syndicate

WordNet

sell articles, television programs, or photos to several publications or independent broadcasting stations
a loose affiliation of gangsters in charge of organized criminal activities (同)crime syndicate, mob, family
a news agency that sells features or articles or photographs etc. to newspapers for simultaneous publication
join together into a syndicate; "The banks syndicated"
organize into or form a syndicate

PrepTutorEJDIC

企業合同,シンジケート / 通信社(多くの新聞・雑誌に同時発表の記事・写真などを供給する事業) / 〈店・企業など〉‘を'合同組織にする / (通信社を通して)〈記事・写真など〉‘を'売る,供給する / 企業(店)を合同組織する

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/08/03 02:55:10」(JST)

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[Wiki en表示]

A syndicate is a self-organizing group of individuals, companies, corporations or entities formed to transact some specific business, to pursue or promote a shared interest. In most cases formed groups aim to scale up their profits. Although there are many legal syndicates formed around the world, the usage of the term "the syndicate" in colloquial English often refers to one involved in illegal activities.^{[citation needed]}

The term is also associated with anarchist theory, specifically anarcho-syndicalism, in which it forms an alternative to both the nation state and capitalist corporations.^[1]

Etymology

The word syndicate comes from the French word syndicat which means trade union (syndic meaning administrator), from the Latin word syndicus which in turn comes from the Greek word σύνδικος (syndikos), which means caretaker of an issue; compare to ombudsman or representative.

Definition

The Merriam Webster Dictionary defines syndicate as a group of people or businesses that work together. This may be a council or body or association of people or an association of concerns, officially authorized to undertake a duty or negotiate business with an office or jurisdiction. It may mean an association of racketeers in organized crime. It may refer to a business concern that sells materials for publication (newspaper, radio, TV, internet) in a number of outlets simultaneously, or a group of newspapers under one management.^[2]

Crime syndicates

In the case of criminal activity, the syndicate is there to promote, and engage in, organized crime, that is, organizations which run common illegal businesses on a large, national, or international scale. The subunit of the syndicate is a crime family or clan, organized by blood relationships, as seen in the Italian Mafia and the Italian American Mafia crime families (the Five Families dominating New York City crime, namely, the Gambino crime family, Genovese crime family, Lucchese crime family, Bonanno crime family, and the Colombo crime family).

Media syndicates

In media, syndicates are organizations by name and credit. For example, BBC Radio International is a radio syndicated business. A news ticker, residing in the lower third the television screen image, usually shows syndicated news stories.

Business syndicates

A group formed of several business entities, like companies or corporations, which share common interests in a market but usually are not direct competitors. Larger companies or corporations form syndicates to strengthen their position in the market. Internet companies and corporations, focusing on various Internet ventures, tend to form syndicates within their own group, with direct competitors involved. In such cases, they share a certain type of market, like brand management or search engine optimization, and usually form a Conglomerate Syndicate. They may be syndicated nationally or internationally.

Finance syndicates

In finance, a bank syndicate, often referred to simply as a syndicate, is a group of banks lending a usually large amount of money for a specific purpose and to one single borrower. Syndicated loans are loans underwritten by a bank syndicate and are more common in the US, where financial markets are in corporate ownership rather than private equity markets as in Europe or South America.

Worker-managed enterprise

Anarchists, syndicalists, and other libertarian socialists use the word "syndicate" to refer to an enterprise managed by its workers. Such an enterprise is governed by a face-to-face meeting of everyone who works there, in which each worker has one vote. Either there are no managers, or the managers are directly elected and recallable. In either case, the most important decisions are made collectively by the whole workforce. This is known as workers' self-management. A worker's syndicate can also mean a trade union.

Lottery syndicates

Lottery syndicates are formed to pool tickets thus increasing the chances of winning. Lottery syndicates are more common in the UK and Europe in general. They are legal in the US, but legal problems are regularly reported ^[3]^[4]

References

^ "What is a syndicate?". http://www.answers.com/: Answers.com. Syndicate comes from the French word syndicat which means trade union (syndic meaning administrator), from the Latin word syndicus, which in turn comes from the Greek word (syndikos), which means caretaker of an issue, compared to ombudsman or representative. Missing or empty |url= (help); |accessdate= requires |url= (help)
^ "syndicate". Merriam-Webster, Incorporated. 2014. Retrieved 27 February 2014.
^ Sarah Coles (28 February 2013). "The dangers of joining a lottery syndicate". AOL.com. Retrieved 27 February 2014.
^ Paul Thompson (29 December 2010). "Lottery syndicate refuse to share jackpot with member who didn't pay $1 towards ticket". DailyMail.com. Retrieved 27 February 2014.

English Journal

Clinical utility of random anti-tumor necrosis factor drug-level testing and measurement of antidrug antibodies on the long-term treatment response in rheumatoid arthritis.

Jani M, Chinoy H, Warren RB, Griffiths CE, Plant D, Fu B, Morgan AW, Wilson AG, Isaacs JD, Hyrich K, Barton A; Biologics in Rheumatoid Arthritis Genetics and Genomics Study Syndicate Collaborators.
Arthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.).Arthritis Rheumatol.2015 May;67(8):2011-9. doi: 10.1002/art.39169.
OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether antidrug antibodies and/or drug non-trough levels predict the long-term treatment response in a large cohort of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) treated with adalimumab or etanercept and to identify factors influencing antidrug antibody and drug levels to opt
PMID 26109489

Association of HLA-DRB1 haplotypes with rheumatoid arthritis severity, mortality, and treatment response.

Viatte S1, Plant D2, Han B3, Fu B4, Yarwood A1, Thomson W2, Symmons DP5, Worthington J2, Young A6, Hyrich KL7, Morgan AW8, Wilson AG9, Isaacs JD10, Raychaudhuri S11, Barton A2.
JAMA.JAMA.2015 Apr 28;313(16):1645-56. doi: 10.1001/jama.2015.3435.
IMPORTANCE: Advances have been made in identifying genetic susceptibility loci for autoimmune diseases, but evidence is needed regarding their association with prognosis and treatment response.OBJECTIVE: To assess whether specific HLA-DRB1 haplotypes associated with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) suscept
PMID 25919528

Rheumatoid arthritis response to treatment across IgG1 allotype - anti-TNF incompatibility: a case-only study.

Montes A1, Perez-Pampin E2, Navarro-Sarabia F3, Moreira V4, de la Serna AR5, Magallares B6, Vasilopoulos Y7, Sarafidou T8, Fernández-Nebro A9, Ordóñez Mdel C10, Narváez J11, Cañete JD12, Marquez A13, Pascual-Salcedo D14, Joven B15, Carreira P16, Moreno-Ramos MJ17, Caliz R18, Ferrer MA19, Garcia-Portales R20, Blanco FJ21,22, Magro C23, Raya E24, Valor L25, Alegre-Sancho JJ26, Balsa A27, Martin J28, Plant D29, Isaacs J30,31, Morgan AW32,33, Barton A34,35, Wilson AG36; Biologics in Rheumatoid Arthritis Genetics and Genomics Study Syndicate (BRAGGSS), Gómez-Reino JJ37,38, Gonzalez A39,40.
Arthritis research & therapy.Arthritis Res Ther.2015 Mar 18;17:63. doi: 10.1186/s13075-015-0571-z.
INTRODUCTION: We have hypothesized that incompatibility between the G1m genotype of the patient and the G1m1 and G1m17 allotypes carried by infliximab (INX) and adalimumab (ADM) could decrease the efficacy of these anti-tumor necrosis factor (anti-TNF) antibodies in the treatment of rheumatoid arthr
PMID 25885039

Impact of inadequate adherence on response to subcutaneously administered anti-tumour necrosis factor drugs: results from the Biologics in Rheumatoid Arthritis Genetics and Genomics Study Syndicate cohort.

Bluett J1, Morgan C1, Thurston L1, Plant D1, Hyrich KL1, Morgan AW1, Wilson AG1, Isaacs JD1, Cordingley L2, Barton A3; BRAGGSS.
Rheumatology (Oxford, England).Rheumatology (Oxford).2015 Mar;54(3):494-9. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/keu358. Epub 2014 Sep 10.
OBJECTIVE: Non-adherence to DMARDs is common, but little is known about adherence to biologic therapies and its relationship to treatment response. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between self-reported non-adherence to s.c. anti-TNF therapy and response in individuals wi
PMID 25213131

Japanese Journal

日本の映画配給会社の多角化に関する考察 : メディア・コングロマリット化の不可能性と企業連合の親和性

成城大学大学院経済学論文集 (17), 3-35, 2015-03
NAID 40020398057

金融機関の破綻と市場機能の崩壊(IV)─市場閉鎖の余震─

桃山学院大学経済経営論集 56(1), 45-83, 2014-11-29
NAID 110009896111

岐阜県暴力団排除条例

朝日法学論集 (46), 55-149, 2014-10
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Globalization and Governance : Myth and Reality in the Context of Bangladesh

Asian journal of management sciences & education 3(3), 17-30, 2014-07
NAID 40020210062

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