WordNet

a yellow quartz (同)false topaz, common topaz
a mineral (fluosilicate of aluminum) that occurs in crystals of various colors and is used as a gemstone
strike (the top part of a ball in golf, baseball, or pool) giving it a forward spin
the first half of an inning; while the visiting team is at bat; "a relief pitcher took over in the top of the fifth" (同)top of the inning
covering for a hole (especially a hole in the top of a container); "he removed the top of the carton"; "he couldnt get the top off of the bottle"; "put the cover back on the kettle" (同)cover
a conical childs plaything tapering to a steel point on which it can be made to spin; "he got a bright red top and string for his birthday" (同)whirligig, teetotum, spinning top
a garment (especially for women) that extends from the shoulders to the waist or hips; "he stared as she buttoned her top"
platform surrounding the head of a lower mast
the greatest possible intensity; "he screamed at the top of his lungs"
the highest or uppermost side of anything; "put your books on top of the desk"; "only the top side of the box was painted" (同)top side, upper side, upside
the upper part of anything; "the mower cuts off the tops of the grass"; "the title should be written at the top of the first page"
cut the top off; "top trees and bushes" (同)pinch
finish up or conclude; "They topped off their dinner with a cognac"; "top the evening with champagne" (同)top_off
provide with a top or finish the top (of a structure); "the towers were topped with conical roofs" (同)top_out
be at the top of or constitute the top or highest point; "A star tops the Christmas Tree"
reach or ascend the top of; "The hikers topped the mountain just before noon"
situated at the top or highest position; "the top shelf"

PrepTutorEJDIC

黄玉(おうぎょく);〈C〉(宝石の)トパーズ
〈C〉《the ~》(…の)『いちばん上の部分』,最先端,頂上 / 〈C〉《the ~》(…の)『最上面』,表面《+of+名》 / 《the ~》(…の)『最高位』,『首位』;上座《+of+名》 / 《the ~》(…の)『最高の程度』,頂点《+of+名》 / 〈C〉《the ~》(びんなどの)ふた,栓;(車の)屋根[カバー],ほろ《+of+名》 / 〈C〉《複数形で》(根菜の)葉の部分《+of+名》 / 〈C〉(上下の服の)上 / 《通例名詞の前にのみ用いて》 / 『最も高い』,いちばんの / 『最上位の』,第一位(一級)の / 最高程度の / …‘に'『おおい(ふた)を付ける』 / …の頂上にある,頂上をおおう / …‘の'頂上に達する,‘を'登りきる / …‘を'しのぐ,‘に'まさる / 〈野菜・果実など〉‘の'葉の部分を切る(刈り力む) / (ゴルフで)〈球〉‘の'上をたたく
こま

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/01/23 13:51:03」(JST)

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[Wiki en表示]

This article is about the mineral or gemstone. For other uses, see Topaz (disambiguation).

Topaz is a silicate mineral of aluminium and fluorine with the chemical formula Al₂SiO₄(F,OH)₂. Topaz crystallizes in the orthorhombic system, and its crystals are mostly prismatic terminated by pyramidal and other faces.

Color and varieties

Facet Cut Topaz Gemstones in various colors

Pure topaz is colorless and transparent but is usually tinted by impurities; typical topaz is wine, yellow, pale gray, reddish-orange, or blue brown. It can also be made white, pale green, blue, gold, pink (rare), reddish-yellow or opaque to transparent/translucent.

Orange topaz, also known as precious topaz, is the traditional November birthstone, the symbol of friendship, and the state gemstone of the US state of Utah.^[5]

Imperial topaz is yellow, pink (rare, if natural) or pink-orange. Brazilian Imperial Topaz can often have a bright yellow to deep golden brown hue, sometimes even violet. Many brown or pale topazes are treated to make them bright yellow, gold, pink or violet colored. Some imperial topaz stones can fade on exposure to sunlight for an extended period of time.^[6]^[7]

Blue topaz is the state gemstone of the US state of Texas.^[8] Naturally occurring blue topaz is quite rare. Typically, colorless, gray or pale yellow and blue material is heat treated and irradiated to produce a more desired darker blue.^[7]

Mystic topaz is colorless topaz which has been artificially coated giving it the desired rainbow effect.^[9]

Localities and occurrence

Topaz Mountain, Utah

Topaz is commonly associated with silicic igneous rocks of the granite and rhyolite type. It typically crystallizes in granitic pegmatites or in vapor cavities in rhyolite lava flows like those at Topaz Mountain in western Utah. It can be found with fluorite and cassiterite in various areas including the Ural and Ilmen mountains of Russia, in Afghanistan, Sri Lanka, Czech Republic, Germany, Norway, Pakistan, Italy, Sweden, Japan, Brazil, Mexico; Flinders Island, Australia; Nigeria and the United States.

Some clear topaz crystals from Brazilian pegmatites can reach boulder size and weigh hundreds of pounds. Crystals of this size may be seen in museum collections. The Topaz of Aurangzeb, observed by Jean Baptiste Tavernier measured 157.75 carats.^[10] The American Golden Topaz, a more recent gem, measured a massive 22,892.5 carats.

Colorless and light-blue varieties of topaz are found in Precambrian granite in Mason County, Texas^[11] within the Llano Uplift. There is no commercial mining of topaz in that area.^[12]

Etymology and historical and mythical usage

Etymology

Colorless topaz, Minas Gerais, Brazil

The name "topaz" is derived (via Old French: Topace and Latin: Topazus) from the Greek Τοπάζιος (Τοpáziοs) or Τοπάζιον (Τοpáziοn),^[13] the ancient name of St. John's Island in the Red Sea which was difficult to find and from which a yellow stone (now believed to be chrysolite: yellowish olivine) was mined in ancient times; topaz itself (rather than topazios) was not really known about before the classical era. Pliny says that Topazos is a legendary island in the Red Sea and the mineral "topaz" was first mined there.

The word topaz is related to the Sanskrit word तपस्"tapas" meaning "heat" or "fire",^[13] and also to the Hebrew word for "orange" (the fruit): tapooz (תפוז), both of which predate the Greek word.

History

Nicols, the author of one of the first systematic treatises on minerals and gemstones, dedicated two chapters to the topic in 1652.^[14] In the Middle Ages, the name topaz was used to refer to any yellow gemstone, but in modern times it denotes only the silicate described above.

Biblical background, etymology, and analysis

Many modern English translations of the Bible, including the King James Version mention topaz in Exodus 28:17 in reference to a stone in the Hoshen: "And thou shalt set in it settings of stones, even four rows of stones: the first row shall be a sardius, a topaz, and a carbuncle (garnet): this shall be the first row."

However, because these translations as topaz all derive from the Septuagint translation topazi[os], which as mentioned above referred to a yellow stone that was not topaz, but probably chrysolite (chrysoberyl or peridot), it should be borne in mind that topaz is likely not meant here.^[15] The masoretic text (the Hebrew on which most modern Protestant Bible translations of the Old Testament are based) has pitdah as the gem the stone is made from; some scholars think it is related to an Assyrian word meaning "flashed".^{[citation needed]} More likely, pitdah is derived from Sanskrit words (पीत pit = yellow, दह् dah = burn), meaning "yellow burn" or, metaphorically, "fiery".

References

^ Hurlbut, Cornelius S.; Klein, Cornelis, 1985, Manual of Mineralogy, 20th ed., ISBN 0-471-80580-7
^ Anthony, John W.; Bideaux, Richard A.; Bladh, Kenneth W. and Nichols, Monte C., ed. (1995). "Topaz" (PDF). Handbook of Mineralogy. II (Silica, Silicates). Chantilly, VA, US: Mineralogical Society of America. ISBN 0-9622097-1-6. http://rruff.geo.arizona.edu/doclib/hom/topaz.pdf. Retrieved December 5, 2011.
^ Topaz. Mindat.org. Retrieved on 2011-10-29.
^ Topaz. Webmineral.com. Retrieved on 2011-10-29.
^ Utah State Gem – Topaz. Pioneer.utah.gov (2010-06-16). Retrieved on 2011-10-29.
^ Imperial Topaz, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County
^ ^a ^b Gemstones & Gemology – Topaz, Emporia State University
^ State Gem – Texas Blue Topaz. State Gemstone Cut – Lone Star Cut. state.tx.us
^ Mystic Topaz, Consumer Information. Farlang.com (2008-10-30). Retrieved on 2011-10-29.
^ Famous and Notheworthy Topazes Rao Bahadur, A Handbook of Precious Stones, Geological Survey of India
^ Handbook of Texas Online – Mineral Resources and Mining. Tshaonline.org. Retrieved on 2011-10-29.
^ Mason, Texas Chamber of Commerce Web site
^ ^a ^b Harper, Douglas. "topaz". Online Etymology Dictionary. http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=topaz.
^ A Lapidary or History of Gemstones, University of Cambridge, 1652.
^ See for extensive discussion Oliver Farrington, Gems and Gem Minerals, Chicago, 1903, p. 119. Farrington was curator of Natural History Museum in Chicago.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Topaz

Pink Topaz, Biblical Topaz References Farlang – gem information and full text historical references
Topaz and other minerals found at Topaz Mountain, Juab County, Utah Geological Survey

English Journal

International importance of robust breast device registries.

Cooter RD1, Barker S, Carroll SM, Evans GR, von Fritschen U, Hoflehner H, Le Louarn C, Lumenta DB, Mathijssen IM, McNeil J, Mulgrew S, Mureau MA, Perks G, Rakhorst H, Randquist C, Topaz M, Verheyden C, de Waal J.
Plastic and reconstructive surgery.Plast Reconstr Surg.2015 Feb;135(2):330-6. doi: 10.1097/PRS.0000000000000885.
BACKGROUND: Breast implants are high-risk devices that have been at the epicenter of much debate and controversy. In light of the Poly Implant Prothèse crisis, data registries among 11 national societies around the world are cooperatively calling for the urgent need to establish robust national cli
PMID 25626781

Successful Electronic Implementation of Discharge Referral Decision Support Has a Positive Impact on 30- and 60-day Readmissions.

Bowles KH1, Chittams J, Heil E, Topaz M, Rickard K, Bhasker M, Tanzer M, Behta M, Hanlon AL.
Research in nursing & health.Res Nurs Health.2015 Jan 25. doi: 10.1002/nur.21643. [Epub ahead of print]
In a quasi-experimental study, decision support software was installed in three hospitals to study the ability to scale (spread) its use from one hospital on paper to three hospitals as software, and to examine the effect on 30- and 60-day readmissions. The Discharge Decision Support System (D2S2) s
PMID 25620675

Incidence of Late-onset Ocular Hypertension following Uncomplicated Pars Plana Vitrectomy in Pseudophakic Eyes.

Toyokawa N1, Kimura H2, Matsumura M2, Kuroda S2.
American journal of ophthalmology.Am J Ophthalmol.2015 Jan 15. pii: S0002-9394(15)00014-8. doi: 10.1016/j.ajo.2015.01.010. [Epub ahead of print]
PURPOSE: To determine the incidence of late-onset ocular hypertension following uncomplicated vitrectomy in pseudophakic eyes with an open angle.DESIGN: A retrospective observational case series. MethodsSeven hundred and sixty-seven eyes of 767 patients that underwent vitrectomy combined with catara
PMID 25597837

Characterization of Fam20C expression in odontogenesis and osteogenesis using transgenic mice.

Du EX1, Wang XF2, Yang WC1, Kaback D3, Yee SP3, Qin CL2, George A4, Hao JJ1.
International journal of oral science.Int J Oral Sci.2014 Dec 24. doi: 10.1038/ijos.2014.67. [Epub ahead of print]
Our previous studies have demonstrated that Fam20C promotes differentiation and mineralization of odontoblasts, ameloblasts, osteoblasts and osteocytes during tooth and bone development. Ablation of the Fam20C gene inhibits bone and tooth growth by increasing fibroblast growth factor 23 in serum and
PMID 25537657

Japanese Journal

Secondary phosphates in montebrasite and amblygonite from Nagatare, Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan

,
Journal of Mineralogical and Petrological Sciences 109(2), 103-108, 2014
… They are associated with lacroixite, quartz, and topaz. …
NAID 130004462474

誕生石の鉱物科学 : 11月トパズ

奥山康子
GSJ地質ニュース = GSJ chishitsu news 1(11), 347-348,323, 2012-11
NAID 40019535180

群馬県片品村赤澤鉱山からトパーズ含有鉱石の発見

吉川和男,真崎将太,小林まさ代
群馬大学教育学部紀要. 自然科学編 60(-), 15-25, 2012
… The topaz-bearing ores were found from the Akazawa mine,Katashina,Gunma Prefecture,Japan. … Thisis the first finding of topaz from the mines in Gunma Prefecture. …
NAID 40019249948

ニコラス・ヒリヤードの『リムニング技術論』 : その宝石論の近代性

下村道子
人間文化創成科学論叢 14(-), 87-95, 2011
… amethyst for murrey (colour of mulberry), ruby for red, sapphire for blue, emerald for green, topaz for yellow, and diamond for white and black. …
NAID 40019254276

Related Pictures

Likewise the Mystic Topaz is a colorless The most valuable Topaz color is called Cushion – Precious Topaz – 4.94 ct December Birthstone: Blue Topaz topaz azotic topaz gemological properties Topaz topaz sometimes called sherry topaz and Coloured Topaz | kalajee

★リンクテーブル★

「top」

Topaz
	; A group of topaz crystals on matrix
General
Category	Silicate mineral
Formula; (repeating unit)	Al2SiO4(F,OH)2
Strunz classification	9.AF.35
Crystal symmetry	Orthorhombic dipyramidal; H-M symbol: (2/m 2/m 2/m); Space group: Pbnm
Unit cell	a = 4.65 Å, b = 8.8 Å,; c = 8.4 Å; Z = 4
Identification
Color	Colorless (if no impurities), blue, brown, orange, gray, yellow, green, pink and reddish pink
Crystal habit	Prismatic crystals with faces striated parallel to long dimension; also columnar, compact, massive
Crystal system	Orthorhombic
Cleavage	[001] Perfect
Fracture	Subconchoidal to uneven
Mohs scale hardness	8 (defining mineral)
Luster	Vitreous
Streak	White
Diaphaneity	Transparent
Specific gravity	3.49–3.57
Optical properties	Biaxial (+)
Refractive index	nα = 1.606–1.629; nβ = 1.609–1.631; nγ = 1.616–1.638
Birefringence	δ = 0.010
Pleochroism	Weak in thick sections X = yellow; Y = yellow, violet, reddish; Z = violet, bluish, yellow, pink
Other characteristics	Fluorescent, short UV=golden yellow, long UV=cream
References

　　[★] 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　

[1] Hurlbut, Cornelius S.; Klein, Cornelis, 1985, Manual of Mineralogy, 20th ed., ISBN 0-471-80580-7

[Handbook-2] Anthony, John W.; Bideaux, Richard A.; Bladh, Kenneth W. and Nichols, Monte C., ed. (1995). "Topaz" (PDF). Handbook of Mineralogy. II (Silica, Silicates). Chantilly, VA, US: Mineralogical Society of America. ISBN 0-9622097-1-6. http://rruff.geo.arizona.edu/doclib/hom/topaz.pdf. Retrieved December 5, 2011.

[Mindat-3] Topaz. Mindat.org. Retrieved on 2011-10-29.

[Webmineral-4] Topaz. Webmineral.com. Retrieved on 2011-10-29.

[5] Utah State Gem – Topaz. Pioneer.utah.gov (2010-06-16). Retrieved on 2011-10-29.

[6] Imperial Topaz, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County

[Emporia-7] Gemstones & Gemology – Topaz, Emporia State University

[8] State Gem – Texas Blue Topaz. State Gemstone Cut – Lone Star Cut. state.tx.us

[9] Mystic Topaz, Consumer Information. Farlang.com (2008-10-30). Retrieved on 2011-10-29.

[10] Famous and Notheworthy Topazes Rao Bahadur, A Handbook of Precious Stones, Geological Survey of India

[11] Handbook of Texas Online – Mineral Resources and Mining. Tshaonline.org. Retrieved on 2011-10-29.

[12] Mason, Texas Chamber of Commerce Web site

[etymonline.com-13] Harper, Douglas. "topaz". Online Etymology Dictionary. http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=topaz.

[14] A Lapidary or History of Gemstones, University of Cambridge, 1652.

[15] See for extensive discussion Oliver Farrington, Gems and Gem Minerals, Chicago, 1903, p. 119. Farrington was curator of Natural History Museum in Chicago.

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topaz