関: tonsil cancer、tonsillar carcinoma、tonsillar neoplasm

WordNet

type genus of the family Cancridae (同)genus Cancer
the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 (同)Cancer the Crab, Crab
(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer (同)Crab
a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream (同)malignant neoplastic disease

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〈U〉〈C〉『がん』 / 〈U〉〈C〉害悪 / 《Cancer》(星座の)カニ座

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2017/03/24 21:50:52」(JST)

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Oropharyngeal cancer is a disease in which malignant cells form in the tissue of oropharynx. The oropharynx is the middle part of the throat that includes the base of the tongue, the tonsils, the soft palate, and the walls of the pharynx.^[1] Oropharyngeal cancers can be divided into two types, HPV-positive, which are related to human papillomavirus infection, and HPV-negative cancers, which are usually linked to alcohol or tobacco use.^[2]

1 Signs and symptoms
2 Risk factors
3 Conditions associated with malignant transformation
4 Prognosis
5 Spread
6 Stages
- 6.1 Stage 0 carcinoma in situ
- 6.2 Stage 1
- 6.3 Stage 2
- 6.4 Stage 3
- 6.5 Stage 4A
- 6.6 Stage 4B
- 6.7 Stage 4C
7 Oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas
8 Society and culture
9 See also
10 References

Signs and symptoms

The possible signs of oropharyngeal cancer are:^[1]^[3]

A sore throat that persists
Pain or difficulty with swallowing
Unexplained weight loss
Voice changes
Ear pain
A lump in the back of the throat or mouth
A lump in the neck
A dull pain behind the sternum
Cough

Risk factors

The risk factors that can increase the risk of developing oropharyngeal cancer are:^[3]

Smoking and chewing tobacco
Heavy alcohol use
A diet low in fruits and vegetables
Chewing betel quid, a stimulant commonly used in parts of Asia
Mucosal infection with human papilloma virus (HPV) (HPV-mediated oropharyngeal cancer)^[4]
HPV infection
Plummer-Vinson syndrome
Poor nutrition
Asbestos exposure
P53 mutation
CDKN2A (p16) mutations^[5]

Conditions associated with malignant transformation

High-risk lesions:

Erythroplakia
Speckled erythroplakia
Chronic hyperplastic candidiasis

Medium-risk lesions:

Oral submucosal fibrosis
Syphilitic glossitis
Sideropenic dysphagia (or Paterson-Kelly-Brown syndrome)

Low-risk lesions:

Oral lichen planus
Discoid lupus erythematosus
Discoid keratosis congenita

Prognosis

Patients with HPV-mediated oropharyngeal cancer tend to have higher survival rates.^[2] The prognosis for people with oropharyngeal cancer depends on the age and health of the person and the stage of the disease. It is important for people with oropharyngeal cancer to have follow-up exams for the rest of their lives, as cancer can occur in nearby areas. In addition, it is important to eliminate risk factors such as smoking and drinking alcohol, which increase the risk for second cancers.^[1]

Spread

The cancer can spread three ways:^[3]

Cancer invades the surrounding normal tissues.
Cancer invades the lymph system and travels through the lymph vessels to other places in the body.
Cancer invades the veins and capillaries and travels through the blood to other places in the body.

Stages

^[3]

Stage 0 carcinoma in situ

Abnormal cells are found in the lining of the oropharynx. These may become cancer and spread into nearby normal tissue.

Stage 1

Cancer has formed and is 20 mm or smaller and has not spread outside the oropharynx.

Stage 2

Cancer has formed and is larger than 20 mm, but not larger than 40 mm. Also, it has not yet spread outside the oropharynx.

Stage 3

Cancer is larger than 40 mm and has not spread outside the oropharynx.
Any size and has spread to only one lymph node on the same side of the neck as the cancer. The lymph node with cancer is 30 mm or smaller.

Stage 4A

Cancer has spread to tissues near the oropharynx, including the larynx (voice box), roof of the mouth, lower jaw, muscle of the tongue, or central muscles of the jaw, and may have spread to one or more nearby lymph nodes; none is larger than 60 mm.
Cancer is any size and has spread to one lymph node that is larger than 30 mm, but not larger than 60 mm on the same side of the neck as the cancer or to more than one lymph node, none larger than 60 mm, on one of both sides of the neck.

Stage 4B

Cancer surrounds the main artery in the neck or has spread to bones in the jaw or skull, to muscle in the side of the jaw, or to the upper part of the throat behind the nose, and may have spread to nearby lymph nodes.
Cancer has spread to a lymph node that is larger than 60 mm and may have spread to tissues around the oropharynx.

Stage 4C

Cancer has spread to other parts of the body; the tumor may be any size and may have spread to lymph nodes.

Glossary

Oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas

Oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas is a type of head and neck cancer that begins in the oropharynx, the middle part of the throat that includes the soft palate, the base of the tongue, the tonsils, and the side and back wall of the throat.^[6] Squamous cell cancers of the tonsils are more strongly associated with human papillomavirus infection than are cancers of other regions of the head and neck.

Society and culture

In 2010, American actor Michael Douglas reported to have oropharyngeal cancer.^[7]
In 2014, Japanese musician and composer Ryuichi Sakamoto released a statement indicating that he had been diagnosed with oropharyngeal cancer in late June of the same year.^[8]
In 2014, American musician and lead guitar player of Green Day, Jason White, was diagnosed with oropharyngeal cancer on December 3.^[9]^[10]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c "Oropharyngeal Cancer Overview". Cleveland Clinic. 2007-09-07. Retrieved 2011-04-18.
^ ^a ^b Christian Nordqvist (October 4, 2011). "HPV Linked Oropharyngeal Cancer Rates Rise Dramatically". Medical News Today.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Oropharyngeal Cancer Treatment (PDQ®)". National Cancer Institute. Retrieved 2011-04-18.
^ Isayeva, T; Li, Y; Maswahu, D; Brandwein-Gensler, M (2012). "Human papillomavirus in non-oropharyngeal head and neck cancers: A systematic literature review". Head and Neck Pathology. 6 Suppl 1: S104–20. doi:10.1007/s12105-012-0368-1. PMC 3394168. PMID 22782230.
^ Helgadottir H, Höiom V, Jönsson G, Tuominen R, Ingvar C, Borg A, Olsson H, Hansson J (August 2014). "High risk of tobacco-related cancers in CDKN2A mutation-positive melanoma families". J Med Genet. 51 (8): 545–52. doi:10.1136/jmedgenet-2014-102320. PMID 24935963.
^ What Are Oral Cavity and Oropharyngeal Cancers?
^ DeNoon, Daniel J. (September 1, 2010). "Michael Douglas and Throat Cancer FAQ". WebMD Health News. WebMD. Retrieved 2011-04-18.
^ Sakamoto, Ryuichi (July 10, 2014). "Announcement from commons". WebMD Health News. Retrieved 2014-08-06.
^ "The Big Cats — Timeline Photos". www.facebook.com. The Big Cats. 3 December 2014. Retrieved 6 December 2014.
^ White, Janna. "Jason White has been diagnosed with cancer". www.greendayauthority.com. Green Day Authority. Retrieved 6 December 2014.

UpToDate Contents

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1. 早期（ステージIおよびII）の頭頸部癌の治療：中咽頭 treatment of early stage i and ii head and neck cancer the oropharynx
2. 原発不明の頭頸部扁平上皮癌 head and neck squamous cell carcinoma of unknown primary
3. 頭頸部癌に対する治療の概要 overview of treatment for head and neck cancer
4. 頭頸部扁平上皮癌における、化学放射線療法併用または非併用下での根治的放射線療法後の頸部のマネージメント management of the neck following definitive radiotherapy with or without chemoradiotherapy in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma
5. 成人における扁桃摘出：適応 tonsillectomy in adults indications

English Journal

Time trends in the prevalence of HPV in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas in northern Spain (1990-2009).

Rodrigo JP, Heideman DA, García-Pedrero JM, Fresno MF, Brakenhoff RH, Molina JP, Snijders PJ, Hermsen MA.SourceDept Otolaryngology, IUOPA, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain.
International journal of cancer. Journal international du cancer.Int J Cancer.2013 Jul 3. doi: 10.1002/ijc.28355. [Epub ahead of print]
Recent studies support an important role for human papillomavirus (HPV) in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas (OPSCC), although the incidence varies widely depending on the geographic location and time period studied. The aim of this study was to determine the proportion of HPV in a large cohort
PMID 23824638

Rare axillary metastasis from squamous cell carcinoma of the tonsil.

Cheng CY, Su TF, Lin YH, Ho CL, Huang WS.SourceFrom the *Department of Nuclear Medicine; †Department of Pathology, ‡Department of Otorhinolaryngology; §Department of Medical Oncology, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei; and ¶Department of Nuclear Medicine, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan.
Clinical nuclear medicine.Clin Nucl Med.2013 Jul;38(7):e304-5. doi: 10.1097/RLU.0b013e318270833b.
Tonsillar squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is rarely involved in axillary lymph nodes. We describe herein a rare case of tonsillar SCC involved in axillary lymph nodes. A 55-year-old man with a history of a wide excision of the left tonsil and concurrent chemoradiotherpy for the tonsillar SCC 1year ago
PMID 23478853

Japanese Journal

Multifocal human papillomavirus detection in palatine and pharyngeal tonsils

Murono Shigeyuki,Yoshida Hiroshi,Kobayashi Tetsuro,Kawase Tomotaka,Kikuchi Daisuke,Suzuki Toshihiko,Nakanishi Yosuke,Endo Kazuhira,Kimura Hiroaki,Wakisaka Naohiro,Yoshizaki Tomokazu
Acta Oto-Laryngologica 138(5), 483-486, 2018-05-04
… 金沢大学医薬保健研究域医学系Background: Multifocal human papillomavirus (HPV) infection into the palatine and pharyngeal tonsils, which might be linked to a second primary tumor of HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancer (OPC), was investigated. … Results: HPV DNA was detected in the palatine tonsil or the pharyngeal tonsil in a small subset of upper respiratory tract cancer other than OPC (URTC) and non-cancer diseases. …
NAID 120006464080

音声機能の温存が求められた進行頸部食道癌症例に対する治療経験

益田宗幸,本郷貴大,池辺正彦,福島淳一,力丸文秀,藤賢史,森田勝,檜垣雄一郎,藤也寸志
日本気管食道科学会会報 69(6), 364-369, 2018
進行した高位頸部食道癌症例に対して喉頭温存手術を行う場合には，臨床的因子のみならず，患者背景も考慮にいれた総合的な判断が求められる。今回われわれは，複雑な因子を抱えた症例の治療を行い，発声機能を温存できた症例を経験したので報告する。症例は20歳代前半の女性で以下のような問題点を認めていた。①引きこもり状態であるが声楽科を目指しており歌うことだけが人生の希望，②身長162 cm，体 …
NAID 130007550209

扁桃癌経口的切除前後の QOL 評価と嚥下機能評価

戎本浩史,飯田正弘,大上研二,槇大輔,酒井昭博,齋藤弘亮,金田将治,村上知聡,寺邑尭信,飯島宏明
日本耳鼻咽喉科学会会報 121(8), 1071-1078, 2018
咽喉頭癌に対して, 各種の経口的切除術が開発適応されてきており, 低侵襲治療として脚光を浴びている. 嚥下機能や発声機能は問題なく維持される印象であるが, 定量的に評価した報告はいまだ少なく, 扁桃癌経口的切除前後の患者 QOL と嚥下機能の前向き評価を行った.　2009年から2016年までに当科で経口 …
NAID 130007474909

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リンク元	「扁桃癌」「tonsil cancer」「扁桃がん」「扁桃腺癌」「扁桃腺がん」
関連記事	「tonsillar」「cancer」

「扁桃癌」

Oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas
Classification and external resources
Specialty	oncology
ICD-10	C09-C10; C01,C02.4,C05.1
	[edit on Wikidata]

Oropharyngeal cancer
	Head and neck.
	Pharynx
Details
Artery	pharyngeal branches of ascending pharyngeal artery, ascending palatine, descending palatine, pharyngeal branches of inferior thyroid
Vein	pharyngeal veins
Nerve	pharyngeal plexus
Identifiers
MeSH	A03.556.750
Code	p_16
Dorlands; /Elsevier	12633198
	Anatomical terminology [edit on Wikidata]