関: Tb

WordNet

a metallic element of the rare earth group; used in lasers; occurs in apatite and monazite and xenotime and ytterbite (同)Tb, atomic number 65
a soft silvery metallic element; a rare earth of the lanthanide series; it occurs in gadolinite and monazite and xenotime (同)Yb, atomic number 70
a separate group of related lanthanides, including terbium, europium, gadolinium, and sometimes dysprosium

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テルビウム(希金属元素;化学記号はTb)
terbium の化学記号
イッテルビウム(希土類元素;化学記号は Yb)

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/08/27 16:55:38」(JST)

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Terbium is a chemical element with symbol Tb and atomic number 65. It is a silvery-white rare earth metal that is malleable, ductile and soft enough to be cut with a knife. Terbium is never found in nature as a free element, but it is contained in many minerals, including cerite, gadolinite, monazite, xenotime and euxenite.

Swedish chemist Carl Gustaf Mosander discovered terbium as a separate elemental compound in 1843. He detected it as an impurity in yttrium oxide, Y₂O₃. Yttrium and terbium are named after the village of Ytterby in Sweden. Terbium was not isolated in pure form until the advent of ion exchange techniques.

Terbium is used to dope calcium fluoride, calcium tungstate and strontium molybdate, materials that are used in solid-state devices, and as a crystal stabilizer of fuel cells which operate at elevated temperatures. As a component of Terfenol-D (an alloy that expands and contracts when exposed to magnetic fields more than any other alloy), terbium is of use in actuators, in naval sonar systems and in sensors.

Most of the world's terbium supply is used in green phosphors. Terbium oxide is in fluorescent lamps and TV tubes. Terbium green phosphors are combined with divalent europium blue phosphors and trivalent europium red phosphors to provide "trichromatic" lighting technology, a high-efficiency white light used for standard illumination in indoor lighting.

Characteristics

Physical properties

Terbium is a silvery-white rare earth metal that is malleable, ductile and soft enough to be cut with a knife.^[2] It is relatively stable in air as compared to other lanthanides.^[3] Terbium exists in two crystal allotropes with a transformation temperature of 1289 °C between them.^[2]

The terbium(III) cation is brilliantly fluorescent, in a bright lemon-yellow color that is the result of a strong green emission line in combination with other lines in the orange and red. The yttrofluorite variety of the mineral fluorite owes its creamy-yellow fluorescence in part to terbium. Terbium easily oxidizes, and is therefore used in its elemental form specifically for research. Single Tb atoms have been isolated by implanting them into fullerene molecules.^[4]

Terbium has a simple ferromagnetic ordering at temperatures below 219 K. Above 219 K, it turns into a helical antiferromagnetic state in which all of the atomic moments in a particular basal plane layer are parallel, and oriented at a fixed angle to the moments of adjacent layers. This unusual antiferromagnetism transforms into a disordered paramagnetic state at 230 K.^[5]

Chemical properties

The most common valence state of terbium is +3, as in Tb
2O
3. The +4 state is known in TbO₂ and TbF₄.^[6]^[7] Terbium burns readily to form a mixed terbium(III,IV) oxide:^[8]

8 Tb + 7 O₂ → 2 Tb₄O₇

In solution, terbium forms only trivalent ions. Terbium is quite electropositive and reacts slowly with cold water and quite quickly with hot water to form terbium hydroxide:^[8]

2 Tb + 6 H₂O → 2 Tb(OH)₃ + 3 H₂↑

Terbium metal reacts with all the halogens, forming white trihalides:^[8]

2 Tb + 3 X₂ → 2 TbX₃ (X = F, Cl, Br, I)

Terbium dissolves readily in dilute sulfuric acid to form solutions containing the pale pink terbium(III) ions, which exist as a [Tb(OH₂)₉]³⁺ complexes:^[8]

2 Tb (s) + 3 H₂SO₄ → 2 Tb³⁺ + 3 SO2−
4 + 3 H₂↑

Compounds

Terbium sulfate, Tb₂(SO₄)₃ (top), fluoresces green under ultraviolet light (bottom)

Terbium combines with nitrogen, carbon, sulfur, phosphorus, boron, selenium, silicon and arsenic at elevated temperatures, forming various binary compounds such as TbH₂, TbH₃, TbB₂, Tb₂S₃, TbSe, TbTe and TbN.^[7] In those compounds, Tb mostly exhibits the oxidation states +3 and sometimes +2. Terbium(II) halogenides are obtained by annealing Tb(III) halogenides in presence of metallic Tb in tantalum containers. Terbium also forms sesquichloride Tb₂Cl₃, which can be further reduced to TbCl by annealing at 800 °C. This terbium(I) chloride forms platelets with layered graphite-like structure.^[9]

Other compounds include

Chlorides: TbCl₃
Bromides: TbBr₃
Iodides: TbI₃
Fluorides: TbF₃, TbF₄

Terbium(IV) fluoride is a strong fluorinating agent, emitting relatively pure atomic fluorine when heated^[10] rather than the mixture of fluoride vapors emitted from CoF₃ or CeF₄.

Isotopes

Naturally occurring terbium is composed of its only stable isotope, terbium-159; the element is thus called mononuclidic and monoisotopic. Thirty six radioisotopes have been characterized, with the heaviest being terbium-171 (with atomic mass of 170.95330(86) u) and lightest being terbium-135 (exact mass unknown).^[11] The most stable synthetic radioisotopes of terbium are terbium-158, with a half-life of 180 years, and terbium-157, with a half-life of 71 years. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives that are much less than a quarter of a year, and the majority of these have half-lives that are less than half a minute.^[11] The primary decay mode before the most abundant stable isotope, ¹⁵⁹Tb, is electron capture, which results in production of gadolinium isotopes, and the primary mode after is beta minus decay, resulting in dysprosium isotopes.^[11]

The element also has 27 nuclear isomers, with masses of 141–154, 156, and 158 (not every mass number corresponds to only one isomer). The most stable of them are terbium-156m, with half-life of 24.4 hours and terbium-156m2, with half-life of 22.7 hours; this is longer than half-lives of most ground states of radioactive terbium isotopes, except only those with mass numbers 155–161.^[11]

History

Swedish chemist Carl Gustaf Mosander discovered terbium in 1843. He detected it as an impurity in yttrium oxide, Y₂O₃. Yttrium is named after the village of Ytterby in Sweden. Terbium was not isolated in pure form until the advent of ion exchange techniques.^[12]

Mosander first separated yttria into three fractions, all named for the ore: yttria, erbia, and terbia. "Terbia" was originally the fraction that contained the pink color, due to the element now known as erbium. "Erbia" (containing what we now call terbium) originally was the fraction that was essentially colorless in solution. The insoluble oxide of this element was noted to be tinged brown.

Later workers had difficulty in observing the minor colorless "erbia," but the soluble pink fraction was impossible to miss. Arguments went back and forth as to whether erbia even existed. In the confusion, the original names got reversed, and the exchange of names stuck, so that the pink fraction referred eventually to the solution containing erbium (which in solution, is pink). It is now thought that workers using double sodium or potassium sulfates to remove ceria from yttria inadvertently lost the terbium into the ceria-containing precipitate. What is now known as terbium was only about 1% of the original yttria, but that was sufficient to impart a yellowish color to the yttrium oxide. Thus, terbium was a minor component in the original fraction containing it, where it was dominated by its immediate neighbors, gadolinium and dysprosium.

Thereafter, whenever other rare earths were teased apart from this mixture, whichever fraction gave the brown oxide retained the terbium name, until at last, the brown oxide of terbium was obtained in pure form. The 19th century investigators did not have the benefit of the UV fluorescence technology to observe the brilliant yellow or green Tb(III) fluorescence that would have made terbium easier to identify in solid mixtures or solutions.^[12]

Occurrence

Xenotime

Terbium is contained along with other rare earth elements in many minerals, including monazite ((Ce,La,Th,Nd,Y)PO₄ with up to 0.03% terbium), xenotime (YPO₄) and euxenite ((Y,Ca,Er,La,Ce,U,Th)(Nb,Ta,Ti)₂O₆ with 1% or more terbium). The crust abundance of terbium is estimated as 1.2 mg/kg.^[7]

Currently, the richest commercial sources of terbium are the ion-adsorption clays of southern China; the concentrates with about two-thirds yttrium oxide by weight have about 1% terbia. Small amounts of terbium occur in bastnäsite and monazite; when these are processed by solvent extraction to recover the valuable heavy lanthanides as samarium-europium-gadolinium concentrate, terbium is recovered therein. Due to the large volumes of bastnäsite processed relative to the ion-adsorption clays, a significant proportion of the world's terbium supply comes from bastnäsite.^[2]

Production

Crushed terbium-containing minerals are treated with hot concentrated sulfuric acid to produce water-soluble sulfates of rare earths. The acidic filtrates are partially neutralized with caustic soda to pH 3–4. Thorium precipitates out of solution as hydroxide and is removed. After that the solution is treated with ammonium oxalate to convert rare earths into their insoluble oxalates. The oxalates are converted to oxides by annealing.^{[clarification needed]} The oxides are dissolved in nitric acid that excludes one of the main components, cerium, whose oxide is insoluble in HNO₃. Terbium is separated as a double salt with ammonium nitrate by crystallization.^[7]

The most efficient separation routine for terbium salt from the rare-earth salt solution is ion exchange. In this process, rare-earth ions are sorbed onto suitable ion-exchange resin by exchange with hydrogen, ammonium or cupric ions present in the resin. The rare earth ions are then selectively washed out by suitable complexing agent. As with other rare earths, terbium metal is produced by reducing the anhydrous chloride or fluoride with calcium metal. Calcium and tantalum impurities can be removed by vacuum remelting, distillation, amalgam formation or zone melting.^[7]

Applications

Terbium is used as a dopant in calcium fluoride, calcium tungstate and strontium molybdate, materials that are used in solid-state devices, and as a crystal stabilizer of fuel cells which operate at elevated temperatures, together with ZrO₂.^[2]

Terbium is also used in alloys and in the production of electronic devices. As a component of Terfenol-D, terbium is used in actuators, in naval sonar systems, sensors, in the SoundBug device (its first commercial application), and other magnetomechanical devices. Terfenol-D is a terbium alloy that expands or contracts in the presence of a magnetic field. It has the highest magnetostriction of any alloy.^[13]

Terbium oxide is used in green phosphors in fluorescent lamps and color TV tubes. Sodium terbium borate is used in solid state devices. The brilliant fluorescence allows terbium to be used as a probe in biochemistry, where it somewhat resembles calcium in its behavior. Terbium "green" phosphors (which fluoresce a brilliant lemon-yellow) are combined with divalent europium blue phosphors and trivalent europium red phosphors to provide the "trichromatic" lighting technology which is by far the largest consumer of the world's terbium supply. Trichromatic lighting provides much higher light output for a given amount of electrical energy than does incandescent lighting.^[2]

Precautions

As with the other lanthanides, terbium compounds are of low to moderate toxicity, although their toxicity has not been investigated in detail. Terbium has no known biological role.^[2]

References

^ Standard Atomic Weights 2013. Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Hammond, C. R. (2005). "The Elements". In Lide, D. R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (86th ed.). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0486-5.
^ "Rare-Earth Metal Long Term Air Exposure Test". Retrieved 2009-05-05.
^ Shimada, T.; Ohno, Y.; Okazaki, T.; et al. (2004). "Transport properties of C₇₈, C₉₀ and Dy@C₈₂ fullerenes - nanopeapods by field effect transistors". Physica E: Low-dimensional Systems and Nanostructures. 21 (2–4): 1089–1092. Bibcode:2004PhyE...21.1089S. doi:10.1016/j.physe.2003.11.197.
^ Jackson, M. (2000). "Magnetism of Rare Earth" (PDF). The IRM quarterly. 10 (3): 1.
^ Gruen, D.M.; Koehler, W.C.; Katz, J.J. (April 1951). "Higher Oxides of the Lanthanide Elements: Terbium Dioxide". Journal of the American Chemical Society (PDF)|format= requires |url= (help). 73 (4): 1475–9. doi:10.1021/ja01148a020.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Patnaik, Pradyot (2003). Handbook of Inorganic Chemical Compounds. McGraw-Hill. pp. 920–921. ISBN 0-07-049439-8. Retrieved 2009-06-06.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Chemical reactions of Terbium". Webelements. Retrieved 2009-06-06.
^ Cotton (2007). Advanced inorganic chemistry (6th ed.). Wiley-India. p. 1128. ISBN 81-265-1338-1.
^ Rau, J.V.; Chilingarov, N.S.; Leskiv, M.S.; Sukhoverkhov', V.F.; Rossi Albertini, V.; Sidorov, L.N. (2001). "Transition and rare earth metal fluorides as thermal sources of atomic and molecular fluorine".
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d G. Audi; A. H. Wapstra; C. Thibault; J. Blachot & O. Bersillon (2003). "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties" (PDF). Nuclear Physics A. 729: 3–128. Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A. doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001.
^ ^a ^b Gupta, C. K.; Krishnamurthy, Nagaiyar (2004). Extractive metallurgy of rare earths. CRC Press. p. 5. ISBN 0-415-33340-7.
^ Rodriguez, C; Rodriguez, M; Orue, I; Vilas, J; Barandiaran, J; Gubieda, M; Leon, L (2009). "New elastomer–Terfenol-D magnetostrictive composites". Sensors and Actuators A: Physical. 149 (2): 251. doi:10.1016/j.sna.2008.11.026.

External links

WebElements.com – Terbium
It's Elemental – Terbium

English Journal

Studies of interaction between terbium(III)-deferasirox and double helix DNA by spectral and electrochemical methods.

Shaghaghi M1, Dehghan G2, Jouyban A3, Sistani P4, Arvin M5.Author information 1Department of Chemistry, University of Payame Noor, P.O. Box. 19395-3697, Tehran, Iran.2Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Science, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran. Electronic address: dehghan2001d@yahoo.com.3Drug Applied Research Center and Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.4Department of Biochemistry, University of Payame Noor, P.O. Box. 19395-3697, Tehran, Iran.5Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Science, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.AbstractDNA binding studies of terbium(III)-deferasirox (Tb(3+)-DFX) complex were monitored to understand the reaction mechanism and introduce a new probe for the assay of DNA. In the present work, UV absorption spectrophotometry, fluorescence spectroscopy, circular dichroism (CD), cyclic voltammetry (CV) and viscosity measurement were employed to study the interactions of Tb(3+)-DFX with calf thymus DNA (ctDNA). The binding of Tb(3+)-DFX complex to ctDNA showed a hyperchromic effect in the absorption spectra and the increase in fluorescence quenching effect (amount) of Tb(3+)-DFX complex in the presence of ctDNA. The binding constants (Kb) for the complex with ctDNA were estimated to be 1.8×10(4)M(-1) through UV absorption spectrophotometry and fluorescence spectroscopy. Upon addition of the complex, clear decreases were observed in the viscosity of ctDNA. The CD spectra indicated that there are certain detectable conformational changes in the DNA double helix when the complex was added. The CV method showed that both anodic and cathodic peak potentials of Tb(3+)-DFX complex showed negative shifts on the addition of the ctDNA. Further, competitive methylene blue binding studies with fluorescence spectroscopy have shown that the complex can bind to ctDNA through nonintercalative mode. The experimental results suggest that Tb(3+)-DFX complex binds to DNA via groove binding and/or electrostatic binding mode.
Spectrochimica acta. Part A, Molecular and biomolecular spectroscopy.Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc.2014 Feb 24;120:467-72. doi: 10.1016/j.saa.2013.09.073. Epub 2013 Oct 7.
DNA binding studies of terbium(III)-deferasirox (Tb(3+)-DFX) complex were monitored to understand the reaction mechanism and introduce a new probe for the assay of DNA. In the present work, UV absorption spectrophotometry, fluorescence spectroscopy, circular dichroism (CD), cyclic voltammetry (CV) a
PMID 24211806

Influence of Li+ codoping on visible emission of Y2O3:Tb3+, Yb3+ phosphor.

Pandey A, Rai VK, Kumar K.Author information Laser and Spectroscopy Laboratory, Department of Applied Physics, Indian School of Mines, Dhanbad 826004, Jharkhand, India.AbstractUpon 980 nm diode laser excitation visible upconversion emission from the Tb(3+) ions has been observed in combustion synthesized Tb(3+)-Yb(3+) codoped Y2O3 phosphor. The intensity of upconversion as well as downconversion emission bands has been increased by codoping of Li(+) ions into Tb(3+)-Yb(3+):Y2O3 phosphor and the reason behind this increment is discussed. The pump power dependence of upconversion emission bands has shown two-photon absorption process. The cooperative energy transfer from Yb(3+) to Tb(3+) ions is supposed to be responsible for the upconversion emission from the Tb(3+) ions on near infrared excitation. The calculated colour coordinates indicate the purity of intense green emission from present phosphor which is suitable for various photonic applications.
Spectrochimica acta. Part A, Molecular and biomolecular spectroscopy.Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc.2014 Jan 24;118:619-23. doi: 10.1016/j.saa.2013.08.109. Epub 2013 Sep 2.
Upon 980 nm diode laser excitation visible upconversion emission from the Tb(3+) ions has been observed in combustion synthesized Tb(3+)-Yb(3+) codoped Y2O3 phosphor. The intensity of upconversion as well as downconversion emission bands has been increased by codoping of Li(+) ions into Tb(3+)-Yb(3+
PMID 24095771

Enhanced luminescence and energy transfer study in Tb:Sm codoped lead fluorotellurite glass.

Bahadur A, Dwivedi Y, Rai SB.Author information Laser and Spectroscopy Laboratory, Department of Physics, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, UP, India.AbstractSpectroscopic properties of Sm(3+), Tb(3+) doped and Tb(3+):Sm(3+) co-doped lead fluorotellurite glasses have been studied in detail. On the excitation with 355 and 532 nm laser wavelengths, the luminescence properties of the singly and doubly doped glasses have been analyzed. Intensity of characteristic emission bands due to Sm(3+) ions is appreciably enhanced in the presence of Tb(3+) ions. This is due to the energy transfer from Tb(3+) to Sm(3+) ions. Different energy transfer parameters have also been calculated, which affirm an efficient energy transfer from Tb(3+) to Sm(3+) ions.
Spectrochimica acta. Part A, Molecular and biomolecular spectroscopy.Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc.2014 Jan 24;118:177-81. doi: 10.1016/j.saa.2013.08.078. Epub 2013 Aug 31.
Spectroscopic properties of Sm(3+), Tb(3+) doped and Tb(3+):Sm(3+) co-doped lead fluorotellurite glasses have been studied in detail. On the excitation with 355 and 532 nm laser wavelengths, the luminescence properties of the singly and doubly doped glasses have been analyzed. Intensity of character
PMID 24051286

Direct Interaction between Terbium Ion and Peroxidase in Horseradish at Different pH Values.

Wang L, Zhou Q, Huang X.Author information State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.AbstractRare earth elements (REEs) entering plant cells can directly interact with peroxidase in plants, which is the structural basis for the decrease in the activity of peroxidase. Different cellular compartments have different pH values. However, little information is available regarding the direct interaction between REEs and peroxidase in plants at different pH values. Here, we investigated the charge distribution on the surface of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) molecule as well as the interaction of terbium ion (Tb3+, one type of REEs) and HRP at different pH values. Using the molecular dynamics simulation, we found that when the pH value was from 4.0 to 8.0, a large amount of negative charges were intensively distributed on the surface of HRP molecule, and thus, we speculated that Tb3+ with positive charges might directly interact with HRP at pH 4.0-8.0. Subsequently, using ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, we demonstrated that Tb3+ could directly interact with HRP in the simulated physiological solution at pH 7.0 and did not interact with HRP in other solutions at pH 5.0, pH 6.0 and pH 8.0. In conclusion, we showed that the direct interaction between Tb3+ and HRP molecule depended on the pH value of cellular compartments.
Biological trace element research.Biol Trace Elem Res.2014 Jan 15. [Epub ahead of print]
Rare earth elements (REEs) entering plant cells can directly interact with peroxidase in plants, which is the structural basis for the decrease in the activity of peroxidase. Different cellular compartments have different pH values. However, little information is available regarding the direct inter
PMID 24420373

Japanese Journal

メカノケミカル-水熱法によるイットリウムまたはテルビウム含有層状複水酸化物の合成

篠原五月,會澤純雄,平原英俊 [他]
Journal of the Society of Inorganic Materials, Japan : セッコウ・石灰・セメント・地球環境の科学 22(376), 129-136, 2015-05
NAID 40020466597

Novel hybrid luminescent materials derived from multicarboxy cage silsesquioxanes and terbium ion

LI Liguo,FENG Shengyu,LIU Hongzhi
Journal of the Ceramic Society of Japan 123(1441), 719-724, 2015
… These two cage precursors acted as ligands to coordinate with terbium ion (Tb3+) to obtain two novel hybrid luminescent materials, which exhibited fine luminescent properties and good thermal stabilities. …
NAID 130005096347

発光性Cd(II)-Tb(III)-チアカリックスアレーン三元錯体を用いる米中微量Cd(II)定量法の開発

阿部教恩,星野仁,壹岐伸彦
分析化学 64(7), 493-499, 2015
チアカリックス［4］アレーン-p-テトラスルホン酸（TCAS）は，pH 6.5付近の水溶液中でTb(III)とほとんど錯形成しないが，TCASの架橋硫黄と親和性の高いCd(II)を加えると，自発的にCd2Tb2(TCAS)2錯体を形成しエネルギー移動発光を示す．そこで本錯体の形成を用いCd(II)の発光定量法を開発した．Cd(II)の検出限界（S/N＝3）は2.08 nM（0.23 ppb）という …
NAID 130005091796

Hydrothermal synthesis of spindle-like architectures of terbium hydroxide

ZHENG Hongjuan,YANAGISAWA Kazumichi,ONDA Ayumu,ZHU Kongjun
Journal of the Ceramic Society of Japan 123(1440), 672-676, 2015
The spindle-like architectures consisting of Tb(OH)3 nanowires were successfully prepared from Tb2O3 powder by hydrothermal treatments in acetic acid solutions without adding other surfactants. The pr …
NAID 130005091187

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リンク元	「Tb」
拡張検索	「ytterbium」

「Tb」

Terbium, ₆₅Tb
General properties
Name, symbol	terbium, Tb
Pronunciation	/ˈtɜːrbiəm/; TUR-bee-əm
Appearance	silvery white
Terbium in the periodic table
	gadolinium ← terbium → dysprosium
Atomic number (Z)	65
Group, block	group n/a, f-block
Period	period 6
Element category	lanthanide
Standard atomic weight (±) (Ar)	158.92535(2)
Electron configuration	[Xe] 4f9 6s2
per shell	2, 8, 18, 27, 8, 2
Physical properties
Phase	solid
Melting point	1629 K (1356 °C, 2473 °F)
Boiling point	3396 K (3123 °C, 5653 °F)
Density near r.t.	8.23 g/cm3
when liquid, at m.p.	7.65 g/cm3
Heat of fusion	10.15 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporization	391 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity	28.91 J/(mol·K)
Atomic properties
Oxidation states	4, 3, 2, 1 (a weakly basic oxide)
Electronegativity	Pauling scale: 1.2 (?)
Ionization energies	1st: 565.8 kJ/mol; 2nd: 1110 kJ/mol; 3rd: 2114 kJ/mol
Atomic radius	empirical: 177 pm
Covalent radius	194±5 pm
Miscellanea
Crystal structure	hexagonal close-packed (hcp)
Speed of sound thin rod	2620 m/s (at 20 °C)
Thermal expansion	at r.t. α, poly: 10.3 µm/(m·K)
Thermal conductivity	11.1 W/(m·K)
Electrical resistivity	α, poly: 1.150 µΩ·m (at r.t.)
Magnetic ordering	paramagnetic at 300 K
Young's modulus	α form: 55.7 GPa
Shear modulus	α form: 22.1 GPa
Bulk modulus	α form: 38.7 GPa
Poisson ratio	α form: 0.261
Vickers hardness	450–865 MPa
Brinell hardness	675–1200 MPa
CAS Number	7440-27-9
History
Naming	after Ytterby (Sweden), where it was mined
Discovery and first isolation	Carl Gustaf Mosander (1842)
Most stable isotopes of terbium
	Decay modes in parentheses are predicted, but have not yet been observed
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　　[★] テルビウム terbium 　

「ytterbium」

　　[★]

イッテルビウム

関: Yb

[IUPAC-1] Standard Atomic Weights 2013. Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights

[CRC-2] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Hammond, C. R. (2005). "The Elements". In Lide, D. R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (86th ed.). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0486-5.

[3] "Rare-Earth Metal Long Term Air Exposure Test". Retrieved 2009-05-05.

[4] Shimada, T.; Ohno, Y.; Okazaki, T.; et al. (2004). "Transport properties of C₇₈, C₉₀ and Dy@C₈₂ fullerenes - nanopeapods by field effect transistors". Physica E: Low-dimensional Systems and Nanostructures. 21 (2–4): 1089–1092. Bibcode:2004PhyE...21.1089S. doi:10.1016/j.physe.2003.11.197.

[5] Jackson, M. (2000). "Magnetism of Rare Earth" (PDF). The IRM quarterly. 10 (3): 1.

[6] Gruen, D.M.; Koehler, W.C.; Katz, J.J. (April 1951). "Higher Oxides of the Lanthanide Elements: Terbium Dioxide". Journal of the American Chemical Society (PDF)|format= requires |url= (help). 73 (4): 1475–9. doi:10.1021/ja01148a020.

[patnaik-7] Patnaik, Pradyot (2003). Handbook of Inorganic Chemical Compounds. McGraw-Hill. pp. 920–921. ISBN 0-07-049439-8. Retrieved 2009-06-06.

[reactions-8] "Chemical reactions of Terbium". Webelements. Retrieved 2009-06-06.

[9] Cotton (2007). Advanced inorganic chemistry (6th ed.). Wiley-India. p. 1128. ISBN 81-265-1338-1.

[10] Rau, J.V.; Chilingarov, N.S.; Leskiv, M.S.; Sukhoverkhov', V.F.; Rossi Albertini, V.; Sidorov, L.N. (2001). "Transition and rare earth metal fluorides as thermal sources of atomic and molecular fluorine".

[iso-11] G. Audi; A. H. Wapstra; C. Thibault; J. Blachot & O. Bersillon (2003). "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties" (PDF). Nuclear Physics A. 729: 3–128. Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A. doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001.

[history-12] Gupta, C. K.; Krishnamurthy, Nagaiyar (2004). Extractive metallurgy of rare earths. CRC Press. p. 5. ISBN 0-415-33340-7.

[13] Rodriguez, C; Rodriguez, M; Orue, I; Vilas, J; Barandiaran, J; Gubieda, M; Leon, L (2009). "New elastomer–Terfenol-D magnetostrictive composites". Sensors and Actuators A: Physical. 149 (2): 251. doi:10.1016/j.sna.2008.11.026.

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terbium