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a set of three literary or dramatic works related in subject or theme

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(戯曲・小説・オペラなどの)三部作

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/01/01 07:25:15」(JST)

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A trilogy (from Greek τρι- tri-, "three" and -λογία -logia, "discourse") is a set of three works of art that are connected, and that can be seen either as a single work or as three individual works. They are commonly found in literature, film, or video games. Three-part works that are considered components of a larger work also exist, such as the triptych or the three-movement sonata, but they are not commonly referred to with the term "trilogy."

Most trilogies are works of fiction involving the same characters or setting, such as The Deptford Trilogy of novels by Robertson Davies and The Apu Trilogy of films by Satyajit Ray. Others are connected only by theme: for example, each film of Krzysztof Kieślowski's Three Colors trilogy explores one of the political ideals of the French Republic (liberty, equality, fraternity) and each novel in Paul Auster's The New York Trilogy uses formats from detective fiction to explore existential questions. Trilogies can also be connected in less obvious ways, such as The Nova Trilogy of novels by William S. Burroughs, each written using cut-up technique.

The term is less often applied to music, such as the Berlin Trilogy of David Bowie, linked together by their musical sound and lyrical themes, and the fact that part of them was recorded in Berlin, Germany.

Trilogies — and series in general — are common in science fiction and fantasy.

The term is less often applied outside of art. One example is the "Marshall trilogy", a common term for three rulings written by U.S. Supreme Court Chief Justice John Marshall, from 1823 to 1832, concerning the legal status of Native Americans under U.S. law.^[1]

History

Trilogies date back to ancient times. In the Dionysia festivals of ancient Greece, for example, trilogies of plays were performed followed by a fourth satyr play. The Oresteia is the only surviving trilogy of these ancient Greek plays, originally performed at the festival in Athens in 458 BC. The three Theban plays, or Oedipus cycle, by Sophocles, originating in 5th century BC, is not a true example of a trilogy because the plays were written at separate times and with different themes/purposes.

In ancient India, an example of an early trilogy includes the epic Mahabharata, which originally consisted of three portions. Vyasa's original core portion of the epic was the Jaya. Vaisampayana's Bharata expanded on the story, with Vyasa's Jaya embedded within it. Ugrasrava eventually composed the Mahabharata, with both Vyasa's Jaya and Vaisampayana's Bharata embedded within the epic.

Richard Wagner's epic series of operas, Der Ring des Nibelungen, is sometimes referred to as a trilogy even though it consists of four works: Das Rheingold, Die Walküre, Siegfried, and Götterdämmerung. The first work, Das Rheingold, is shorter than the other three, running a bit over 3 hours, while all the others are over five. Performances of The Ring are often billed as three nights plus a prelude.

Technical changes in printing and film in the mid-to-late 20th century made the creation of trilogies more feasible, while the development of mass media and modern global distribution networks has made them more likely to be lucrative.

Adding works to an existing trilogy

Creators of trilogies may later add more works. In such a case, the original three works may or may not keep the title "trilogy".

The Foundation Series by Isaac Asimov originally consisted of Foundation, Foundation and Empire and Second Foundation and was considered a trilogy. Asimov wrote several more Foundation books and retroactively incorporated many of his other works into the continuity of the series. Despite this, the first three books are still considered a trilogy because they contain a story that is self-contained. Further complicating the matter, the Foundation series was originally eight short stories and novelettes written for science fiction magazines; its division into three books is more or less incidental.

The first three novels in The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy series were dubbed a trilogy, and even after he extended the series, author Douglas Adams continued to use the term for humorous effect - for example, calling Mostly Harmless "the fifth book in the increasingly inaccurately named trilogy."

The six Star Wars films are generally separated into two trilogies; the "original trilogy" (the three films released between 1977 and 1983) and the "prequel trilogy" (the three films released between 1999 and 2005, which take place before the original three films). A further three films are planned for the series beginning in 2015, thus potentially creating a trilogy of trilogies.

Unofficial or mistaken trilogies

Sometimes a trio of works is known as a trilogy because of its creator. For example, before Kevin Smith's films Clerks, Mallrats and Chasing Amy were often marketed as "The New Jersey Trilogy"^[2] because they had overlapping characters, events and locations. After the release of a fourth film, Dogma, the series is referred to as "the View Askewniverse".

Three works with similar themes from a creator may later come to be known as a trilogy, especially if produced one after the other. The Steven Spielberg films A.I.: Artificial Intelligence, Minority Report, and Catch Me If You Can are unofficially known as "The Running Man Trilogy", because each featured a main character escaping a pursuer.^[3] Terry Gilliam has dubbed his films Time Bandits, Brazil and The Adventures of Baron Munchausen "The Imagination Trilogy",^[4] in that each movie has to do with the imagination of humans in the three stages of life: child, man, older man. Another example is the Dollars Trilogy by Sergio Leone; no continuity between the three movies was intended by Leone, but American marketers advertised the Clint Eastwood character in each film as being the same "Man with No Name".

One of the most popular "trilogies" of fantasy books, The Lord of the Rings by J. R. R. Tolkien, is not a trilogy, though it is often referred to as such.^[5] Tolkien regarded it as a single work and divided it into a prologue, six books, and five appendices. Because of post-World War II paper shortages, it was originally published in three volumes. It is still most commonly sold as three volumes, but has also been published in one-volume and seven-volume editions (six books and the appendices).

Occasionally, more than three works are planned but never finished. The Gormenghast fantasy trilogy is a trilogy by default, as author Mervyn Peake planned to write more novels set in that fictional world until his health failed.

In contrast, some works that were originally intended to be trilogies have been reclassified due to subsequent additions. Christopher Paolini changed the name of his "The Inheritance Trilogy" to The Inheritance Cycle when he wrote a fourth book.

In some cases, a work is retroactively named a trilogy instead of having been designed as such by the authors, particularly if it is a story arc of a continuously running series such a comic book or television show. This might be due to a vaguely recurring or coincidental theme in each installment. One example is issues 48, 49, and 50 of the original Fantastic Four comic book which are notable for introducing the characters of Galactus and Silver Surfer. These are now commonly known as the Galactus Trilogy although the term wasn't used in the original issues.

In the modern era of home video, story arcs from a long-running television series might be packaged as a trilogy boxset even if they weren't presented as such originally.The so-called E-Space Trilogy of Doctor Who includes the stories Full Circle, State of Decay, and Warriors Gate, consecutive stories set in E-Space.

Notes

^ The Marshall Trilogy
^ New Jersey Trilogy
^ Spielberg’s Running Men: A Master Taking Chances
^ Imagination trilogy reference
^ http://www.tolkiensociety.co.uk/tolkien/tale.html

UpToDate Contents

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1. 非ST上昇型急性冠症候群における抗血小板薬 antiplatelet agents in acute non st elevation acute coronary syndromes
2. 頚静脈波の検討 examination of the jugular venous pulse
3. クロピドグレル耐性とクロピドグレル治療不奏効 clopidogrel resistance and clopidogrel treatment failure

English Journal

Noise properties of reconstructed images in a kilo-voltage on-board imaging system with iterative reconstruction techniques: A phantom study.

Lee S1, Kim HJ2.Author information 1Department of Radiological Science, College of Health Science, Yonsei University, 1 Yonseidae-gil, Wonju, Gangwon-do 220-710, Republic of Korea.2Department of Radiological Science, College of Health Science, Yonsei University, 1 Yonseidae-gil, Wonju, Gangwon-do 220-710, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: hjk1@yonsei.ac.kr.AbstractX-ray computed tomography (CT) images obtained with a kilo-voltage (kV) on-board imaging (OBI) system improve the accuracy of patient setup and treatment planning. The use of iterative reconstruction techniques (IRTs) for CT imaging can also reduce radiation dose compared to analytic reconstruction techniques. Despite these improvements, the image quality varies with IRTs, and the noise structure of reconstructed images can be distorted by IRTs. In this study, the noise properties and spatial resolution of the images reconstructed by IRTs were evaluated in terms of conventional noise metrics, high-order statistics, noise spectral density (NSD) and modulation transfer function (MTF) at different radiation doses. A kV OBI system mounted on a Varian Trilogy machine and a CATPHAN600 phantom were used to obtain projections, and the projections were reconstructed by Feldkamp (FDK), algebraic reconstruction technique (ART), maximum-likelihood expectation-maximization (MLEM) and total variation (TV) minimization algorithms. The reconstructed images were compared according to mean, standard deviation, skewness, kurtosis, NSD and MTF at different radiation doses. The results demonstrated that the noise properties and spatial resolution of reconstructed images depend on the type of IRT and the radiation dose. The noise structures are altered by IRTs and can be characterized by high-order statistics and NSD, as well as conventional noise metrics. In conclusion, high-order statistics and NSD should be considered in order to provide detailed information for the images reconstructed by IRTs. Also, trade-off among noise properties, spatial resolution and contrast is important to optimize image quality obtained using IRTs.
Physica medica : PM : an international journal devoted to the applications of physics to medicine and biology : official journal of the Italian Association of Biomedical Physics (AIFB).Phys Med.2014 May;30(3):365-73. doi: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2013.11.003. Epub 2013 Dec 15.
X-ray computed tomography (CT) images obtained with a kilo-voltage (kV) on-board imaging (OBI) system improve the accuracy of patient setup and treatment planning. The use of iterative reconstruction techniques (IRTs) for CT imaging can also reduce radiation dose compared to analytic reconstruction
PMID 24345801

Do the cup surface properties influence the initial stability?

Goriainov V1, Jones A2, Briscoe A3, New A4, Dunlop D5.Author information 1University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust.2Great Western Hospital, Swindon; University of Southampton.3University of Southampton; Invibio Ltd.4University of Southampton.5University Hospital Southampton.AbstractThis project tests the relationship between the acetabular cup surface characteristics and their initial stability by comparing uncemented (Trabecular Metal (TM) and Trilogy) and cemented polyethylene shells. We hypothesised that different surface properties of uncemented cups will influence the cup stability. Mounted directly onto host bone, TM and cemented cups were significantly more stable than Trilogy cups (P<0.01), with minimal difference between TM and cemented cups (P>0.1). On 100% graft bed, there was marginal difference between all three cup types (P>0.1). Incremental cavitary and segmental defects resulted in reducing stability, with cemented cups being minimally more stable (P>0.1). TM cups possess satisfactory initial stability in bone graft constructs. This study demonstrates that TM shells are marginally less stable than cemented cups in the absence of significant host bone contact.
The Journal of arthroplasty.J Arthroplasty.2014 Apr;29(4):757-62. doi: 10.1016/j.arth.2013.07.007. Epub 2013 Nov 22.
This project tests the relationship between the acetabular cup surface characteristics and their initial stability by comparing uncemented (Trabecular Metal (TM) and Trilogy) and cemented polyethylene shells. We hypothesised that different surface properties of uncemented cups will influence the cup
PMID 24269067

A comparison of surface doses for very small field size x-ray beams: Monte Carlo calculations and radiochromic film measurements.

Morales JE1, Hill R, Crowe SB, Kairn T, Trapp JV.Author information 1School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia, johnny.morales@lh.org.au.AbstractStereotactic radiosurgery treatments involve the delivery of very high doses for a small number of fractions. To date, there is limited data in terms of the skin dose for the very small field sizes used in these treatments. In this work, we determine relative surface doses for small size circular collimators as used in stereotactic radiosurgery treatments. Monte Carlo calculations were performed using the BEAMnrc code with a model of the Novalis Trilogy linear accelerator and the BrainLab circular collimators. The surface doses were calculated at the ICRP skin dose depth of 70 μm all using the 6 MV SRS x-ray beam. The calculated surface doses varied between 15 and 12 % with decreasing values as the field size increased from 4 to 30 mm. In comparison, surface doses were measured using Gafchromic EBT3 film positioned at the surface of a Virtual Water phantom. The absolute agreement between calculated and measured surface doses was better than 2.0 % which is well within the uncertainties of the Monte Carlo calculations and the film measurements. Based on these results, we have shown that the Gafchromic EBT3 film is suitable for surface dose estimates in very small size fields as used in SRS.
Australasian physical & engineering sciences in medicine / supported by the Australasian College of Physical Scientists in Medicine and the Australasian Association of Physical Sciences in Medicine.Australas Phys Eng Sci Med.2014 Mar 20. [Epub ahead of print]
Stereotactic radiosurgery treatments involve the delivery of very high doses for a small number of fractions. To date, there is limited data in terms of the skin dose for the very small field sizes used in these treatments. In this work, we determine relative surface doses for small size circular co
PMID 24648244

Japanese Journal

アゴタ・クリストフの「悪童日記」三部作における主人公の育ちと対人関係のあり方

山岸明子
医療看護研究 11(2), 42-49, 2015-03
NAID 40020427284

山上憶良晩年の三部作における〈言志〉 : 「沈痾自哀文」「悲歎俗道假合卽離易去難留詩一首幷序」「老身重病經年辛苦及思兒等歌七首」における自己 (創刊一二〇周年記念特集万葉集 : 文学・歴史・民俗(2))

小川靖彦
國學院雜誌 = The Journal of Kokugakuin University 116(1), 159-174, 2015-01
NAID 40020377750

「ダブリン三部作」考察 : 蜂起と内戦へのオケイシーの視線

藤木和子
ノートルダム清心女子大学紀要. 外国語・外国文学編, 文化学編, 日本語・日本文学編 = Notre Dame Seishin University kiyo 39(1), 25-40, 2015
NAID 40020383448

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