WordNet

to make or produce a loud noise; "The river thundered below"; "The engine roared as the driver pushed the car to full throttle"
a booming or crashing noise caused by air expanding along the path of a bolt of lightning
be the case that thunder is being heard; "Whenever it thunders, my dog crawls under the bed" (同)boom
utter words loudly and forcefully; "`Get out of here, he roared" (同)roar
move fast, noisily, and heavily; "The bus thundered down the road"
a single sharp crash of thunder
a rounded projecting mass of a cumulus cloud with shining edges; often appears before a thunderstorm
a discharge of lightning accompanied by thunder (同)bolt, bolt of lightning
a short rainstorm accompanied by thunder and lightning
sounding like thunder; "the thundering herd"
extraordinarily big or impressive; "a thundering success"; "the thundering silence of what was left unsaid"

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈U〉『雷鳴』 / 〈C〉〈U〉《しばしば複数形で》(…の)『雷のような大きな音』 / とどろき《+of+名》 / 《it を主語にして》『雷が鳴る』 / 『雷のようにとどろく』《+out》 / どなる / 〈返事・脅し文句など〉‘を'どなる《+名+out,+out+名》
雷鳴 / 突然の激しいできごと,青天の霹靂
入道雲(雷雨の前兆となる)
雷電,落雷 / 突然の恐ろしいできごと
雷雨
雷鳴のようにとどろく / 《話》非常に大きい,途方もない

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2012/11/26 11:42:10」(JST)

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[Wiki en表示]

For other uses, see Thunder (disambiguation).

Thunder is the sound caused by lightning. Depending on the nature of the lightning and distance of the listener, thunder can range from a sharp, loud crack to a long, low rumble (brontide). The sudden increase in pressure and temperature from lightning produces rapid expansion of the air surrounding and within a bolt of lightning. In turn, this expansion of air creates a sonic shock wave, similar to a sonic boom, which produces the sound of thunder, often referred to as a clap, crack, or peal of thunder. The distance of the lightning can be calculated by the listener based on the time interval from when the lightning is seen to when the sound is heard.

	Thunder A short sample of a crack of thunder
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Cause

Cumulonimbus clouds often form thunderstorms.

The cause of thunder has been the subject of centuries of speculation and scientific inquiry. The first recorded theory is attributed to the Greek philosopher Aristotle in the third century BC, and an early speculation was that it was caused by the collision of clouds. Subsequently, numerous other theories were proposed. By the mid-19th century, the accepted theory was that lightning produced a vacuum. In the 20th century a consensus evolved that thunder must begin with a shock wave in the air due to the sudden thermal expansion of the plasma in the lightning channel.^[1] The temperature inside the lightning channel, measured by spectral analysis, varies during its 50 μs existence, rising sharply from an initial temperature of about 20,000 K to about 30,000 K, then dropping away gradually to about 10,000 K. The average is about 20,400 K (20,100 °C; 36,300 °F).^[2] This heating causes it to expand outward, plowing into the surrounding cooler air at a speed faster than sound would travel in that cooler air. The outward-moving pulse that results is a shock wave,^[3] similar in principle to the shock wave formed by an explosion, or at the front of a supersonic aircraft. Experimental studies of simulated lightning have produced results largely consistent with this model, though there is continued debate about the precise physical mechanisms of the process.^[4]^[1] Other causes have also been proposed, relying on electrodynamic effects of the massive current acting on the plasma in the bolt of lightning.^[5] The shockwave in thunder is sufficient to cause injury, such as internal contusion, to individuals nearby.^[6] Inversion thunder results when lightning strikes between cloud and ground occur during a temperature inversion. In such an inversion, the air near the ground is cooler than the higher air. The sound energy is prevented from dispersing vertically as it would in a non inversion and is thus concentrated in the near ground layer. Inversions often occur when warm moist air passes above a cold front; the resulting thunder sound is significantly louder than it would be if heard at the same distance in a non inversion condition.^[7]

Thunder is the sound produced by lightning.

Etymology

The d in Modern English thunder (from earlier Old English þunor) is epenthetic, and is now found as well in Modern Dutch donder (cp Middle Dutch donre, and Old Norse þorr, Old Frisian þuner, Old High German donar descended from Proto-Germanic *þunraz). In Latin the term was tonare "to thunder". The name of the Germanic god Thor comes from the Old Norse word for thunder.^[8]

The shared Proto-Indo-European root is *tón-r̥ or *tar-, also found Gaulish Taranis and Hittite Tarhunt.

Calculating distance

A flash of lightning, followed after some seconds by a rumble of thunder illustrates the fact that sound travels significantly slower than light. Using this difference, one can estimate how far away the bolt of lightning is by timing the interval between seeing the flash and hearing thunder. The speed of sound in dry air is approximately 343 m/s or 1,127 ft/s or 768 mph (1,236 km/h) at 20 °C (68 °F).^[9] However, this figure is only an approximation, as air is hardly dry in a thunderstorm.

The speed of light is high enough that it can be taken as infinite in this calculation because of the relatively small distance involved. Therefore, the lightning is approximately one kilometer distant for every 2.9 seconds that elapse between the visible flash and the first sound of thunder (or one mile for every 4.6 seconds). In the same five seconds, the light could have traveled the same distance as circling the globe 37 times. Thunder is seldom heard at distances over 20 kilometers (12 mi).^[3] A very bright flash of lightning and an almost simultaneous sharp "crack" of thunder, a thundercrack, therefore indicates that the lightning strike was very near.

References

^ ^a ^b Rakov, Vladimir A.; Uman, Martin A. (2007). Lightning: Physics and Effects. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. p. 378. ISBN 0-521-03541-4.
^ Cooray, Vernon (2003). The lightning flash. London: Institution of Electrical Engineers. pp. 163–164. ISBN 0-85296-780-2.
^ ^a ^b "Thunder". Encyclopædia Britannica. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/594339/thunder. Retrieved 2008-09-12.
^ MacGorman, Donald R.; Rust, W. David (1998). The Electrical Nature of Stomrs. Oxford University Press. pp. 102-104. ISBN 978-0195073379. http://books.google.com/books?id=_NbHNj7KJecC. Retrieved 2012-09-06.
^ P Graneau (1989). "The cause of thunder". J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 22 (8): 1083–1094. Bibcode 1989JPhD...22.1083G. doi:10.1088/0022-3727/22/8/012.
^ Fish, Raymond M (2004). "Thermal and mechanical shock wave injury". In Nabours, Robert E. Electrical injuries: engineering, medical, and legal aspects. Tucson, AZ: Lawyers & Judges Publishing. p. 220. ISBN 1-930056-71-0.
^ Dean A. Pollet and Micheal M. Kordich, User's guide for the Sound Intensity Prediction System (SIPS) as installed at the Naval Explosive Ordnance Disposal Technology Division (Naveodtechdiv). Systems Department February 2000. dtic.mil
^ "thunder". Oxford English Dictionary (2 ed.). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. 1989.
^ Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 72nd edition, special student edition. Boca Raton: The Chemical Rubber Co.. 1991. p. 14.36. ISBN 0-8493-0486-5.

External links

The science of thunder
Thunder: A Child of Lightning
Wikibooks: Engineering Acoustics/Thunder acoustics

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