transfix

Affixes
	Prefix
	Suffix
	Circumfix
	Duplifix
	Infix
	Interfix
	Transfix
	Simulfix
	Suprafix
	Disfix

WordNet

pierce with a sharp stake or point; "impale a shrimp on a skewer" (同)impale, empale, spike

PrepTutorEJDIC

(とがったもので)…‘を'突き通す《+名+with+名》 / 《受動態で》(恐れなどで)…‘を'動けなくする,立ちすくませる《+名+with麥名》

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/06/23 03:42:36」(JST)

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In linguistic morphology, a transfix is a discontinuous affix which is inserted into a word root, as in root-and-pattern systems of morphology, like those of many Semitic languages.

A discontinuous affix is an affix whose phonetic components are not sequential within a word, and instead, are spread out between or around the phones that comprise the root. The word root is often an abstract series of three consonants, though single consonant, biliteral, and quadriliteral roots do exist.^[1] An example of a triconsonantal root would be d–r–b in Arabic, which can be inflected to create forms such as daraba 'to beat' and idribunna 'beat them (feminine)'.^[2] While triconsonantal roots are widely considered to be the most common state, some linguists posit that biliteral roots may in fact be the default, though at least one scholar is skeptical of the legitimacy of these claims.^[3]

Transfixes are placed into these roots in assigned positions, dictated by templates which are tied to the specific meaning of a given inflection or derivation.^[4] The transfixes in the examples above are a–a–a and i–i–unna.

Transfixes are different from prefixes, suffixes, and infixes in that a complete transfix is the entire structure which is placed into a root. A transfix is not a combination of prefixes, suffixes, and infixes, but its own unique structure which is split through a word. Similarly, another difference transfixes hold from other affixes is that the individual components of the transfix are meaningless on their own. If we look again at daraba, the components of the a–a–a transfix do not encode any meaning unilaterally. Only together do they create the infinitive meaning.

The following are examples of verb inflection in Maltese, noun derivation in Arabic, and noun pluralization in Hausa, all three of which are Afro-Asiatic language.

Maltese Indicative Inflections of the root *q–t–l*: Perfect and Imperfect^[5]
	Perfect		Imperfect
Singular
First	qtilt	"I killed"	noqtol	"I kill"
Second	qtilt	"You killed"	toqtol	"You kill"
Third Masc.	qatel	"He killed"	joqtol	"He kills"
Third Fem.	qatlet	"She killed"	toqtol	"She kills"
Plural
First	qtilna	"We killed"	noqtlu	"We kill"
Second	qtiltu	"You killed"	toqtlu	"You kill"
Third	qatlu	"They killed"	joqtlu	“They kill”

The Maltese example efficiently demonstrates the broad nature of transfixes and how they can be inserted into a root.

Arabic Verbal Nouns from the root *k–t–b*^[6]
Arabic Transliteration	Translation
kataba	'preaching, orating'
katb	'matter, affair, concern'
kutub	'matters, affairs, concerns'
kitab	'public address, speech, oration'
kitba	'courtship, engagement'
kitaba	'rhetoric, oratory'
takatub	'conversation, talk, discussion'
mukatib	'conversation partner, interlocutor'

The Arabic example shows the ways in which a great variety of different nouns can be derived from a single root through the use of transfixes.

**Noun Pluralization in Hausa**^[7]
Singular		Plural
zártòò	“saw”	zárààtáá	"saws"
ɡárkèè	"herd"	ɡárààkáá	"herds"
sárkʲíí	"emir"	sàrààkáí	"emirs"
ɡʷúrɡʷùù	"cripple"	ɡʷúrààɡʷúú	"cripples"
ʔárzìkʲíí	"fortune"	ʔárzúkàà	"fortunes"

The Hausa example demonstrates the presence of transfixation in non-Semitic languages, though the phenomenon does not seem to leave the Afro-Asiatic family.

References

^ Bennett, Patrick R. Comparative Semitic Linguistics : a Manual. Winona Lake, Ind.: Eisenbrauns, 1998. 62-64. Print.
^ Hans Wehr, J.M. Cowan, Arabic-English Dictionary (Ithaca: Spoken Language Services, 1976. 538-539. Print.
^ Bennett, Patrick R. Comparative Semitic Linguistics : a Manual. Winona Lake, Ind.: Eisenbrauns, 1998. 62-64. Print.
^ McCarthy, John J. Formal Problems in Semitic Phonology and Morphology. Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University Linguistics Club, 1982. 200-218. Print.
^ Borg, Albert J. Maltese. London ;New York: Routledge, 1997. 244. Print.
^ Wehr, Hans. A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic : (Arabic-English). 4th ed., considerably enlarged and amended by the author. Ithaca, NY: Spoken Language Services, 1994. 285-286. Print.
^ Al-Hassan, Bello. "Transfixation in Hausa: A Hypothetical Analysis." Studies of the Department of African Languages and Cultures. 45. (2011): n. page. Web. 3 Feb. 2014. <http://www.sdalc.uw.edu.pl/index.php?journal=SDALC&page=article&op=download&path%5B%5D=33&path%5B%5D=21>.

English Journal

Use of TransFix™ cerebrospinal fluid storage tubes prevents cellular loss and enhances flow cytometric detection of malignant hematological cells after 18 hours of storage.

de Jongste AH1, Kraan J, van den Broek PD, Brooimans RA, Bromberg JE, van Montfort KA, Smitt PA, Gratama JW.
Cytometry. Part B, Clinical cytometry.Cytometry B Clin Cytom.2014 Jul;86(4):272-9. doi: 10.1002/cyto.b.21097. Epub 2013 May 14.
Flow cytometry is a sensitive method for detection of leptomeningeal localizations of hematological malignancies (LHM) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Rapid processing of CSF is needed, as leukocyte numbers appear to decline quickly after lumbar puncture. The cell-stabilizing agent TransFix™ may enh
PMID 23674509

Outcome of double bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using crosspin and aperture fixation.

Joshi D, Jain V, Goyal A, Bahl V, Modi P, Chaudhary D.
Indian journal of orthopaedics.Indian J Orthop.2014 Jan;48(1):42-8. doi: 10.4103/0019-5413.125493.
BACKGROUND: Double bundle anterior cruciate ligament (DBACL) reconstruction is said to reproduce the native anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) anatomy better than single bundle anterior cruciate ligament, whether it leads to better functional results is debatable. Different fixation methods have been
PMID 24600062

[Flexor and extensor tendon injuries in children (primary and secondary repair)].

Dinh A.
Chirurgie de la main.Chir Main.2013 Sep;32 Suppl 1:S46-51. doi: 10.1016/j.main.2013.03.002. Epub 2013 Apr 9.
Primary or secondary flexor tendon repair after laceration in children do not have any technical specificity in comparison with adults. However, tendon ruptures may occur more frequently in case of light postoperative immobilization, especially in young children as little cooperation can be expected
PMID 23628559

[Clinical research on bilateral arcuate artery suture hemostasis of corpus uteri for postpartum hemorrhage due to uterine inertia during caesarean section].

Li J1, Yu YX, Zheng LY, Yang LN, Sun CY, Chen ZY.
Zhonghua fu chan ke za zhi.Zhonghua Fu Chan Ke Za Zhi.2013 Mar;48(3):165-70.
OBJECTIVES: To investigate the effect of bilateral arcuate artery suture hemostasis of corpus uteri (haemostasia) for postpartum hemorrhage due to uterine inertia during caesarean section, and to explore the change of blood vessels and blood flow of the uterus after surgery.METHODS: From May 2009 to
PMID 23849936

Japanese Journal

TransFix System を用いた解剖学的2重束ACL再建術後の再鏡視評価

中村宇一,三浦修一,倉一彦,藤澤義之
JOSKAS 35(1), 108-109, 2010-03-25
NAID 10027615841

TransFix system を用いた前十字靭帯再建術の治療経験(1重束再建術と EndoButton System を併用した解剖学的2重束再建術の検討)

三浦修一,中村宇一,仲川豪一,倉知彦,藤澤義之
関節鏡 34(2), 225-229, 2009-05-10
NAID 10025140659

TransFix system を用いた前十字靭帯再建術の治療経験 : 1重束再建術と EndoButton System を併用した解剖学的2重束再建術の検討

三浦修一,中村宇一,藤澤義之
関節鏡 33(3), 17, 2008-10-25
NAID 10024431908

TransFix および EndoButton System を用いた解剖学的二重束前十字靭帯再建術の治療経験

三浦修一,仲川豪一,中村宇一,藤澤義之
関節鏡 33(2), 231-235, 2008-04-25
NAID 10024127812

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[1] Bennett, Patrick R. Comparative Semitic Linguistics : a Manual. Winona Lake, Ind.: Eisenbrauns, 1998. 62-64. Print.

[2] Hans Wehr, J.M. Cowan, Arabic-English Dictionary (Ithaca: Spoken Language Services, 1976. 538-539. Print.

[3] Bennett, Patrick R. Comparative Semitic Linguistics : a Manual. Winona Lake, Ind.: Eisenbrauns, 1998. 62-64. Print.

[4] McCarthy, John J. Formal Problems in Semitic Phonology and Morphology. Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University Linguistics Club, 1982. 200-218. Print.

[5] Borg, Albert J. Maltese. London ;New York: Routledge, 1997. 244. Print.

[6] Wehr, Hans. A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic : (Arabic-English). 4th ed., considerably enlarged and amended by the author. Ithaca, NY: Spoken Language Services, 1994. 285-286. Print.

[7] Al-Hassan, Bello. "Transfixation in Hausa: A Hypothetical Analysis." Studies of the Department of African Languages and Cultures. 45. (2011): n. page. Web. 3 Feb. 2014. <http://www.sdalc.uw.edu.pl/index.php?journal=SDALC&page=article&op=download&path%5B%5D=33&path%5B%5D=21>.

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