tameness

WordNet

the attribute of having been domesticated (同)domestication

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/05/08 22:23:34」(JST)

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In public parks, some wild animals have been sufficiently tamed so as to lose their natural fear of humans.

A tame mouse runs across a woman's hand.

A tame animal is an animal that is relatively tolerant of human presence. Tameness is the quality of an animal being welcoming towards the presence of humans, either naturally (as in the case, for example, of island tameness) or due to human intervention (as the result of animal training).

Taming is the deliberate, human-directed process of training an animal against its initially wild or natural instincts to avoid humans, so that it instead learns to become tolerant of humans. The tameability of an animal is the level of ease it takes humans to train the animal. Tameability may vary among individual animals, breeds, or species.^[1]

In other languages, such as Spanish, the word for taming is the same as the word for domestication. However, in the English language, the two words refer to two partially overlapping but distinct concepts.^[2] For example feral animals are domesticated, but not tamed. Similarly, taming is not the same as animal training, although in some contexts these terms may be used interchangeably.

"Taming" is also distinct from the use of "habituation" in the field of wildlife biology, as in discussions of how habituation makes bears and other large animals more dangerous.^[3]

Taming implies that the animal tolerates not merely human proximity, but at minimum human touching.^[4] Yet, more common usage limits the label "tame" to animals that subordinate themselves to humans sufficiently that they do not threaten, much less injure, humans who do not harm them or their companions (e.g., offspring or siblings), or at least who threaten to do so. Tameness, in this sense, should be distinguished from "socialization" wherein the animals treat humans much like conspecifics, for instance by trying to dominate humans.^[5]

References

^ "Principles and applications of domestic animal behavior: an introductory text - Edward O. Price - Google Books". Books.google.com. Retrieved 2013-04-25.
^ "Domestication: the decline of environmental appreciation - Google Books". Books.google.com. Retrieved 2013-04-25.
^ See, e.g., Herrero et al. 2005, Smith et al. 2005, Geist 2011a,b, Stringham 2010, 2011, Rogers & Mansfield 2011
^ See, e.g., Geist 2011a,b.
^ For examples with mountain sheep Ovis spp., see Geist 2011a,b.

Geist, V. 2011a. Wildlife habituation: advances in understanding and management application. Human–Wildlife Interactions. 5:9–12.
Geist, V. 2011b. Response to Rogers and Mansfield (2011) and Stringham (2011). Human–Wildlife Interactions 5(2):192–196.
Herrero, S., T. Smith, T. DeBruyn, K. Gunther & C. Matt. 2005. From the field: Brown bear habituation to people – safety, risks, and benefits. Wildlife Society Bulletin 33(1):362-373.
Rogers, L. L. & S. A. Mansfield. 2011. Misconceptions about black bears: a response to Geist (2011). Human–Wildlife Interactions 5(2):173–176.
Smith, T., S. Herrero, & T. DeBruyn et al. 2005. Alaskan brown bears, humans, and habituation. Ursus 16(1):1-10.
Stringham, S. F. 2010. When Bears Whisper, Do You Listen? WildWatch, Soldotna, AK.
Stringham, S. F 2011. Aggressive body language of bears and wildlife viewing: a response to Geist (2011). Human-wildlife Interactions 5(2):177-191.

English Journal

Selection for reluctance to avoid humans during the domestication of mice.

Goto T, Tanave A, Moriwaki K, Shiroishi T, Koide T.Author information Mouse Genomics Resource Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Shizuoka; Transdisciplinary Research Integration Center, Research Organization of Information and Systems, Tokyo.AbstractMany animal species have been domesticated over the course of human history and became tame as a result of domestication. Tameness is a behavioral characteristic with 2 potential components: (1) reluctance to avoid humans and (2) motivation to approach humans. However, the specific behavioral characteristics selected during domestication processes remain to be clarified for many species. To quantify these 2 different components of tameness separately, we established 3 behavioral tests: the 'active tame', 'passive tame' and 'stay-on-hand' tests. We subjected genetically diverse mouse strains to these tests, including 10 wild strains (BFM/2Ms, PGN2/Ms, HMI/Ms, BLG2/Ms, NJL/Ms, KJR/Ms, SWN/Ms, CHD/Ms, MSM/Ms and CAST/Ei), a fancy strain (JF1/Ms) and 6 standard laboratory strains (C3H/HeNJcl, CBA/J, BALB/cAnNCrlCrlj, DBA/2JJcl, 129(+Ter) /SvJcl and C57BL/6JJcl). To analyze the effects of domestication, these 17 strains were divided into 2 groups: domesticated strains (fancy and laboratory strains) and wild strains. Significant differences between strains were observed in all traits, and the calculated estimates of broad-sense heritability were 0.15-0.72. These results illustrate that tameness in mice is significantly influenced by genetic background. In addition, they clearly show the differences in the features of tameness in domesticated and wild strains. Most of the domesticated strains showed significantly greater reluctance to avoid humans than wild strains, whereas there was no significant difference in the level of motivation to approach humans between these 2 groups. These results might help to clarify the genetic basis of tameness in mice.
Genes, brain, and behavior.Genes Brain Behav.2013 Nov;12(8):760-70. doi: 10.1111/gbb.12088. Epub 2013 Oct 7.
Many animal species have been domesticated over the course of human history and became tame as a result of domestication. Tameness is a behavioral characteristic with 2 potential components: (1) reluctance to avoid humans and (2) motivation to approach humans. However, the specific behavioral charac
PMID 24034605

Pleiotropic effects of coat colour-associated mutations in humans, mice and other mammals.

Reissmann M, Ludwig A.Author information Humboldt University Berlin, Department for Crop and Animal Sciences, Berlin, Germany. monika.reissmann@rz.hu-berlin.deAbstractThe characterisation of the pleiotropic effects of coat colour-associated mutations in mammals illustrates that sensory organs and nerves are particularly affected by disorders because of the shared origin of melanocytes and neurocytes in the neural crest; e.g. the eye-colour is a valuable indicator of disorders in pigment production and eye dysfunctions. Disorders related to coat colour-associated alleles also occur in the skin (melanoma), reproductive tract and immune system. Additionally, the coat colour phenotype of an individual influences its general behaviour and fitness. Mutations in the same genes often produce similar coat colours and pleiotropic effects in different species (e.g., KIT [reproductive disorders, lethality], EDNRB [megacolon] and LYST [CHS]). Whereas similar disorders and similar-looking coat colour phenotypes sometimes have a different genetic background (e.g., deafness [EDN3/EDNRB, MITF, PAX and SNAI2] and visual diseases [OCA2, RAB38, SLC24A5, SLC45A2, TRPM1 and TYR]). The human predilection for fancy phenotypes that ignore disorders and genetic defects is a major driving force for the increase of pleiotropic effects in domestic species and laboratory subjects since domestication has commenced approximately 18,000 years ago.
Seminars in cell & developmental biology.Semin Cell Dev Biol.2013 Jun-Jul;24(6-7):576-86. doi: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2013.03.014. Epub 2013 Apr 9.
The characterisation of the pleiotropic effects of coat colour-associated mutations in mammals illustrates that sensory organs and nerves are particularly affected by disorders because of the shared origin of melanocytes and neurocytes in the neural crest; e.g. the eye-colour is a valuable indicator
PMID 23583561

The role of humans in facilitating and sustaining coat colour variation in domestic animals.

Linderholm A, Larson G.Author information Durham Evolution and Ancient DNA, Department of Archaeology, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom.AbstractThough the process of domestication results in a wide variety of novel phenotypic and behavioural traits, coat colour variation is one of the few characteristics that distinguishes all domestic animals from their wild progenitors. A number of recent reviews have discussed and synthesised the hundreds of genes known to underlie specific coat colour patterns in a wide range of domestic animals. This review expands upon those studies by asking how what is known about the causative mutations associated with variable coat colours, can be used to address three specific questions related to the appearance of non wild-type coat colours in domestic animals. Firstly, is it possible that coat colour variation resulted as a by-product of an initial selection for tameness during the early phases of domestication? Secondly, how soon after the process began did domestic animals display coat colour variation? Lastly, what evidence is there that intentional human selection, rather than drift, is primarily responsible for the wide range of modern coat colours? By considering the presence and absence of coat colour genes within the context of the different pathways animals travelled from wild to captive populations, we conclude that coat colour variability was probably not a pleiotropic effect of the selection for tameness, that coat colours most likely appeared very soon after the domestication process began, and that humans have been actively selecting for colour novelty and thus allowing for the proliferation of new mutations in coat colour genes.
Seminars in cell & developmental biology.Semin Cell Dev Biol.2013 Jun-Jul;24(6-7):587-93. doi: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2013.03.015. Epub 2013 Apr 5.
Though the process of domestication results in a wide variety of novel phenotypic and behavioural traits, coat colour variation is one of the few characteristics that distinguishes all domestic animals from their wild progenitors. A number of recent reviews have discussed and synthesised the hundred
PMID 23567209

Japanese Journal

Matsumoto-Imai中間写像のtame分解性について

矢城信吾,高木剛
コンピュータセキュリティシンポジウム2013論文集 2013(4), 54-61, 2013-10-14
NAID 170000080746

Bifurcation set, M-tameness, asymptotic critical values and Newton polyhedrons

Nguyen Tat Thang
Kodai Mathematical Journal 36(1), 77-90, 2013
Let F = (F1, F2, ..., Fm): Cn → Cm be a polynomial dominant mapping with n > m. In this paper we give the relations between the bifurcation set of F and the set of values where F is not M-tame as w …
NAID 130004496185

A condition for an infinitely generated Schottky group to be classical

谷口雅彦,米谷文男
人間文化研究科年報 27, 181-189, 2012-03-31
… Then we first show that, if C satisfies the modifiedMaskit condition and the tameness condition, G is an infinitely generatedSchottky group with respect to C.Here, we call G an infinitely generated Schottky group with respect tothe loop family C, if the limit set (G) of G is totally disconnected. …
NAID 110009004262