torpid

遅鈍性の

PrepTutorEJDIC

(体の機能などが)鈍い,のろい,不活発な / 鈍感な / 冬眠状態の,冬眠中の
麻痺(無感覚)状態;無気力

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/05/24 13:33:54」(JST)

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Torpor is a state of decreased physiological activity in an animal, usually by a reduced body temperature and metabolic rate. Torpor enables animals to survive periods of reduced food availability. A torpor bout can refer to the period of time a hibernator spends at low body temperature, lasting days to weeks, or it can refer to a period of low body temperature and metabolism lasting less than 24 hours, as in "daily torpor".

Animals that undergo daily torpor include birds (even tiny hummingbirds, notably Cypselomorphae)^[1]^[2] and some mammals, including many marsupial species,^[3] rodent species (such as mice), and bats.^[4] During the active part of their day, such animals maintain normal body temperature and activity levels, but their metabolic rate and body temperature drops during a portion of the day (usually night) to conserve energy. Torpor is often used to help animals survive during periods of colder temperatures, as it allows them to save the energy that would normally be used to maintain a high body temperature.

Some animals seasonally go into long periods of inactivity, with reduced body temperature and metabolism, made up of multiple bouts of torpor. This is known as hibernation if it occurs during winter or aestivation if it occurs during the summer. Daily torpor, on the other hand, is not seasonally dependent and can be an important part of energy conservation at any time of year.

Torpor is a well controlled thermoregulatory process and not, as previously thought, the result of switching off thermoregulation.^[5] Marsupial torpor differs from non-marsupial mammalian (Eutherial) torpor in the characteristics of arousal. Eutherial arousal relies on a heat-producing brown adipose tissue as a mechanism to accelerate rewarming. The mechanism of marsupial arousal is unknown, but appears not to rely on brown adipose tissue.^[6]

NASA Deep Sleep Option for Mars

In October 2014 NASA announced they would research a way to dramatically cut the cost of a human expedition to Mars by putting the crew in extended torpor for 90 to 180 days. Traveling while hibernating would reduce astronauts’ metabolic functions and minimize requirements for life support during multi-year missions.^[7]

Notes

^ Hainsworth, F.R.; Wolf, L.L. (1970). "Regulation of oxygen consumption and body temperature during torpor in a hummingbird, Eulampis jugularis". Science 168 (3929): 368–369. doi:10.1126/science.168.3929.368. PMID 5435893.
^ "Hummingbirds". Migratory Bird Center, Smithsonian National Zoological Park. Archived from the original on 2008-02-14.
^ Geiser, Fritz (1994). "Hibernation and Daily Torpor in Marsupials – a Review". Australian Journal of Zoology 42 (1): 1–16. doi:10.1071/zo9940001.
^ Bartels, W.; Law, B.S.; Geiser, F. (1998). "Daily torpor and energetics in a tropical mammal, the northern blossom-bat Macroglossus minimus (Megachiroptera)". Journal of Comp. Physiol. B 168 (3): 233–239. doi:10.1007/s003600050141. PMID 9591364.
^ Geiser, Fritz (2004). "Metabolic Rate and Body Temperature Reduction During Hibernation and Daily Torpor". Annu. Rev. Physiol. (66): 239–274. doi:10.1146/annurev.physiol.66.032102.115105.
^ Dawson, T.J., et al. (eds.); Fauna of Australia Vol. 1b – Mammalia; 17. Morphology and Physiology of the Metatheria; pp. 102, p. 30
^ http://news.discovery.com/space/nasa-eyes-crew-deep-sleep-option-for-mission-to-mars-141003.htm NASA Eyes Crew Deep Sleep Option for Mars Mission

English Journal

Comparative Toxicity of Tapentadol and Tramadol Utilizing Data Reported to the National Poison Data System.

Tsutaoka BT1, Ho RY2, Fung SM3, Kearney TE2.
The Annals of pharmacotherapy.Ann Pharmacother.2015 Dec;49(12):1311-6. doi: 10.1177/1060028015604631. Epub 2015 Sep 14.
BACKGROUND: Tapentadol (TAP) and tramadol (TRA) provide pain relief through similar monoaminergic and opioid agonist properties.OBJECTIVE: To compare clinical effects and medical outcomes between TAP and TRA exposures reported to the National Poison Data System of the American Association of Poison
PMID 26369569

Spontaneous rapid resolution of acute subdural hematoma in children.

Öğrenci A1, Ekşi MŞ2, Koban O3, Karakuş M1.
Child's nervous system : ChNS : official journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery.Childs Nerv Syst.2015 Dec;31(12):2239-43. doi: 10.1007/s00381-015-2910-4. Epub 2015 Sep 21.
BACKGROUND: Spontaneous rapid resolution of acute subdural hematoma developing secondary to trauma has been reported in the literature, yet it is very rare in pediatric population. The aim of the present review is to analyze mechanisms, characteristics, and outcomes of pediatric acute subdural hemat
PMID 26391785

Primary cerebral histiocytic sarcoma in childhood: a case report of protracted survival and review of the literature.

Foster M1, Kamaly-Asl I2,3, Stivaros S2,4, Kelsey A5, Gattamenini R6, Kilday JP7,8.
Child's nervous system : ChNS : official journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery.Childs Nerv Syst.2015 Dec;31(12):2363-8. doi: 10.1007/s00381-015-2815-2. Epub 2015 Jul 15.
INTRODUCTION: Histiocytic sarcoma (HS) of the central nervous system (CNS) is exceptionally rare in pediatric patients, historically associated with an exceptionally poor prognosis. Here, the authors present a novel case of protracted progression-free survival following surgical excision, radiothera
PMID 26174618

Japanese Journal

Response of Gut Microbiota to Fasting and Hibernation in Syrian Hamsters

Sonoyama Kei,Fujiwara Reiko,Takemura Naoki,Ogasawara Toru,Watanabe Jun,Ito Hiroyuki,Morita Tatsuya
Applied and Environmental Microbiology 75(20), 6451-6456, 2009-10
… The present study aimed to compare the gut microbiota in hibernating torpid Syrian hamsters with that in active counterparts by using culture-independent analyses. … Hamsters were allocated to either torpid, fed active, or fasted active groups. …
NAID 120002045458

ジャンガリアンハムスター(Phodopus sungorus) の体温リズムと歩行活動リズムにおける日内休眠と関連した概日およびウルトラジアン成分の分離発現

鶴見東志子,益田敦子,大石正
研究紀要 16, 11-21, 2009-03-31
ジャンガリアンハムスターは, 冬季において日中体温を約10-20℃減少させる日内休眠を示す.今回, 休眠と非休眠の状態において体温および歩行活動の概日およびウルトラジアンリズムの特徴を明らかにすることを試みた.実験の前に, 雄の成体ハムスターを長日・高温(LP-HT)においた, その後, 動物を短日・低温(SP-LT)に移し, 約6ヶ月の間, この条件のもとにおいた.実験中, 体重と摂食量をモニタ …
NAID 110007089541

Body temperature profiles of the Korean field mouse Apodemus peninsulae during winter aggregation

Masaki Mika,Koshimoto Chihiro,Tsuchiya Kimiyuki [他],NISHIWAKI Aya,MORITA Tetsuo
Mammal study = The Continuation of the Journal of the Mammalogical Society of Japan 30(1), 33-40, 2005-06-01
… When the animals' body temperature was below 30°C, it was assumed that they were torpid according to the bimodal pattern of minimum daily Tb. … Cohabitation tended to synchronize Tb fluctuations irrespective of the state of the animals, torpid or not. …
NAID 10016577514

Related Pictures

[Hainsworth.281970.29a-1] Hainsworth, F.R.; Wolf, L.L. (1970). "Regulation of oxygen consumption and body temperature during torpor in a hummingbird, Eulampis jugularis". Science 168 (3929): 368–369. doi:10.1126/science.168.3929.368. PMID 5435893.

[2] "Hummingbirds". Migratory Bird Center, Smithsonian National Zoological Park. Archived from the original on 2008-02-14.

[Geiser.281994.29a-3] Geiser, Fritz (1994). "Hibernation and Daily Torpor in Marsupials – a Review". Australian Journal of Zoology 42 (1): 1–16. doi:10.1071/zo9940001.

[Bartels.281998.29a-4] Bartels, W.; Law, B.S.; Geiser, F. (1998). "Daily torpor and energetics in a tropical mammal, the northern blossom-bat Macroglossus minimus (Megachiroptera)". Journal of Comp. Physiol. B 168 (3): 233–239. doi:10.1007/s003600050141. PMID 9591364.

[Geiser.282004.29a-5] Geiser, Fritz (2004). "Metabolic Rate and Body Temperature Reduction During Hibernation and Daily Torpor". Annu. Rev. Physiol. (66): 239–274. doi:10.1146/annurev.physiol.66.032102.115105.

[6] Dawson, T.J., et al. (eds.); Fauna of Australia Vol. 1b – Mammalia; 17. Morphology and Physiology of the Metatheria; pp. 102, p. 30

[7] ttp://news.discovery.com/space/nasa-eyes-crew-deep-sleep-option-for-mission-to-mars-141003.htm NASA Eyes Crew Deep Sleep Option for Mars Mission

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