transvestite

　 　

WordNet

1. someone who adopts the dress or manner or sexual role of the opposite sex (同)cross-dresser

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. 服装倒錯者 / 服装倒錯の

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/10/27 09:50:54」(JST)

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A Sicilian boy cross-dressing as a Spanish woman, photographed by Wilhelm von Gloeden in the late 19th century.

Transvestism (also called transvestitism) is the practice of dressing and acting in a style or manner traditionally associated with the opposite sex.

History

Though coined as late as the 1910s, the phenomenon is not new. It was referred to in the Hebrew Bible. The word has undergone several changes of meaning since it was first coined and is still used in a variety of senses. Today, the term transvestite is commonly considered outdated and derogatory.

Origin of the term

Magnus Hirschfeld coined the word transvestite in 1910 (from Latin trans-, "across, over" and vestitus, "dressed") to refer to the sexual interest in cross-dressing. He used it to describe persons who habitually and voluntarily wore clothes of the opposite sex. Hirschfeld's group of transvestites consisted of both males and females, with heterosexual, homosexual, bisexual, and asexual orientations.

Hirschfeld himself was not happy with the term: He believed that clothing was only an outward symbol chosen on the basis of various internal psychological situations. In fact, Hirschfeld helped people to achieve the very first name changes (legal given names were and are required to be gender-specific in Germany) and performed the first reported sexual reassignment surgery. Hirschfeld's transvestites therefore were, in today's terms, not only transvestites, but a variety of people from the transgender spectrum.

Hirschfeld also noticed that sexual arousal was often associated with transvestism. In more recent terminology, this is sometimes called transvestic fetishism. Hirschfeld also clearly distinguished between transvestism as an expression of a person's "contra-sexual" (transgender) feelings and fetishistic behavior, even if the latter involved wearing clothes of the other sex.

Cross-dressers

Main article: Cross-dressing

Yakkun Sakurazuka cross-dressing as a schoolgirl

After all the changes that took place during the 1970s, a large group was left without a word to describe themselves: heterosexual males who wear traditionally feminine clothing. This group was not particularly happy with the term "transvestism", and therefore took on the term "cross-dresser". Cross-dressers are men who wear female clothing and often both admire and imitate women, but self-identify as different from both gay men and transsexuals, and generally deny having fetishistic intentions.

When cross-dressing occurs for erotic purposes over a period of at least six months and also causes significant distress or impairment, the behavior is considered a mental disorder in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, and the psychiatric diagnosis "transvestic fetishism" is applied.

Culture

In some cultures, transvestism is practiced for religious, traditional or ceremonial reasons. For example, in India some male devotees of the Hindu god Krishna, especially in Mathura and Vrindavan, dress in female attire to pose as his consort, the goddess Radha, as an act of devotion. In Italy, the Neapolitan femminielli (feminine males) wear wedding dresses, called the matrimonio dei femminielli (marriage of the femminielli), a procession takes place through the streets, a tradition that apparently has pagan origins.

Image gallery

• Priest/priestess Archigallus of ancient Rome.

• A 1927 photograph of Álvaro Echavarría ("El excluido") of Cúcuta, Colombia

• Baron von Teschenberg, a German transvestite, one of the founders of the Scientific-Humanitarian Committee

• A modern American transvestite.

• A 19th-century photograph of a femminiello, an ancient culture of cross dressing in Naples, Italy

• Seven men in a cabaret cast in Miami Beach in 1972, when two of them performed as women and three as transvestites

• An example of a fictional otokonoko; Bridget of the Guilty Gear series.

See also

• Cogender
• Cross-dressing
• Drag (clothing)
• I Am My Own Wife
• List of transgender-related topics
• Transgender
• Transsexualism
• Travesti (theatre)
• Dual-role transvestism
• Transvestic fetishism

Notes

References

• Ackroyd, Peter. Dressing up, transvestism and drag: the history of an obsession. Simon and Schuster, 1979. ISBN 0671250914
• Mancini, Elena. A Brighter Shade of Pink: Magnus Hirschfeld. ProQuest, 2007. ISBN 0549700552
• Ambrosio, Giovanna. Transvestism, Transsexualism in the Psychoanalytic Dimension. Karnac Books, 2011. ISBN 178049307X
• Gravois, Valory. Cherry Single: A Transvestite Comes of Age (a novel) Alchemist/Light Publishing, 1997 (Available to read free, online), ISBN 0-9600650-5-9

Further reading

• Thanem Torkild, Wallenberg Louise (2016). "Just doing gender? Transvestism and the power of underdoing gender in everyday life and work". Organization. 23 (2): 250–271. doi:10.1177/1350508414547559. 

External links

The dictionary definition of transvestite at Wiktionary

• Transvestism at Britannica Online Encyclopædia

English Journal

• HIV Prevalence Among Central American Migrants in Transit Through Mexico to the USA, 2009-2013.

• Leyva-Flores R1, Infante C2,3, Servan-Mori E1, Quintino-Pérez F4, Silverman-Retana O1.
• Journal of immigrant and minority health.J Immigr Minor Health.2016 Dec;18(6):1482-1488.
• HIV prevalence was estimated among migrants in transit through Mexico. Data were collected on 9108 Central American migrants during a cross-sectional study performed in seven migrant shelters from 2009 to 2013. Considerations focused on their sociodemographic characteristics, sexual and reproductive
• PMID 26359004

• Health, disability and quality of life among trans people in Sweden-a web-based survey.

• Zeluf G1, Dhejne C2,3, Orre C4, Nilunger Mannheimer L5,6, Deogan C7,6, Höijer J8, Ekéus Thorson A7.
• BMC public health.BMC Public Health.2016 Aug 30;16:903. doi: 10.1186/s12889-016-3560-5.
• BACKGROUND: Swedish research concerning the general health of trans people is scarce. Despite the diversity of the group, most Swedish research has focused on gender dysphoric people seeking medical help for their gender incongruence, or on outcomes after medical gender-confirming interventions. Thi
• PMID 27576455

• Awareness and Willingness to Use Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) Among Men Who Have Sex with Men and Transgender Women in Brazil.

• Hoagland B1, De Boni RB2, Moreira RI2, Madruga JV3, Kallas EG4, Goulart SP3, Cerqueira N4, Torres TS2, Luz PM2, Fernandes NM2, Liu AY5, Grinsztejn B2, Veloso VG2; PrEP Brasil Study Team.
• AIDS and behavior.AIDS Behav.2016 Aug 17. [Epub ahead of print]
• Antiretroviral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is recommended to prevent HIV infection among high-risk men who have sex with men (MSM) though not available in Brazil where the HIV epidemic persists unabated in this group. This cross-sectional study describes PrEP awareness and willingness and associ
• PMID 27531461

Japanese Journal

• 日本におけるDraculaの異性装上演

• 吉田 季実子,Yoshida Kimiko
• 言語と文化 (9), 295-308, 2012-01
• NAID 40019280585

• 『お気に召すまま』における女性役を演じる少年俳優と異性装

• 野崎 小百合
• Otsuma review 44, 157-164, 2011-07
• NAID 110008507757

• パロディ化された「悲劇」の主人公 : Tennessee WilliamsのAnd Tell Sad Stories of the Deaths of Queens

• 古木 圭子
• 英米文化 (40), 201-214, 2010-03-31
• … Williams' attempt to depict both a faded Southern belle and a middle-aged transvestite in similar settings itself possibly justifies the often-cited critical view; … In my viewpoint, however, Williams aims to enlarge the possibility of presenting his characters' artistic sensibility and potentiality through his attempt to depict both a female victimized character and a transvestite. …
• NAID 110007621770

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