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A metafemale (or superfemale) is a low viability Drosophila fruit fly with a female phenotype in which the ratio of X chromosomes to sets of autosomes (A) exceeds 1.0.^[1] For example: a fly with one X chromosome and two sets of autosomes is a normal male, a fly with two X chromosomes and two sets of autosomes is a normal female, and a fly with three X chromosomes and two sets of autosomes (or four X chromosomes and three sets of autosomes) is a metafemale.

American geneticist Calvin Bridges, who discovered the genic balance sex-determination system in Drosophila in 1921, used the terms "superfemale" and "supermale".^[2] German-American geneticist Curt Stern proposed the alternative terms "metafemale" and "metamale" in 1959.^[3]

References

^ King, Robert C.; Mulligan, Pamela Khipple; Stansfield, William D. (2013). A dictionary of genetics (8th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 189, 288, 458. ISBN 978-0-19-976643-7.
genic balance: a mechanism of sex determination, originally discovered in Drosophila, that depends on the ratio of X chromosomes to sets of autosomes (A). Males develop when the X/A ratio is 0.5 or less, females develop when the X/A ratio is 1.0 or greater, an intersex develops when the ratio is between 0.5 and 1.0. See Appendix C, 1925, Bridges; metafemales, metamales, sex determination.
metafemale: in Drosophila, a female phenotype of relatively low viability in which the ratio of X chromosomes to sets of autosomes exceeds 1.0, previously called a superfemale. See intersex, metamale.
metamale: in Drosophila, a poorly viabile male characterized by cells containing one X and three sets of autosomes, previously called a supermale. See intersex, metafemale.
superfemale: metafemale (q.v.).
supermale: metamale (q.v.).
^ Bridges, Calvin B. (September 16, 1921). "Triploid intersexes in Drosophila melanogaster" (PDF). Science. 54 (1394): 252–254. doi:10.1126/science.54.1394.252. JSTOR 1646022. PMID 17769897.
^ Stern, Curt (December 12, 1959). "Use of the term 'superfemale'". Lancet. 274 (7111): 1088. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(59)91557-0.

External links

Gilbert, Scott F. (2000). "Chapter 17. Sex determination". Developmental biology. Sunderland, Mass.: Sinauer Associates. ISBN 9780878932436.
- Chromosomal Sex Determination in Mammals. Bethesda, Md.: National Center for Biotechnology Information.
- Chromosomal Sex Determination in Drosophila. Bethesda, Md.: National Center for Biotechnology Information.

English Journal

Bisphenol A induces superfeminization in the ramshorn snail Marisa cornuarietis(Gastropoda: Prosobranchia) at environmentally relevant concentrations.

Oehlmann J, Schulte-Oehlmann U, Bachmann J, Oetken M, Lutz I, Kloas W, Ternes TA.SourceJohann Wolfgang Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Department of Ecology and Evolution, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. oehlmann@zoology.uni-frankfurt.de
Environmental health perspectives.Environ Health Perspect.2006 Apr;114 Suppl 1:127-33.
Previous investigations have shown that bisphenol A (BPA) induces a superfeminization syndrome in the freshwater snail Marisa cornuarietis at concentrations as low as 1 microg/L. Superfemales are characterized by the formation of additional female organs, enlarged accessory sex glands, gross malform
PMID 16818258

Sex-typicality and attractiveness: are supermale and superfemale faces super-attractive?

Rhodes G, Hickford C, Jeffery L.SourceUniversity of Western Australia and University of Canterbury, New Zealand. gill@psy.uwa.edu.au
British journal of psychology (London, England : 1953).Br J Psychol.2000 Feb;91 ( Pt 1):125-40.
Many animals find extreme versions of secondary sexual characteristics attractive, and such preferences can enhance reproductive success (Andersson, 1994). We hypothesized, therefore, that extreme versions of sex-typical traits may be attractive in human faces. We created supermale and superfemale f
PMID 10717775

A superfemale with primary Sjögren's syndrome which involved systemic organs.

Miyakawa H, Iyonaga K, Arima S, Yonekawa Y, Suga M, Ando M.SourceDepartment of Internal Medicine, Kumamoto University School of Medicine, Japan.
Journal of internal medicine.J Intern Med.1997 Sep;242(3):261-5.
A 52-year-old Japanese woman complicated by a sex chromosomal anomaly as a superfemale, a mosaic of XXXXX/XXXX/XXX/XX/XO, with mild mental retardation, was hospitalized for dry mouth, dry eyes, and proteinuria. The sialography of the right parotid gland showed a globular-type gland enlargement. A de
PMID 9350172