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Syncytiotrophoblast

Primary chorionic villi. Diagrammatic.

Secondary chorionic villi. Diagrammatic.
Latin	syncitiotrophoblastus
Gray's	subject #6 47
Carnegie stage	5a
Days	8
Code	TE E6.0.1.1.4.0.2
MeSH	Syncytiotrophoblasts

Syncytiotrophoblast (from the Greek 'syn'- "together"; 'cytio'- "of cells"; 'tropho'- "nutrition"; 'blast'- "bud") is the epithelial covering of the highly vascular embryonic placental villi, which invades the wall of the uterus to establish nutrient circulation between the embryo and the mother. It is a unique tissue in that it is a multi-nucleated, terminally differentiated syncytium, extending to 13m². It lacks proliferative capacity and instead is maintained by fusion of underlying cytotrophoblast cells.

It is the outer syncytial layer of the trophoblasts and actively invades the uterine wall, rupturing maternal capillaries and thus establishing an interface between maternal blood and embryonic extracellular fluid, facilitating passive exchange of material between the mother and the embryo.

The syncytiotrophoblast secretes progesterone in addition to human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and human placental lactogen (HPL); hCG prevents degeneration of the corpus luteum. Progesterone serves to maintain the integrity of the uterine lining and, until the syncytiotrophoblast is mature enough to secrete enough progesterone to support pregnancy (in the fourth month of embryonic development), it is aided by the corpus luteum graviditatis. ^[1]

Additional images

Section through embryonic area of Vespertilio murinus to show the formation of the amniotic cavity.

References

^ Langman's Medical Embryology, 10th Edition. T.W. Sadler. p. 34

External links

BU Histology Learning System: 19908loa - "Female Reproductive System: placental villi"
Nature (Journal) Diagram
Musicki B, Pepe G, Albrecht E (1997). "Functional differentiation of placental syncytiotrophoblasts during baboon pregnancy: developmental expression of chorionic somatomammotropin messenger ribonucleic acid and protein levels.". J Clin Endocrinol Metab 82 (12): 4105–10. doi:10.1210/jc.82.12.4105. PMID 9398722. Article
Diagram at McGill
Syncytiotrophoblast at eMedicine Dictionary

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UpToDate Contents

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1. 胎盤の発達および生理学 placental development and physiology
2. 妊娠性絨毛性疾患：病理 gestational trophoblastic disease pathology
3. ヒト絨毛性性ゴナドトロピン：妊娠および妊娠性絨毛性疾患の検査と低検査値が持続する原因 human chorionic gonadotropin testing in pregnancy and gestational trophoblastic disease and causes of low persistent levels
4. 母体 - 胎児接点の免疫 immunology of the maternal fetal interface
5. 妊娠性絨毛腫瘍：疫学、臨床的特徴、診断、病期分類、およびリスク層別化 gestational trophoblastic neoplasia epidemiology clinical features diagnosis staging and risk stratification

English Journal

Possible role of RKIP in cytotrophoblast migration: immunohistochemical and in vitro studies.

Ciarmela P, Marzioni D, Islam MS, Gray PC, Terracciano L, Lorenzi T, Todros T, Petraglia F, Castellucci M.SourceFaculty of Medicine, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy. p.ciarmela@univpm.it.
Journal of cellular physiology.J Cell Physiol.2012 May;227(5):1821-8. doi: 10.1002/jcp.22907.
Raf kinase inhibitor protein (RKIP) regulates growth and differentiation signaling of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), GRK2 and NF-kappaB pathways each of which regulates cytotrophoblast differentiation and normal placental development. We show here that RKIP is expressed in human normal an
PMID 21732351

Decidual NK Cell-Derived Conditioned Medium (dNK-CM) Mediates VEGF-C Secretion in Extravillous Cytotrophoblasts.

Eastabrook GD, Hu Y, Tan R, Dutz JP, Maccalman CD, von Dadelszen P.SourceDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada The Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
American journal of reproductive immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989).Am J Reprod Immunol.2012 Feb;67(2):101-11. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.2011.01075.x. Epub 2011 Oct 17.
Citation Eastabrook GDM, Hu Y, Tan R, Dutz JP, MacCalman CD, von Dadelszen P. Decidual NK cell-derived conditioned medium (dNK-CM) mediates VEGF-C secretion in extravillous cytotrophoblasts. Am J Reprod Immunol 2012; 67: 101-111 Problem The regulatory mechanisms involved in VEGF-C secretion by tr
PMID 21999474

Expression of Kisspeptin and its Receptor GPR54 in the First Trimester Trophoblast of Women with Recurrent Pregnancy Loss.

Park DW, Lee SK, Hong SR, Han AR, Kwak-Kim J, Yang KM.SourceLaboratory of Reproductive Biology and Infertility, Cheil General Hospital and Women's Healthcare Center, Kwandong University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon, Korea Department of Pathology, Cheil General Hospital & Women's Healthcare Center, Kwandong University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Chicago Medical School at Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, USA Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Chicago Medical School at Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, USA Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cheil General Hospital & Women's Healthcare Center, Kwandong University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
American journal of reproductive immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989).Am J Reprod Immunol.2012 Feb;67(2):132-139. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.2011.01073.x. Epub 2011 Oct 13.
Citation Park D-W, Lee S-K, Hong SR, Han A-R, Kwak-Kim J, Yang KM. Expression of kisspeptin and its receptor GPR54 in the first trimester trophoblast of women with recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL). Am J Reprod Immunol 2012; 67: 132-139 Problem Kisspeptin and its receptor GPR54 play a major role in
PMID 21996032

Japanese Journal

妊娠高血圧症候群の病態形成における絨毛細胞分化の役割とその調節メカニズム

福嶋恒太郎,和氣徳夫,Fukushima Kotaro,Wake Norio,フクシマコウタロウ,ワケノリオ
福岡医学雑誌 102, 223-228, 2011-07-25
… 分化していく．ひとつはExtravillous trophoblast（EVT）で，この細胞は母体脱落膜から筋層へ浸潤し一部は母体のらせん動脈をはじめとする血管の内皮や壁を置換する．もうひとつは絨毛性栄養膜合胞体Villous syncytiotrophoblast（SVT）であり，これは絨毛間腔を裏打ちしガスや栄養の母児交換を担う．EVTの分化は胎盤血流の増大に必須であり，その逸脱により，らせん動脈の再構築が障害され絨毛への血液供給が低下するととも …
NAID 120003242897

Expression Pattern of Progranulin in the Human Placenta and Its Effect on Cell Proliferation in the Choriocarcinoma Cell Line BeWo

STUBERT Johannes,RICHTER Dagmar-Ulrike,GERBER Bernd,BRIESE Volker
The Journal of reproduction and development 57(2), 229-235, 2011-04-01
… The strongest expression of progranulin was observed in the villous trophoblast cells, particularly in the syncytiotrophoblast. …
NAID 10028275292

Cellular Expression of the Monocarboxylate Transporter (MCT) Family in the Placenta of Mice

Nagai A.,Takebe K.,Nio-Kobayashi J.,Takahashi-Iwanaga H.,Iwanaga T.
Placenta 31(2), 126-133, 2010-02
… Immunohistochemically, MCT1 and MCT4 showed a polarized localization on the maternal side and fetal side of the two cell-layered syncytiotrophoblast, respectively. …
NAID 120002015022

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「栄養膜合胞体層」「合胞体性栄養膜」「シンシチウム栄養芽層」「合胞体栄養細胞」
拡張検索	「giant syncytiotrophoblast」