractures of the Elbow". Clin Med Res. (Anatomy of the Elbow) 6 (1): 40–44. doi:10.3121/cmr.2008.753. PMC 2442031. PMID 18591378.
^ Brubacher, Jacob W.; Dodd, Seth D. (December 2008). "Pediatric supracondylar fractures of the distal humerus". Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med. 1 (3-4): 190–196. doi:10.1007/s12178-008-9027-2. PMC 2682409. PMID 19468905.

External links[edit]

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UpToDate Contents

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1. 小児における肘関節の解剖学的構造および肘関節骨折の放射線学的診断 elbow anatomy and radiographic diagnosis of elbow fracture in children
2. 小児における前腕近位部骨折 proximal fractures of the forearm in children
3. 筋骨格系超音波検査：関節およびその他の構造のガイド下での注射および吸引 musculoskeletal ultrasonography guided injection and aspiration of joints and related structures
4. 成人における上腕骨骨幹部骨折 midshaft humeral fractures in adults
5. 小児における上腕骨近位端骨折 proximal humeral fractures in children

English Journal

Mismatch of AO anatomically shaped distal humeral plate with humeral shaft forward flexion angulation in adult Chinese population.

Zhou Z1, Tang Z, Zhao X, Chen W, Chen X, Mu M, Zhang S, Ning B, Jia T.
European journal of orthopaedic surgery & traumatology : orthopédie traumatologie.Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol.2014 Oct;24(7):1145-50. doi: 10.1007/s00590-014-1431-2. Epub 2014 Mar 22.
BACKGROUND: LCP extra-articular distal humerus plate (LCPEA) designed by AO has been introduced as an anatomically shaped plate that improves the results of surgical fixation in extra-articular distal humeral shaft fractures. However, no study analyzed whether LCPEA matches humeral shaft forward fle
PMID 24659427

Plate selection for fixation of extra-articular distal humerus fractures: A biomechanical comparison of three different implants.

Scolaro JA1, Hsu JE2, Svach DJ3, Mehta S4.
Injury.Injury.2014 Sep 10. pii: S0020-1383(14)00396-9. doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2014.08.036. [Epub ahead of print]
Operative fixation of extra-articular distal humerus using a single posterolateral column plate has been described but the biomechanical properties or limits of this technique is undefined. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the mechanical properties of distal humerus fracture fixation using
PMID 25249244

The thoracic limb of the suricate (Suricata suricatta): osteology, radiologic anatomy, and functional morphologic changes.

van Staden SL.
Journal of zoo and wildlife medicine : official publication of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians.J Zoo Wildl Med.2014 Sep;45(3):476-86.
The purpose of the study was to identify unique features of the normal osteology and radiologic anatomy of the thoracic limb of the meerkat or suricate (Suricata suricatta), as no comprehensive information has been published. Bone specimens of 19 suricates were studied. Individual bones of the manus
PMID 25314813