WordNet

mate with; "male birds tread the females"
structural member consisting of the horizontal part of a stair or step
the grooved surface of a pneumatic tire
the part (as of a wheel or shoe) that makes contact with the ground
tread or stomp heavily or roughly; "The soldiers trampled across the fields" (同)trample
apply (the tread) to a tire
brace (an archers bow) by pressing the foot against the center
crush as if by treading on; "tread grapes to make wine"
tread over; "the brick maker treadles over clay to pick out the stones"
operate (machinery) by a treadle
a performer who reads without preparation or prior acquaintance (as in music)
a stroke that keeps the head above water by thrashing the legs and arms

PrepTutorEJDIC

…‘を'『踏んで通る』,踏みしめて歩く / 《副詞[句]を伴って》…‘を'『踏みつける』,踏んで…にする / 『歩く』,行く / (…を)『踏む』,踏みつける,踏みつぶす《+on(upon)+名》 / 〈U〉《しばしば a~》『踏む(歩く)こと』;歩きぶり,足取り / 〈C〉(階段・はしごの)踏み板,段 / 〈C〉〈U〉(靴の)庭;足の裏(土踏まず以外の部分) / (タイヤ・車輪などの)接地部,踏み面
(ミシンなどの)踏み子,ペダル / 踏み子(ペダル)を踏む
楽譜を見てすぐ演奏する奏者(歌い手),外国語を即読できる人 = sight-reader

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/02/07 10:26:29」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

This article is about the tires. For the Transformers character, see Tread (Transformers).

The tread of a tire or track refers to the patterns on its rubber circumference that makes contact with the road. As tires are used, the tread is worn off, limiting its effectiveness in providing traction. A worn tire tread can often be retreaded.

Tires

Street tires

The grooves in the rubber are designed to allow water to be expelled from beneath the tire and prevent hydroplaning. The proportion of rubber to air space on the road surface directly affects its traction. Design of tire tread has an effect upon noise generated, especially at freeway speeds.^[1] Generally there is a tradeoff of tread friction capability; deeper patterns often enhance safety, but simpler designs are less costly to produce and actually may afford some roadway noise mitigation. Tires intended for dry weather use will be designed with minimal pattern to increase the contact patch. Tires without any tread are known as slicks and are generally used for racing only, since they are quite dangerous if the road surface is wet.

Street tires will also include wear limit indicators in the form of small raised bridges within the grooves. When the tread is worn down enough that the limit indicators make contact with the road, the tire is deemed to be at the end of its service life. Brake pads use similar indicators in the form of notches on their surface that disappear when they are used.

Off-road tires

Studded mountain bike tires for use in icy conditions

Off-road tires used in mud or dirt feature individual knob patterns to allow the tire to bite into the surface and lever the sides of the tread to get a better grip. Given the smaller contact patch, these tires tend to wear quickly when used on asphalt.

Mountain bike and motorcycle tires

Mountain bike and some motorcycle tires feature tread similar to off-road tires used on cars and trucks but may sometimes include an unbroken tread that runs along its center. This feature provides better traction and lower noise on asphalt at high tire pressure, but retains the ability to provide grip on a soft or loose surface- lower tire pressure or soft ground will cause the side lugs to come into contact with the surface.

Caterpillar tracks

The tread of a construction machine's tracks.

Caterpillar tracks such as those used on military tanks or construction machines have metal track segments which may be rubber-coated. They usually do not feature tread patterns, because these would offer little additional grip given the weight of the tracked vehicle.

References

^ C.Michael Hogan, Analysis of highway noise, Journal of Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, Volume 2, Number 3, Biomedical and Life Sciences and Earth and Environmental Science Issue, Pages 387-392, September, 1973, Springer Verlag, Netherlands ISSN 0049-6979

UpToDate Contents

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1. 赤血球細胞膜の動態および機構 red blood cell membrane dynamics and organization
2. 赤血球細胞の力学 red blood cell mechanics
3. 小児における転落の防止 prevention of falls in children
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5. βサラセミアの病態生理 pathophysiology of beta thalassemia

English Journal

Determinants of maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max) in fire fighter testing.

Vandersmissen GJ1, Verhoogen RA2, Van Cauwenbergh AF2, Godderis L3.Author information 1Groep IDEWE, External Service for Prevention and Protection at work, Interleuvenlaan 58, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium. Electronic address: lieve.vandersmissen@idewe.be.2Groep IDEWE, External Service for Prevention and Protection at work, Interleuvenlaan 58, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium.3Groep IDEWE, External Service for Prevention and Protection at work, Interleuvenlaan 58, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium; Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Occupational, Environmental and Insurance Medicine, Kapucijnenvoer 35/5, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.AbstractThe aim of this study was to evaluate current daily practice of aerobic capacity testing in Belgian fire fighters. The impact of personal and test-related parameters on the outcome has been evaluated. Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max) results of 605 male fire fighters gathered between 1999 and 2010 were analysed. The maximal cardio respiratory exercise tests were performed at 22 different centres using different types of tests (tread mill or bicycle), different exercise protocols and measuring equipment. Mean VO2 max was 43.3 (SD = 9.8) ml/kg.min. Besides waist circumference and age, the type of test, the degree of performance of the test and the test centre were statistically significant determinants of maximal oxygen uptake. Test-related parameters have to be taken into account when interpreting and comparing maximal oxygen uptake tests of fire fighters. It highlights the need for standardization of aerobic capacity testing in the medical evaluation of fire fighters.
Applied ergonomics.Appl Ergon.2014 Jul;45(4):1063-6. doi: 10.1016/j.apergo.2014.01.001. Epub 2014 Jan 21.
The aim of this study was to evaluate current daily practice of aerobic capacity testing in Belgian fire fighters. The impact of personal and test-related parameters on the outcome has been evaluated. Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max) results of 605 male fire fighters gathered between 1999 and 2010 we
PMID 24456897

Morphologic, cytometric and functional characterization of the common octopus (Octopus vulgaris) hemocytes.

Castellanos-Martínez S1, Prado-Alvarez M2, Lobo-da-Cunha A2, Azevedo C2, Gestal C3.Author information 1Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Eduardo Cabello, 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain.2Interdisciplinary Center of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal; Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.3Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Eduardo Cabello, 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain. Electronic address: cgestal@iim.csic.es.AbstractThe hemocytes of Octopus vulgaris were morphologically and functionally characterized. Light and electron microscopy (TEM and SEM), and flow cytometry analyses revealed the existence of two hemocyte populations. Large granulocytes showed U-shaped nucleus, a mean of 11.6 μm±1.2 in diameter with basophilic granules, polysaccharide and lysosomic deposits in the cytoplasm. Small granulocytes measured a mean of 8.1 μm±0.7 in diameter, and have a round nucleus occupying almost the entire cell and few or not granules in the cytoplasm. Flow cytometry analysis showed that large granulocytes are the principal cells that develop phagocytosis of latex beads (rising up to 56%) and ROS after zymosan stimulation. Zymosan induced the highest production of both ROS and NO. This study is the first tread towards understanding the O. vulgaris immune system by applying new tools to provide a most comprehensive morpho-functional study of their hemocytes.
Developmental and comparative immunology.Dev Comp Immunol.2014 May;44(1):50-8. doi: 10.1016/j.dci.2013.11.013. Epub 2013 Dec 1.
The hemocytes of Octopus vulgaris were morphologically and functionally characterized. Light and electron microscopy (TEM and SEM), and flow cytometry analyses revealed the existence of two hemocyte populations. Large granulocytes showed U-shaped nucleus, a mean of 11.6 μm±1.2 in diameter with bas
PMID 24296436

Duties to Kin Through a Tragi-Comic Lens.

Gillett G1, Hankey R.Author information 1Otago Bioethics Centre, University of Otago Medical School, 201 Great King St., Dunedin, PO Box 913, New Zealand, grant.gillett@otago.ac.nz.AbstractEuripides' Alcestis (1959) raises the issue of ethical duties within families and exposes the romantic postures and rhetoric that can dominate such discussions. Should anybody be asked to sacrifice themselves or even undergo significant health risks for members of their own family? (An issue that is also relevant in considering our duties to future generations in terms of the earth we leave to them.) The issue that is dramatized to a heroic level in Alcestis arises in live organ and tissue donation within a family and challenges the idea that families should be trusted to sort out solutions that they can all live with. Alcestis intensifies the debate because the sacrifice of one life for another is its topic but, in doing so, it exposes many traps lying in wait for ethicists and medical jurists who boldly enter such debates (where emotions create shifting ground on which angels fear to tread).
Journal of bioethical inquiry.J Bioeth Inq.2014 Apr 27. [Epub ahead of print]
Euripides' Alcestis (1959) raises the issue of ethical duties within families and exposes the romantic postures and rhetoric that can dominate such discussions. Should anybody be asked to sacrifice themselves or even undergo significant health risks for members of their own family (An issue that is
PMID 24771522

Safety on stairs: Influence of a tread edge highlighter and its position.

Foster RJ1, Hotchkiss J2, Buckley JG2, Elliott DB3.Author information 1Bradford School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Bradford, Bradford, West Yorkshire, BD7 1DP, UK. Electronic address: R.Foster2@bradford.ac.uk.2Division of Medical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Bradford, Bradford, West Yorkshire, BD7 1DP, UK.3Bradford School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Bradford, Bradford, West Yorkshire, BD7 1DP, UK.AbstractBACKGROUND: Falls sustained when descending stairs are the leading cause of accidental death in older adults. Highly visible edge highlighters/friction strips (often set back from the tread edge) are sometimes used to improve stair safety, but there is no evidence for the usefulness of either.
Experimental gerontology.Exp Gerontol.2014 Apr 24. pii: S0531-5565(14)00130-2. doi: 10.1016/j.exger.2014.04.009. [Epub ahead of print]
BACKGROUND: Falls sustained when descending stairs are the leading cause of accidental death in older adults. Highly visible edge highlighters/friction strips (often set back from the tread edge) are sometimes used to improve stair safety, but there is no evidence for the usefulness of either.OBJECT
PMID 24768822

Japanese Journal

鉄道車両の曲線定常横圧低減のための微小凹凸付車輪踏面の開発

山本大輔
日本機械学会論文集 80(812), TRANS0061-TRANS0061, 2014
… In this paper, in order to reduce steady lateral force during a railway vehicle passing curve, we proposed a new wheel tread profile with providing one streak of fine unevenness, called 'Micro-ribbed wheel tread profile' on a wheel tread away from a flange. … We verified a validity of this wheel tread profile by applying a numerical analysis and a running test in RTRI. …
NAID 130003399186

車輪踏面の微小凹凸に着目した車輪/レール接線力特性の評価 (特集鉄道力学)

山本大輔,陳樺
鉄道総研報告 = RTRI report : 鉄道総合技術論文誌 27(10), 35-40, 2013-10
NAID 40019820813

タイヤトレッドパターンのデザインによる車内音の改良 (特集音のデザイン(その1)騒音低減から快音化へ)

横山栄,橘秀樹
騒音制御 37(3), 142-145, 2013-06
NAID 40019750308

車輪への熱負荷軽減と制動性能を両立した合成制輪子の開発 (特集車両技術)

嵯峨信一,下田恵輔,新山正剛 [他]
鉄道総研報告 = RTRI report : 鉄道総合技術論文誌 27(5), 35-40, 2013-05
NAID 40019680522

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