関: Ta

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a hard grey lustrous metallic element that is highly resistant to corrosion; occurs in niobite and fergusonite and tantalite (同)Ta, atomic number 73

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タンタル(希有金属元素;化学記号は Ta)
tantalumの化学記号

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/07/10 19:54:18」(JST)

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Tantalum is a chemical element with the symbol Ta and atomic number 73. Previously known as tantalium, its name comes from Tantalus, a character from Greek mythology.^[3] Tantalum is a rare, hard, blue-gray, lustrous transition metal that is highly corrosion-resistant. It is part of the refractory metals group, which are widely used as minor components in alloys. The chemical inertness of tantalum makes it a valuable substance for laboratory equipment and a substitute for platinum. Tantalum is also used for medical implants and bone repair.^[4] Its main use today is in tantalum capacitors in electronic equipment such as mobile phones, DVD players, video game systems and computers. Tantalum, always together with the chemically similar niobium, occurs in the minerals tantalite, columbite and coltan (a mix of columbite and tantalite).

1 History
2 Characteristics
- 2.1 Physical properties
- 2.2 Chemical properties
- 2.3 Isotopes
- 2.4 Occurrence
3 Production and fabrication
- 3.1 Chemical refining
- 3.2 Electrolysis
- 3.3 Fabrication and metalworking
4 Applications
- 4.1 Electronics
- 4.2 Alloys
- 4.3 Other uses
5 Precautions
6 References
7 External links

History

Tantalum was discovered in Sweden in 1802 by Anders Ekeberg. One year earlier, Charles Hatchett had discovered the element columbium.^[5] In 1809, the English chemist William Hyde Wollaston compared the oxides derived from both columbium—columbite, with a density 5.918 g/cm³, and tantalum—tantalite, with a density 7.935 g/cm³, and concluded that the two oxides, despite their difference in measured density, were identical. He decided to keep the name tantalum.^[6] After Friedrich Wöhler confirmed these results, it was thought that columbium and tantalum were the same element. This conclusion was disputed in 1846 by the German chemist Heinrich Rose, who argued that there were two additional elements in the tantalite sample, and he named them after the children of Tantalus: niobium (from Niobe, the goddess of tears), and pelopium (from Pelops).^[7]^[8] The supposed element "pelopium" was later identified as a mixture of tantalum and niobium, and it was found that the niobium was identical to the columbium already discovered in 1801 by Hatchett.

The differences between tantalum and niobium were demonstrated unequivocally in 1864 by Christian Wilhelm Blomstrand,^[9] and Henri Etienne Sainte-Claire Deville, as well as by Louis J. Troost, who determined the empirical formulas of some of their compounds in 1865.^[9]^[10] Further confirmation came from the Swiss chemist Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac,^[11] in 1866, who proved that there were only two elements. These discoveries did not stop scientists from publishing articles about the so-called ilmenium until 1871.^[12] De Marignac was the first to produce the metallic form of tantalum in 1864, when he reduced tantalum chloride by heating it in an atmosphere of hydrogen.^[13] Early investigators had only been able to produce impure tantalum, and the first relatively pure ductile metal was produced by Werner von Bolton in 1903. Wires made with metallic tantalum were used for light bulb filaments until tungsten replaced it in widespread use.^[14]

The name tantalum was derived from the name of the mythological Tantalus, the father of Niobe in Greek mythology. In the story, he had been punished after death by being condemned to stand knee-deep in water with perfect fruit growing above his head, both of which eternally tantalized him. (If he bent to drink the water, it drained below the level he could reach, and if he reached for the fruit, the branches moved out of his grasp.)^[15] Ekeberg wrote "This metal I call tantalum ... partly in allusion to its incapacity, when immersed in acid, to absorb any and be saturated."^[16]

For decades, the commercial technology for separating tantalum from niobium involved the fractional crystallization of potassium heptafluorotantalate away from potassium oxypentafluoroniobate monohydrate, a process that was discovered by Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac in 1866. This method has been supplanted by solvent extraction from fluoride-containing solutions of tantalum.^[10]

Characteristics

Physical properties

Tantalum is dark (blue-gray),^[17] dense, ductile, very hard, easily fabricated, and highly conductive of heat and electricity. The metal is renowned for its resistance to corrosion by acids; in fact, at temperatures below 150 °C tantalum is almost completely immune to attack by the normally aggressive aqua regia. It can be dissolved with hydrofluoric acid or acidic solutions containing the fluoride ion and sulfur trioxide, as well as with a solution of potassium hydroxide. Tantalum's high melting point of 3017 °C (boiling point 5458 °C) is exceeded only by tungsten, rhenium and osmium for metals, and carbon.

Tantalum exists in two crystalline phases, alpha and beta. The alpha phase is relatively ductile and soft; it has body-centered cubic structure (space group Im3m, lattice constant a = 0.33058 nm), Knoop hardness 200–400 HN and electrical resistivity 15–60 µΩּcm. The beta phase is hard and brittle; its crystal symmetry is tetragonal (space group P42/mnm, a = 1.0194 nm, c = 0.5313 nm), Knoop hardness is 1000–1300 HN and electrical resistivity is relatively high at 170–210 µΩּcm. The beta phase is metastable and converts to the alpha phase upon heating to 750–775 °C. Bulk tantalum is almost entirely alpha phase, and the beta phase usually exists as thin films obtained by magnetron sputtering, chemical vapor deposition or electrochemical deposition from an eutectic molten salt solution.^[18]

Chemical properties

Tantalum forms oxides with the oxidation states +5 (Ta₂O₅) and +4 (TaO₂).^[19] The most stable oxidation state is +5, tantalum pentoxide.^[19] Tantalum pentoxide is the starting material for several tantalum compounds. The compounds are created by dissolving the pentoxide in basic hydroxide solutions or by melting it in another metal oxide. Such examples are lithium tantalate (LiTaO₃) and lanthanum tantalate (LaTaO₄). In the lithium tantalate, the tantalate ion TaO−
3 does not occur; instead, this part of the formula represents linkage of TaO7−
6 octahedra to form a three-dimensional perovskite framework; while the lanthanum tantalate contains lone TaO3−
4 tetrahedral groups.^[19]

The fluorides of tantalum can be used for its separation from niobium.^[20] Tantalum forms halogen compounds in the oxidation states of +5, +4, and +3 of the type TaX
5, TaX
4, and TaX
3, although multi core complexes and substoichiometric compounds are also known.^[19]^[21] Tantalum pentafluoride (TaF₅) is a white solid with a melting point of 97.0 °C and tantalum pentachloride (TaCl₅) is a white solid with a melting point of 247.4 °C. Tantalum pentachloride is hydrolyzed by water and reacts with additional tantalum at elevated temperatures by forming the black and highly hygroscopic tantalum tetrachloride (TaCl₄). While the trihalogen compounds can be obtained by reduction of the pentahalogenes with hydrogen, the dihalogen compounds do not exist.^[19] A tantalum-tellurium alloy forms quasicrystals.^[19] Tantalum compounds with oxidation states as low as −1 have been reported in 2008.^[22]

Similar to most other refractory metals, the hardest known compounds of tantalum are its stable nitrides and carbides. Tantalum carbide, TaC, like the more commonly used tungsten carbide, is a very hard ceramic that is used in cutting tools. Tantalum(III) nitride is used as a thin film insulator in some microelectronic fabrication processes.^[23] Chemists at the Los Alamos National Laboratory in the United States have developed a tantalum carbide-graphite composite material that is one of the hardest materials ever synthesized. Korean researchers have developed an amorphous tantalum-tungsten-copper alloy that is more flexible and two to three times stronger than commonly used steel alloys.^[24] There are two tantalum aluminides, TaAl₃ and Ta₃Al. These are stable, refractory, and reflective, and they have been proposed^[25] as coatings for use in infrared wave mirrors.

Isotopes

Natural tantalum consists of two isotopes: ^180mTa (0.012%) and ¹⁸¹Ta (99.988%). ¹⁸¹Ta is a stable isotope. ^180mTa (m denotes a metastable state) is predicted to decay in three ways: isomeric transition to the ground state of ¹⁸⁰Ta, beta decay to ¹⁸⁰W, or electron capture to ¹⁸⁰Hf. However, radioactivity of this nuclear isomer has never been observed. Only a lower limit on its half life of over 10¹⁵ years has been set. The ground state of ¹⁸⁰Ta has a half life of only 8 hours. ^180mTa is the only naturally occurring nuclear isomer (excluding radiogenic and cosmogenic short-living nuclides). It is also the rarest isotope in the Universe, taking into account the elemental abundance of tantalum and isotopic abundance of ^180mTa in the natural mixture of isotopes (and again excluding radiogenic and cosmogenic short-living nuclides).^[26]

Tantalum has been examined theoretically as a "salting" material for nuclear weapons (cobalt is the better-known hypothetical salting material). An external shell of ¹⁸¹Ta would be irradiated by the intensive high-energy neutron flux from a hypothetical exploding nuclear weapon. This would transmute the tantalum into the radioactive isotope ¹⁸²Ta, which has a half-life of 114.4 days and produces gamma rays with approximately 1.12 million electron-volts (MeV) of energy apiece, which would significantly increase the radioactivity of the nuclear fallout from the explosion for several months. Such "salted" weapons have never been built or tested, as far as is publicly known, and certainly never used as weapons.^[27]

Tantalum can be used as a target material for accelerated proton beams for the production of various short-lived isotopes including ⁸Li, ⁸⁰Rb, and ¹⁶⁰Yb.^[28]

Occurrence

Tantalite, Pilbara district, Australia

Tantalum is estimated to make up about 1 ppm^[29] or 2 ppm^[21] of the Earth's crust by weight. There are many species of tantalum minerals, only some of which are so far being used by industry as raw materials: tantalite, microlite, wodginite, euxenite, polycrase. Tantalite (Fe, Mn)Ta₂O₆ is the most important mineral for tantalum extraction. Tantalite has the same mineral structure as columbite (Fe, Mn) (Ta, Nb)₂O₆; when there is more tantalum than niobium it is called tantalite and when there is more niobium than tantalum is it called columbite (or niobite). The high density of tantalite and other tantalum containing minerals makes the use of gravitational separation the best method. Other minerals include samarskite and fergusonite.

The primary mining of tantalum is in Australia, where the largest producer, Global Advanced Metals, formerly known as Talison Minerals, operates two mines in Western Australia, Greenbushes in the Southwest and Wodgina in the Pilbara region. The Wodgina mine was reopened in January 2011 after mining at the site was suspended in late-2008 due to the global financial crisis.^[30] Less than a year after it reopened, Global Advanced Metals announced that due to again "... softening tantalum demand ...", and other factors, tantalum mining operations were to cease at the end of February 2012.^[31] Wodgina produces a primary tantalum concentrate which is further upgraded at the Greenbushes operation before being sold to customers.^[32] Whereas the large-scale producers of niobium are in Brazil and Canada, the ore there also yields a small percentage of tantalum. Some other countries such as China, Ethiopia, and Mozambique mine ores with a higher percentage of tantalum, and they produce a significant percentage of the world's output of it. Tantalum is also produced in Thailand and Malaysia as a by-product of the tin mining there. During gravitational separation of the ores from placer deposits, not only is Cassiterite (SnO₂) found, but a small percentage of tantalite also included. The slag from the tin smelters then contains economically useful amounts of tantalum, which is leached from the slag.^[10]^[33] Future sources of supply of tantalum, in order of estimated size, are being explored in Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Greenland, China, Mozambique, Canada, Australia, the United States, Finland, and Brazil.^[34]^[35]

Coltan, the industrial name for a columbite–tantalite mineral from which columbium (i.e. niobium) and tantalum are extracted,^[36] can also be found in Central Africa, which is why tantalum is being linked to warfare in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (formerly Zaire). According to an October 23, 2003 United Nations report,^[37] the smuggling and exportation of coltan has helped fuel the war in the Congo, a crisis that has resulted in approximately 5.4 million deaths since 1998^[38] – making it the world’s deadliest documented conflict since World War II. Ethical questions have been raised about responsible corporate behavior, human rights, and endangering wildlife, due to the exploitation of resources such as coltan in the armed conflict regions of the Congo Basin.^[39]^[40]^[41]^[42] However, although important for the local economy in Congo, the contribution of coltan mining in Congo to the world supply of tantalum is usually small. The United States Geological Survey reports in its yearbook that this region produced a little less than 1% of the world's tantalum output in 2002–2006, peaking at 10% in 2000 and 2008.^[33]

It is estimated that there are less than 50 years left of tantalum resources, based on extraction at current rates, demonstrating the need for increased recycling.^[43]

Production and fabrication

Time trend of tantalum production until 2012 ^[44]

Several steps are involved in the extraction of tantalum from tantalite. First, the mineral is crushed and concentrated by gravity separation. This is generally carried out near the mine site.

Chemical refining

Tantalum ores often contain significant amounts of niobium, which is itself a valuable metal. As such, both metals are extracted so that they may be sold. The overall process is one of hydrometallurgy. A large number of chemical treatment procedures for the breakdown of primary sources have been developed. Some of these have been adopted for commercial production while others have been tested on a fairly large scale. There are yet a few others that have been tested only on a laboratory scale. All these processes can essentially be divided into reduction to metallic or compound form (via aluminothermic or carbothermic reduction reactions), chlorination, alkaline fusion and acid dissolution.^[45]

Extraction begins with a leaching, a step in which the ore is treated with hydrofluoric acid and sulfuric acid to produce water soluble hydrogen fluorides. This allows the metals to be separated from the various non-metallic impurities in the rock.

Ta₂O₅ + 14 HF → 2 H₂[TaF₇] + 5 H₂O

Nb₂O₅ + 10 HF → 2 H₂[NbOF₅] + 3 H₂O

The tantalum and niobium hydrogen florides are then removed from the aqueous solution by liquid-liquid extraction using organic solvents, such as cyclohexanone or methyl isobutyl ketone. This step allows the simple removal of various metal impurities (e.g. iron, manganese, titanitum, zirconium) which remain in the aqueous phase in the form of fluorides. Separation of the tantalum and niobium is then achieved by pH adjustment. Niobium requires a higher level of acidity to remain soluble in the organic phase and can hence be selectively removed by extraction into less acidic water. The pure tantalum hydrogen fluoride solution is then neutralised with aqueous ammonia to give tantalum hydroxide (Ta(OH)₅), which is calcinated to tantalum pentoxide (Ta₂O₅).^[46]

H₂[TaF₇] + 5 H₂O + 7 NH₃ → Ta(OH)₅ + 7 NH₄F

2 Ta(OH)₅ → Ta₂O₅ + 5 H₂O

The hydrogen fluoride can also be treated with potassium fluoride to produce potassium heptafluorotantalate (K₂[TaF₇])

H₂[TaF₇] + 2 KF → K₂[TaF₇] + 2 HF

This is used to produce metallic tantalum by reduction with sodium, at approximately 800 °C in molten salt.^[47]

K₂[TaF₇] + 5 Na → Ta + 5 NaF + 2 KF

In an older method, called the Marignac process, the tantalum and noibium were separated by treating the initial aqueous mixture of hydrogen fluorides with potassium fluoride:

H₂[TaF₇] + 2 KF → K₂[TaF₇] + 2 HF

H₂[NbOF₅] + 2 KF → K₂[NbOF₅] + 2 HF

The resulting niobium and tantalum potassium-fluorides (K₂[TaF₇], K₂[NbOF₅]) could then be separated by fractional crystallization, due to their different water solubiliies.

Electrolysis

Electrolysis using a modified version of the Hall–Héroult process. Instead of requiring the input oxide and output metal to be in liquid form, tantalum electrolysis operates on non-liquid powdered oxides. The initial discovery came in 1997 when Cambridge University researchers immersed small samples of certain oxides in baths of molten salt and reduced the oxide with electric current. The cathode uses powdered metal oxide. The anode is made of carbon. The molten salt at 1,000 °C (1,830 °F) is the electrolyte. The first refinery has enough capacity to supply 3-4% of annual global demand.^[48]

Fabrication and metalworking

All welding of tantalum must be done in an inert atmosphere of argon or helium in order to shield it from contamination with atmospheric gases. Tantalum is not solderable. Grinding tantalum is difficult, especially so for annealed tantalum. In the annealed condition, tantalum is extremely ductile and can be readily formed as metal sheets.^[49]

Applications

Electronics

Tantalum electrolytic capacitor

The major use for tantalum, as the metal powder, is in the production of electronic components, mainly capacitors and some high-power resistors. Tantalum electrolytic capacitors exploit the tendency of tantalum to form a protective oxide surface layer, using tantalum powder, pressed into a pellet shape, as one "plate" of the capacitor, the oxide as the dielectric, and an electrolytic solution or conductive solid as the other "plate". Because the dielectric layer can be very thin (thinner than the similar layer in, for instance, an aluminium electrolytic capacitor), a high capacitance can be achieved in a small volume. Because of the size and weight advantages, tantalum capacitors are attractive for portable telephones, personal computers, and automotive electronics.^[50]

Alloys

Tantalum is also used to produce a variety of alloys that have high melting points, are strong and have good ductility. Alloyed with other metals, it is also used in making carbide tools for metalworking equipment and in the production of superalloys for jet engine components, chemical process equipment, nuclear reactors, and missile parts.^[50]^[51] Because of its ductility, tantalum can be drawn into fine wires or filaments, which are used for evaporating metals such as aluminium. Since it resists attack by body fluids and is nonirritating, tantalum is widely used in making surgical instruments and implants. For example, porous tantalum coatings are used in the construction of orthopedic implants due to tantalum's ability to form a direct bond to hard tissue.^[52]

Tantalum is inert against most acids except hydrofluoric acid and hot sulfuric acid, also hot alkaline solutions cause tantalum to corrode. This property makes it an ideal metal for chemical reaction vessels and pipes for corrosive liquids. Heat exchanging coils for the steam heating of hydrochloric acid are made from tantalum.^[53] Tantalum was extensively used in the production of ultra high frequency electron tubes for radio transmitters. The tantalum is capable of capturing oxygen and nitrogen by forming nitrides and oxides and therefore helps to sustain the high vacuum needed for the tubes.^[20]^[53]

Other uses

The high melting point and oxidation resistance lead to the use of the metal in the production of vacuum furnace parts. Tantalum is extremely inert and is therefore formed into a variety of corrosion resistant parts, such as thermowells, valve bodies, and tantalum fasteners. Due to its high density, shaped charge and explosively formed penetrator liners have been constructed from tantalum.^[54] Tantalum greatly increases the armor penetration capabilities of a shaped charge due to its high density and high melting point.^[55]^[56] It is also occasionally used in precious watches e.g. from Audemars Piguet, Hublot, Montblanc, Omega, and Panerai. Tantalum is also highly bioinert and is used as an orthopedic implant material.^[57] The elasticity of tantalum makes it a great material for hip replacements to avoid stress shielding.^[58] Because tantalum is a non-ferrous metal (non-magnetic), these implants are considered to be acceptable for patients undergoing MRI procedures.^[59] The oxide is used to make special high refractive index glass for camera lenses.^[60]

Precautions

Compounds containing tantalum are rarely encountered in the laboratory. The metal is highly biocompatible^[57] and is used for body implants and coatings, therefore attention may be focused on other elements or the physical nature of the chemical compound.^[61] A single study^[62] is the only reference in literature linking tantalum to local sarcomas. The study was quoted in IARC Monograph vol. 74 which includes the following "Note to the reader": "Inclusion of an agent in the Monographs does not imply that it is a carcinogen, only that the published data have been examined."^[63]

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^ ^a ^b "Commodity Report 2008: Tantalum" (PDF). United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 2008-10-24.
^ Buckman Jr., R. W. (2000). "New applications for tantalum and tantalum alloys". JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society 52 (3): 40. Bibcode:2000JOM....52c..40B. doi:10.1007/s11837-000-0100-6.
^ Cohen, R.; Della Valle, CJ; Jacobs, JJ (2006). "Applications of porous tantalum in total hip arthroplasty". Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons 14 (12): 646–55. PMID 17077337.
^ ^a ^b Balke, Clarence W (1935). "Columbium and Tantalum". Industrial and Engineering Chemistry 20 (10): 1166. doi:10.1021/ie50310a022.
^ Nemat-Nasser, Sia; Isaacs, Jon B.; Liu, Mingqi (1998). "Microstructure of high-strain, high-strain-rate deformed tantalum". Acta Materialia 46 (4): 1307. doi:10.1016/S1359-6454(97)00746-5. Cite uses deprecated parameters (help)
^ Walters, William; Cooch, William; Burkins, Matthew (2001). "The penetration resistance of a titanium alloy against jets from tantalum shaped charge liners". International Journal of Impact Engineering 26: 823. doi:10.1016/S0734-743X(01)00135-X. Cite uses deprecated parameters (help)
^ Russell, Alan M.; Lee, Kok Loong (2005). Structure-property relations in nonferrous metals. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Interscience. p. 218. ISBN 978-0-471-64952-6.
^ ^a ^b Gerald L. Burke (1940). "The Corrosion of Metals in Tissues; and An Introduction to Tantalum". Canadian Medical Association Journal 43.
^ Black, J. (1994). "Biological performance of tantalum". Clin Mater. 16 (3): 167–173. doi:10.1016/0267-6605(94)90113-9. PMID 10172264.
^ http://www.mrisafety.com/safety_article.asp?subject=210
^ Musikant, Solomon (1985). "Optical Glas Composition". Optical Materials: An Introduction to Selection and Application. CRC Press. p. 28. ISBN 978-0-8247-7309-0.
^ Matsuno H, Yokoyama A, Watari F, Uo M, Kawasaki T. (2001). "Biocompatibility and osteogenesis of refractory metal implants, titanium, hafnium, niobium, tantalum and rhenium. Biocompatibility of tantalum". Biomaterials 22 (11): 1253–62. doi:10.1016/S0142-9612(00)00275-1. PMID 11336297.
^ Oppenheimer, B.S.; Oppenheimer, E.T.; Danishefsky, I.; Stout, A.P. (1956). "Carcinogenic effects of metals in rodent". Cancer Research 16 (5): 439–41. PMID 13330036. Cite uses deprecated parameters (help)
^ "Surgical implants and other foreign bodies". IARC. 1999. Retrieved 2009-06-03.

External links

Look up tantalum in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tantalum.

Tantalum at The Periodic Table of Videos (University of Nottingham)
Tantalum-Niobium International Study Center
CDC - NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. 原発性（先天性）脳ヘルニア primary congenital encephalocele
2. 人工関節感染：疫学、臨床症状、診断 prosthetic joint infection epidemiology clinical manifestations and diagnosis
3. 骨転移、多発性骨髄腫、およびリンパ腫における完全および切迫病的骨折の評価およびマネージメント evaluation and management of complete and impending pathologic fractures in patients with metastatic bone disease multiple myeloma and lymphoma

English Journal

Synthetic and structural studies of monocyclopentadienyl cyclometalated aryl tantalum(v) compounds.

Galajov M, Galindo A, Garcia C, Gomez M, Gomez-Sal P, Parra A.SourceCentro de Espectroscopia de Resonancia Magnetica Nuclear, Universidad de Alcala de Henares, Campus Universitario, E-28871, Alcala de Henares, Spain.
Dalton transactions (Cambridge, England : 2003).Dalton Trans.2011 Sep 7;40(33):8399-406. Epub 2011 Jul 22.
Cyclometalated aryl tetra- or trichlorido cyclopentadienyl tantalum complexes [TaXCl(3){C(6)H(4)(2-CH(2)NMe(2))-κ(2)C,N}] (X = Cl 1, η(5)-C(5)H(5)2, η(5)-C(5)H(4)(SiMe(3)) 3, η(5)-C(5)Me(5)4) containing a five-membered TaC(3)N chelate ring were synthesized by reaction of the TaXCl(4) (X = Cl, η
PMID 21779602

A comparison of calibration methods for stereo fluoroscopic imaging systems.

Kaptein BL, Shelburne KB, Torry MR, Erik Giphart J.SourceLeiden University Medical Center, Department of Orthopaedics and Division of Image Processing, Department of Radiology, Leiden, The Netherlands.
Journal of biomechanics.J Biomech.2011 Sep 2;44(13):2511-5. Epub 2011 Jul 23.
Stereo (biplane) fluoroscopic imaging systems are considered the most accurate and precise systems to study joint kinematics in vivo. Calibration of a biplane fluoroscopy system consists of three steps: (1) correction for spatial image distortion; (2) calculation of the focus position; and (3) calcu
PMID 21783196

Surface mineralization of Ti6Al4V substrates with calcium apatites for the retention and local delivery of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2.

Liu P, Smits J, Ayers DC, Song J.SourceDepartment of Orthopedics and Physical Rehabilitation, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA.
Acta biomaterialia.Acta Biomater.2011 Sep;7(9):3488-95. Epub 2011 May 27.
Titanium alloys are prevalently used as orthopedic prosthetics. Inadequate bone-implant interactions can lead to premature prosthetic loosening and implant failure. Local delivery of osteogenic therapeutics promoting osteointegration of the implant is an attractive strategy to address this clinical
PMID 21651998

Japanese Journal

Remarkable effect of ordered mesoporous carbon support in tantalum oxide-catalyzed selective epoxidation of cyclooctene

Lin Meng-Liang,Hara Kenji,Okubo Yasuhiro,Yanagi Masaaki,Nambu Hironobu,Fukuoka Atsushi
Catalysis Communications 12(13), 1228-1230, 2011-07-26
… Well-dispersed tantalum oxides supported on the ordered mesoporous carbon were prepared. … Their application in catalytic epoxidation of cyclooctene demonstrates that the tantalum oxide catalysts on the ordered mesoporous carbon supports show higher performances than those of the catalysts supported on activated carbon and ordered mesoporous silica SBA-15. …
NAID 120003242991

Topology-change surgery for crystals

Matsuura T.,Tsuneta T.,Kumagai G.,Tsubota M.,Matsuyama T.,Tanda S.
Physical Review B 83(17), 174113, 2011-05-01
… We performed the topology-change surgery for ring-shaped crystals of tantalum triselenide (TaSe3) to investigate the interplay between the closed-ring topology and elasticity/plasticity of the crystals. …
NAID 120003075338

Vertical Liquid Crystal Orientation on Amorphous Tantalum Pentoxide Surfaces Depending on Anisotropic Dipole--Dipole Interaction via Ion Beam Irradiation

Lee Jong-Jin,Kim Hyung-Jun,Kang Young-Gu [他],Kim Young-Hwan,Park Hong-Gyu,Kim Byoung-Yong,Seo Dae-Shik
Jpn J Appl Phys 50(3), 031701-031701-4, 2011-03-25
… We achieved vertically aligned (VA) liquid crystals (LCs) on amorphous tantalum pentoxide (Ta2O5) alignment films deposited by radio frequency (rf) magnetron sputtering using ion beam (IB) irradiation. …
NAID 150000055363

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元

「Ta」

Tantalum
	73Ta
	hafnium ← tantalum → tungsten
	Tantalum in the periodic table
Appearance
	gray blue; ; ; Spectral lines of tantalum (400 nm - 700 nm)
General properties
Name, symbol, number	tantalum, Ta, 73
Pronunciation	/ˈtæntələm/; TAN-təl-əm;; previously /tænˈtæliəm/; tan-TAL-ee-əm
Element category	transition metal
Group, period, block	5, 6, d
Standard atomic weight	180.94788
Electron configuration	[Xe] 4f14 5d3 6s2; 2, 8, 18, 32, 11, 2
Physical properties
Phase	solid
Density (near r.t.)	16.69 g·cm−3
Liquid density at m.p.	15 g·cm−3
Melting point	3290 K, 3017 °C, 5463 °F
Boiling point	5731 K, 5458 °C, 9856 °F
Heat of fusion	36.57 kJ·mol−1
Heat of vaporization	753 kJ·mol−1
Molar heat capacity	25.36 J·mol−1·K−1
Vapor pressure
Atomic properties
Oxidation states	5, 4, 3, 2, −1 (mildly acidic oxide)
Electronegativity	1.5 (Pauling scale)
Ionization energies	1st: 761 kJ·mol−1
	2nd: 1500 kJ·mol−1
Atomic radius	146 pm
Covalent radius	170±8 pm
Miscellanea
Crystal structure	body-centered cubic ; α-Ta
	tetragonal ; β-Ta
Magnetic ordering	paramagnetic
Electrical resistivity	(20 °C) 131 nΩ·m
Thermal conductivity	57.5 W·m−1·K−1
Thermal expansion	(25 °C) 6.3 µm·m−1·K−1
Speed of sound (thin rod)	(20 °C) 3400 m·s−1
Young's modulus	186 GPa
Shear modulus	69 GPa
Bulk modulus	200 GPa
Poisson ratio	0.34
Mohs hardness	6.5
Vickers hardness	873 MPa
Brinell hardness	800 MPa
CAS registry number	7440-25-7
History
Discovery	Anders Gustaf Ekeberg (1802)
Recognized as a distinct element by	Heinrich Rose (1844)
Most stable isotopes
	Main article: Isotopes of tantalum
	Decay modes in parentheses are predicted, but have not yet been observed
	view; talk; edit; · references

　　[★]

タンタル

関: tantalum

[crystal_structure-1] Moseley, P. T.; Seabrook, C. J. (1973). "The crystal structure of β-tantalum". Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry 29 (5): 1170–1171. doi:10.1107/S0567740873004140. edit

[magnet-2] Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 81st edition, CRC press.

[3] Euripides, Orestes

[4] ttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3491782/ Porous Tantalum

[5] Griffith, William P.; Morris, Peter J. T. (2003). "Charles Hatchett FRS (1765–1847), Chemist and Discoverer of Niobium". Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 57 (3): 299. doi:10.1098/rsnr.2003.0216. JSTOR 3557720. Cite uses deprecated parameters (help)

[Wolla-6] Wollaston, William Hyde (1809). "On the Identity of Columbium and Tantalum". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 99: 246–252. doi:10.1098/rstl.1809.0017. JSTOR 107264.

[Pelop-7] Rose, Heinrich (1844). "Ueber die Zusammensetzung der Tantalite und ein im Tantalite von Baiern enthaltenes neues Metall". Annalen der Physik (in German) 139 (10): 317–341. Bibcode:1844AnP...139..317R. doi:10.1002/andp.18441391006.

[8] Rose, Heinrich (1847). "Ueber die Säure im Columbit von Nordamérika". Annalen der Physik (in German) 146 (4): 572–577. Bibcode:1847AnP...146..572R. doi:10.1002/andp.18471460410.

[Ilmen-9] Marignac, Blomstrand, H. Deville, L. Troost und R. Hermann (1866). "Tantalsäure, Niobsäure, (Ilmensäure) und Titansäure". Fresenius' Journal of Analytical Chemistry 5 (1): 384–389. doi:10.1007/BF01302537.

[Gupta-10] Gupta, C. K.; Suri, A. K. (1994). Extractive Metallurgy of Niobium. CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-6071-4. Cite uses deprecated parameters (help)

[11] Marignac, M. C. (1866). "Recherches sur les combinaisons du niobium". Annales de chimie et de physique (in French) 4 (8): 7–75.

[12] Hermann, R. (1871). "Fortgesetzte Untersuchungen über die Verbindungen von Ilmenium und Niobium, sowie über die Zusammensetzung der Niobmineralien (Further research about the compounds of ilmenium and niobium, as well as the composition of niobium minerals)". Journal für Praktische Chemie (in German) 3 (1): 373–427. doi:10.1002/prac.18710030137.

[nauti-13] "Niobium". Universidade de Coimbra. Retrieved 2008-09-05.

[14] Bowers, B. (2001). "Scanning Our Past from London The Filament Lamp and New Materials". Proceedings of the IEEE 89 (3): 413. doi:10.1109/5.915382.

[15] Aycan, Mugla, Sule (2005). "Chemistry Education and Mythology". Journal of Social Sciences 1 (4): 238–239. doi:10.3844/jssp.2005.238.239.

[16] Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 1138. ISBN 0080379419.

[17] Colakis, Marianthe; Masello, Mary Joan (2007-06-30). "Tantalum". Classical Mythology & More: A Reader Workbook. ISBN 978-0-86516-573-1.

[18] Lee, S; Doxbeck, M.; Mueller, J.; Cipollo, M.; Cote, P. (2004). "Texture, structure and phase transformation in sputter beta tantalum coating". Surface and Coatings Technology. 177–178: 44. doi:10.1016/j.surfcoat.2003.06.008.

[HollemanAF-19] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Holleman, A. F., Wiberg, E., Wiberg, N. (2007). Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie, 102nd ed. de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-017770-1.

[ICE-20] Soisson, Donald J.; McLafferty, J. J.; Pierret, James A. (1961). "Staff-Industry Collaborative Report: Tantalum and Niobium". Ind. Eng. Chem. 53 (11): 861–868. doi:10.1021/ie50623a016. Cite uses deprecated parameters (help)

[Aguly-21] Agulyansky, Anatoly (2004). The Chemistry of Tantalum and Niobium Fluoride Compounds. Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-444-51604-6. Retrieved 2008-09-02.

[22] Morse, P. M. et al. (2008). "Ethylene Complexes of the Early Transition Metals: Crystal Structures of [HfEt
4(C
2H
4)2−
] and the Negative-Oxidation-State Species [TaHEt(C
2H
4)3−
3] and [WH(C
2H
4)3−
4]". Organometallics 27 (5): 984. doi:10.1021/om701189e.

[23] Tsukimoto, S.; Moriyama, M.; Murakami, Masanori (1961). "Microstructure of amorphous tantalum nitride thin films". Thin Solid Films 460 (1–2): 222–226. Bibcode:2004TSF...460..222T. doi:10.1016/j.tsf.2004.01.073. Cite uses deprecated parameters (help)

[24] Arirang, TV (2005-05-06). "Researchers Develop New Alloy". Digital Chosunilbo (English Edition) : Daily News in English About Korea. Archived from the original on March 28, 2008. Retrieved 2008-12-22.

[25] Braun, Hilarion "Substance for front surface mirror" U.S. Patent 5,923,464, Issued on July 13, 1999

[NUBASE-26] Georges, Audi; Bersillon, O.; Blachot, J.; Wapstra, A.H. (2003). "The NUBASE Evaluation of Nuclear and Decay Properties". Nuclear Physics A (Atomic Mass Data Center) 729: 3–128. Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A. doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001.

[27] Win, David Tin; Al Masum, Mohammed (2003). "Weapons of Mass Destruction" (PDF). Assumption University Journal of Technology 6 (4): 199–219.

[28] ttps://mis.triumf.ca/science/planning/yield/target/Ta

[Emsley-29] Emsley, John (2001). "Tantalum". Nature's Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements. Oxford, England, UK: Oxford University Press. p. 420. ISBN 0-19-850340-7.

[30] "Talison Tantalum eyes mid-2011 Wodgina restart 2010-06-09". Reuters. 2010-06-09. Retrieved 2010-08-27.

[Wodgina-tant-closed-31] Emery, Kate (24 Jan 2012). "GAM closes Wodgina tantalum mine". The West Australian. Retrieved 20 March 2012. "Worldwide softening tantalum demand and delays in receiving Governmental approval for installation of necessary crushing equipment are among contributing factors in this decision"

[Talison-32] "Wodgina Operations". Global Advanced Metals. 2008. Retrieved 2011-03-28.

[USGS2006-33] Papp, John F. (2006). "2006 Minerals Yearbook Nb & Ta". US Geological Survey. Retrieved 2008-06-03.

[Mining_Journal-34] "Tantalum supplement" (PDF). Mining Journal. November 2007. Retrieved 2008-06-03.

[35] "International tantalum resources — exploration and mining" (PDF). GSWA Mineral Resources Bulletin 22 (10). Archived from the original on 2007-09-26.

[36] Tantalum-Niobium International Study Center: Coltan Retrieved 2008-01-27

[37] "S/2003/1027". 2003-10-26. Retrieved 2008-04-19.

[38] "Special Report: Congo". International Rescue Committee. Retrieved 2008-04-19.

[39] Hayes, Karen; Burge, Richard. "Coltan Mining in the Democratic Republic of Congo: How tantalum-using industries can commit to the reconstruction of the DRC". Fauna & Flora. pp. 1–64. ISBN 1-903703-10-7. Cite uses deprecated parameters (help)

[40] Dizolele, Mvemba Phezo (January 6, 2011). "Congo's Bloody Coltan". Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting. Retrieved 2009-08-08.

[41] "Congo War and the Role of Coltan". Retrieved 2009-08-08.

[42] "Coltan mining in the Congo River Basin". Archived from the original on 2009-03-30. Retrieved 2009-08-08.

[43] "How much is left?". Retrieved 2013-01-13.

[44] U.S. Geological Survey

[45] Ayanada, Olushola S.; Adekola, Folahan A. (2011). "A Review of Niobium-Tantalum Separation" (PDF). Journal of Minerals & Materials Characterization & Engineering 10 (3): 245–256.

[46] Agulyanski, Anatoly (2004). Chemistry of Tantalum and Niobium Fluoride Compounds. (1st ed. ed.). Burlington: Elsevier. ISBN 9780080529028.

[47] Okabe, Toru H.; Sadoway, Donald R. (1998). "Metallothermic reduction as an electronically mediated reaction". Journal of Materials Research 13 (12): 3372–3377. Bibcode:1998JMatR..13.3372O. doi:10.1557/JMR.1998.0459. Cite uses deprecated parameters (help)

[48] "Manufacturing metals: A tantalising prospect". The Economist. 2013-02-16. Retrieved 2013-04-17.

[49] "Machining Tantalum". Retrieved June 16, 2011.

[USGSCR08-50] "Commodity Report 2008: Tantalum" (PDF). United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 2008-10-24.

[51] Buckman Jr., R. W. (2000). "New applications for tantalum and tantalum alloys". JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society 52 (3): 40. Bibcode:2000JOM....52c..40B. doi:10.1007/s11837-000-0100-6.

[52] Cohen, R.; Della Valle, CJ; Jacobs, JJ (2006). "Applications of porous tantalum in total hip arthroplasty". Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons 14 (12): 646–55. PMID 17077337.

[Balke-53] Balke, Clarence W (1935). "Columbium and Tantalum". Industrial and Engineering Chemistry 20 (10): 1166. doi:10.1021/ie50310a022.

[54] Nemat-Nasser, Sia; Isaacs, Jon B.; Liu, Mingqi (1998). "Microstructure of high-strain, high-strain-rate deformed tantalum". Acta Materialia 46 (4): 1307. doi:10.1016/S1359-6454(97)00746-5. Cite uses deprecated parameters (help)

[55] Walters, William; Cooch, William; Burkins, Matthew (2001). "The penetration resistance of a titanium alloy against jets from tantalum shaped charge liners". International Journal of Impact Engineering 26: 823. doi:10.1016/S0734-743X(01)00135-X. Cite uses deprecated parameters (help)

[56] Russell, Alan M.; Lee, Kok Loong (2005). Structure-property relations in nonferrous metals. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Interscience. p. 218. ISBN 978-0-471-64952-6.

[Gerald_L._Burke_1940-57] Gerald L. Burke (1940). "The Corrosion of Metals in Tissues; and An Introduction to Tantalum". Canadian Medical Association Journal 43.

[58] Black, J. (1994). "Biological performance of tantalum". Clin Mater. 16 (3): 167–173. doi:10.1016/0267-6605(94)90113-9. PMID 10172264.

[59] ttp://www.mrisafety.com/safety_article.asp?subject=210

[60] Musikant, Solomon (1985). "Optical Glas Composition". Optical Materials: An Introduction to Selection and Application. CRC Press. p. 28. ISBN 978-0-8247-7309-0.

[61] Matsuno H, Yokoyama A, Watari F, Uo M, Kawasaki T. (2001). "Biocompatibility and osteogenesis of refractory metal implants, titanium, hafnium, niobium, tantalum and rhenium. Biocompatibility of tantalum". Biomaterials 22 (11): 1253–62. doi:10.1016/S0142-9612(00)00275-1. PMID 11336297.

[62] Oppenheimer, B.S.; Oppenheimer, E.T.; Danishefsky, I.; Stout, A.P. (1956). "Carcinogenic effects of metals in rodent". Cancer Research 16 (5): 439–41. PMID 13330036. Cite uses deprecated parameters (help)

[63] "Surgical implants and other foreign bodies". IARC. 1999. Retrieved 2009-06-03.

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tantalum