WordNet
- get a sunburn by overexposure to the sun (同)burn
- redness of the skin caused by exposure to the rays of the sun (同)erythema solare
- suffering from overexposure to direct sunlight (同)sunburnt
PrepTutorEJDIC
- (ひりひりして痛い)日焼け / 焼けした箇所 / …‘を'過度に日焼けさせる / ひどく日焼けする
- ひどい日焼けにやられた;《英》日焼けした
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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2012/11/28 11:34:37」(JST)
wiki en
For other uses, see Sunburn (disambiguation).
| Sunburn | |
|---|---|
| Classification and external resources | |
A sunburnt back that was partially protected by a bathing suit top. |
|
| ICD-10 | L55 |
| ICD-9 | 692.71 |
| MedlinePlus | 003227 |
| MeSH | D013471 |
A sunburn is a form of radiation burn that affects living tissue, such as skin, that results from an overexposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation, commonly from the sun's rays. Usually, normal symptoms in humans and other animals consist of red or reddish skin that is hot to the touch, general fatigue, and mild dizziness. An excess of UV radiation can be life-threatening in extreme cases. Exposure of the skin to lesser amounts of UV radiation will often produce a suntan.
Excessive UV radiation is the leading cause of primarily non-malignant skin tumors.[1][2] Sunscreen is widely agreed to prevent sunburn, although some scientists argue that it may not effectively protect against malignant melanoma, which either is caused by a different part of the ultraviolet spectrum or is not caused by sun exposure at all.[3][4] Clothing, including hats, is considered the preferred skin protection method. Moderate sun tanning without burning can also prevent subsequent sunburn, as it increases the amount of melanin, a skin photoprotectant pigment that is the skin's natural defense against overexposure. Importantly, both sunburn and the increase in melanin production are triggered by direct DNA damage. When the skin cells' DNA is damaged by UV radiation, type I cell-death is triggered and the skin is replaced.[5] Malignant melanoma may occur as a result of indirect DNA damage if the damage is not properly repaired. Proper repair occurs in the majority of DNA damage. The only cure for sunburn is slow healing, although some skin creams can help with the symptoms.
Contents
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Cause
The cause of sunburn is the direct damage that a UV-B photon can induce in DNA (left). One of the possible reactions from the excited state is the formation of a thymine-thymine cyclobutane dimer (right). This kind of damage is responsible for only 8% of all melanoma.
Sunburn is caused by UV radiation, either from the sun or from artificial sources, such as welding arcs, the lamps used in sunbeds, and ultraviolet germicidal irradiation. It is a reaction of the body to the direct DNA damage, which can result from the excitation of DNA by UV-B light. This damage is mainly the formation of a thymine dimer. The damage is recognized by the body, which then triggers several defense mechanisms, including DNA repair to revert the damage and increased melanin production to prevent future damage. Melanin readily absorbs UV wavelength light, acting as a photoprotectant. By preventing the disruption of bonds that higher energy photons can produce, it inhibits both direct alteration of DNA, and generation of free radicals, thus indirect DNA damage.
The pain may be caused by overproduction of a protein called CXCL5, which activates nerve fibres[6].
Experiments with mice found that protection against sunburn by chemical sunscreens does not necessarily provide protection against other damaging effects of UV radiation such as enhanced melanoma growth.[7]
UV radiation sunburn and melanoma. Statistical correlation vs causal connection.
Sunburn and skin cancer
Ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation causes dangerous sunburns and increases the risk of two types of skin cancer: basal-cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma.[1][2]
Some exposure to sunlight is not only harmless but positively necessary to health. Humans need vitamin D; most is synthesised in the body by exposure of the skin to sunlight, with some from the diet. People with darker skins need more sunlight to maintain vitamin D levels. The widespread concern about over-exposure to the sun causing cancer has led some people to go too far in avoiding exposure and using sunscreen; this can lead to vitamin D deficiency and the condition of rickets due to this deficiency, particularly in children, and particularly in climates with less sunshine. Cases of rickets are, indeed, on the increase. Twenty to thirty minutes of unimpeded exposure to the sun two to three times a week are recommended.[8]
Controversy over sunscreen
The statement sunburn causes skin cancer is considered accurate when it refers to either basal-cell carcinoma, the mildest form of cancer, or squamous cell carcinoma. However, this may be misleading when it comes to malignant melanoma (see picture: UVR sunburn melanoma)[citation needed]. The statistical correlation between sunburn and melanoma is assumed to be due to a common cause — UV radiation. Instead, this correlation may be generated via different mechanisms. Direct DNA damage is ascribed by many medical doctors to a change in behaviour of the sunscreen user due to a false sense of security afforded by the sunscreen. While some researchers believe that these confounding factors can be controlled for effectively,[9] others believe there to be insufficient correction for light-skinned individuals and indirect DNA damage.[clarification needed]
Exposure to UV rays generates free radicals, which cause cellular damage and increase the risk for malignant melanoma. Topically applied sunscreen blocks UV rays, which decreases the amount of free radicals created by exposure to sunlight. However, if the sunscreen filter is absorbed into the skin, the reaction of the sunscreen filters with continued UV exposure can generate free radicals as well. The harmful effect of photo-excited sunscreen filters on living tissue has been shown in many photo-biological studies.[10][11][12][13] Whether sunscreen prevents or promotes the development of melanoma depends on the relative importance of the protective effect from the topical sunscreen versus the harmful effects of the absorbed sunscreen.
The use of sunscreen is known to prevent the direct DNA damage that causes sunburn and the two most common forms of skin cancer, basal-cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma.[14] However, if sunscreen penetrates into the skin, it promotes indirect DNA damage, which causes the most lethal form of skin cancer, malignant melanoma.[15] This form of skin cancer is rare, but it causes 75% of all skin cancer-related deaths. Increased risk of malignant melanoma in sunscreen users has been the subject of many epidemiological studies.[3][4][16][17][18][19][20]
Other risk factors
Location
Erythemal dose at three Northern latitudes
Because of variations in the intensity of UV radiation passing through the atmosphere, the risk of sunburn increases with proximity to the tropic latitudes, located between 23.5° north and south latitude. All else being equal (e.g., cloud cover, ozone layer, terrain, etc.), over the course of a full year, each location within the tropic or polar regions receives approximately the same amount of UV radiation. In the temperate zones between 23.5° and 66.5°, UV radiation varies by latitude. The higher the latitude, the lower the intensity of the UV rays. On a minute-by-minute basis, the amount of UV radiation is dependent on the angle of the sun. This is easily determined by the height ratio of any object to the size of its shadow. The greatest risk is at solar noon, when shadows are at their minimum and the sun's radiation passes more directly through the atmosphere. Regardless of one's latitude (assuming no other variables), equal shadow lengths mean equal amounts of UV radiation.
Pharmaceutical products
Sunburn can also be caused by pharmaceutical products that sensitize some users to UV radiation. Certain antibiotics, oral contraceptives, and tranquillizers have this effect.[21] In general, people with fair hair and/or freckles have a greater risk of sunburn than others because of their lighter skin tone.[22]
Ozone depletion
In recent years, the incidence and severity of sunburn has increased worldwide, especially in the southern hemisphere, because of damage to the ozone layer. Ozone depletion and the seasonal ozone hole have led to dangerously high levels of UV radiation.[23] Incidence of skin cancer in Queensland, Australia had risen to 75 percent among those over 64 years of age by about 1990, due, it is presumed, to thinning of the ozone layer.[24] It was pointed out by Garland et al. that the melanoma rate in Queensland had taken a steep rise before the rest of Australia experienced the same increase of melanoma numbers. They blamed the vigorous promotion of sunscreen, which was first done in Queensland, while sunscreen use was encouraged in the rest of Australia some time later. An effect that would stem from the ozone depletion could not differ from territory to territory within Australia, but sunscreen endorsement programs could.[3] Another study from Norway points out that there had been no change in the ozone layer during the period 1957 to 1984, yet the yearly incidence of melanoma in Norway had increased by 350% for men and by 440% for women. They concluded that in Norway "ozone depletion is not the cause of the increase in skin cancers".[25]
Popularity of tanning
Suntans, which naturally develop in some individuals as a protective mechanism against the sun, are viewed by many in the Western world as desirable.[26] This has led to increased exposure to UV radiation from both the natural sun and solaria.
Symptoms
Typically there is initial redness (erythema), followed by varying degrees of pain, proportional in severity to both the duration and intensity of exposure.
Sunburn caused by extended exposure on a glacier.
Other symptoms are edema, itching, peeling skin, rash, nausea, fever, and syncope. Also, a small amount of heat is given off from the burn, caused by the concentration of blood in the healing process, giving a warm feeling to the affected area. Sunburns may be first- or second-degree burns.
One should immediately speak to a dermatologist if one develops a skin lesion that has an asymmetrical form, has darker edges than center, changes color, or becomes larger than 1/4 inch (6 mm). (see Melanoma)
Variations
Blisters on a shoulder caused by sunburn.
Minor sunburns typically cause nothing more than slight redness and tenderness to the affected areas. In more serious cases, blistering can occur. Extreme sunburns can be painful to the point of debilitation and may require hospital care.
Duration
Sunburn can occur in less than 15 minutes, and in seconds when exposed to non-shielded welding arcs or other sources of intense ultraviolet light. Nevertheless, the inflicted harm is often not immediately obvious.
After the exposure, skin may turn red in as little as 30 minutes but most often takes 2 to 6 hours. Pain is usually most extreme 6 to 48 hours after exposure. The burn continues to develop for 24 to 72 hours, occasionally followed by peeling skin in 3 to 8 days. Some peeling and itching may continue for several weeks.
Long-term low-intensity exposure to sunlight is known to cause significant ageing of the skin; other health effects are not accurately known. A particular example with very noticeable ageing is that of a 69-year-old truck driver in Chicago, USA who drove in the city for 28 years. A photograph of his face[27][28] shows a great deal of ageing on the left side, where he was exposed to sunlight all day, while the right side has the "taut, unblemished face of an apparently much younger man".[28][27] Window glass does not absorb UVA, which can penetrate the epidermis and upper layers of dermis. Chronic UVA exposure can cause photoageing: thickening of the epidermis and stratum corneum and destruction of elastic fibers; it can cause DNA mutations and toxicity which can lead to cancer, although less carcinogenic than UVB.
Protection
Skin
Sunburn peeling. The destruction of lower layers of the epidermis causes rapid loss of the top layers.
One of the most effective ways to prevent sunburn is to reduce the amount of UV radiation reaching the skin. The strength of sunlight is published in many locations as a UV index. The World Health Organization recommends to limit time in the midday sun (between 10 a.m. and 4 p.m.), to watch the UV index, to seek shade, to wear protective clothing and a wide-brim hat, and to use sunscreen.[29] Sunlight is generally strongest when the sun is close to the highest point in the sky. Due to time zones and daylight saving time, this is not necessarily at 12 p.m., but often one to two hours later.
Sunburn, photographed 2 days after a 5-hour sun exposure. The dark-red area is sunburned. The lighter-colored skin was covered by the woman's clothing during exposure.
Commercial preparations are available that block UV light, known as sunscreens or sunblocks. They have a sunburn protection factor (SPF) rating, based on the sunblock's ability to suppress sunburn: The higher the SPF rating the lower the amount of direct DNA damage.
A sunscreen rated as SPF 10 blocks 90% of the sunburn-causing UVB radiation; an SPF20-rated sunscreen blocks 95%[citation needed]. Modern sunscreens contain filters for UVA radiation as well as UVB. The stated protection factors are correct only if 2 μl of sunscreen is applied per square cm of exposed skin. This translates into about 28 ml (1 oz) to cover the whole body of an adult male, which is much more than many people use in practice. Although UVA radiation does not cause sunburn, it does contribute to skin aging and an increased risk of skin cancer. Many sunscreens provide broad-spectrum protection, meaning that they protect against both UVA and UVB radiation.
Research has shown that the best protection is achieved by application 15 to 30 minutes before exposure, followed by one reapplication 15 to 30 minutes after exposure begins. Further reapplication is necessary only after activities such as swimming, sweating, and rubbing.[30] This varies based on the indications and protection shown on the label — from as little as 80 minutes in water to a few hours, depending on the product selected.
When one is exposed to any artificial source of occupational UV, special protective clothing (for example, welding helmets/shields) should be worn.
There is also evidence that common foods may have some protective ability against sunburn if taken for a period before the exposure.[31] Beta-carotene and lycopene, chemicals found in tomatoes and other fruit, have been found to increase the skin's ability to resist the effects of UV light. In a 2007 study, after about 10–12 weeks of eating tomato-derived products, a decrease in sensitivity toward UV was observed in volunteers. Ketchup and tomato puree are both high in lycopene.[32] Dark chocolate rich in flavonoids has also been found to have a similar effect if eaten for long periods before exposure.
Eyes
The eyes are also sensitive to sun exposure. Wrap-around sunglasses or the use by spectacle-wearers of glasses that block UV light reduce harmful UV radiation. UV light has been implicated in the development of age-related macular degeneration[33], pterygium[34] and cataract.[35] Concentrated clusters of melanin, commonly known as freckles, are often found within the iris.
Diet
Dietary factors influence susceptibility to sunburn, recovery from sunburn, and risk of secondary complications from sunburn. Several dietary antioxidants, including essential vitamins, have been shown to have some effectiveness for protecting against sunburn and skin damage associated with ultraviolet radiation, both in human and animal studies. Supplementation with Vitamin C and Vitamin E was shown in one study to reduce the amount of sunburn after a controlled amount of UV exposure.[36] A review of scientific literature through 2007 found that beta carotene (Vitamin A) supplementation had a protective effect against sunburn, but that the effects were only evident in the long-term, with studies of supplementation for periods less than 10 weeks in duration failing to show any effects.[37] Lutein, a carotenoid, was also found in a study on mice to protect against ultraviolet-induced inflammation and immunosuppression.[38]
Sunburn increases the metabolic demands on the body, increasing the needs for water and other nutrients to prevent skin breakdown and secondary infections.[39]
Treatment
The most important aspects of sunburn care are to avoid exposure to the sun while healing and to take precautions to prevent future burns. The best treatment for most sunburns is time. Most sunburns heal completely within a few weeks. Home treatments that help manage the discomfort or facilitate the healing process include using cool and wet cloths on the sunburned areas, taking frequent cold showers or baths, and applying soothing lotions that contain aloe vera[40] to the sunburn areas. Topical steroids (such as 1% hydrocortisone cream) may also help with sunburn pain and swelling. The peeling that comes after some sunburn is inevitable. However, there are lotions that may relieve the itching. Acetaminophen (such as Tylenol), Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (such as Ibuprofen or Naproxen), and Aspirin have all shown to reduce the pain of sunburns.[41]
See also
- Sun unit
- Hyperthermia (heat stroke)
- Windburn
- List of cutaneous conditions
- Potential health risks of sunscreen
Notes
- ^ a b World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer "Do sunscreens prevent skin cancer" Press release No. 132, June 5, 2000
- ^ a b World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer "Solar and ultraviolet radiation" IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, Volume 55, November 1997
- ^ a b c Garland C, Garland F, Gorham E (1992). "Could sunscreens increase melanoma risk?". Am J Public Health 82 (4): 614–5. doi:10.2105/AJPH.82.4.614. PMC 1694089. PMID 1546792. http://www.ajph.org/cgi/reprint/82/4/614.
- ^ a b Westerdahl J, Ingvar C, Mâsbäck A, Olsson H (2000). "Sunscreen use and malignant melanoma". Int. J. Cancer 87 (1): 145–50. doi:10.1002/1097-0215(20000701)87:1<145::AID-IJC22>3.0.CO;2-3. PMID 10861466.
- ^ Sunburn at eMedicine
- ^ J. M. Dawes, M. Calvo, J. R. Perkins, K. J. Paterson, H. Kiesewetter, C. Hobbs, T. K. Y. Kaan, C.Orengo, D. L.H. Bennett, S. B.McMahon, CXCL5 Mediates UVB Irradiation–Induced Pain. Sci. Transl. Med. 3, 90ra60 (2011). http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.3002193
- ^ Wolf P; Donawho C K; Kripke M L (1994). "Effect of Sunscreens on UV radiation-induced enhancements of melanoma in mice.". J. Nat. Cancer. Inst. 86 (2): 99–105. doi:10.1093/jnci/86.2.99. PMID 8271307.
- ^ guardian newspaper: Rickets warning from doctors as vitamin D deficiency widens, 22 January 2010
- ^ Green A; Siskind V; Bain C; Alexander J (1985). "Sunburn and malignant melanoma". British J. Cancer 51 (3): 393-397. PMC 1976961. PMID 3970815. //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1976961/.
- ^ Armeni T, Damiani E, Battino M, Greci L, Principato G (2004). "Lack of in vitro protection by a common sunscreen ingredient on UVA-induced cytotoxicity in keratinocytes". Toxicology 203 (1–3): 165–78. doi:10.1016/j.tox.2004.06.008. PMID 15363592.
- ^ Knowland J, McKenzie EA, McHugh PJ, Cridland NA (1993). "Sunlight-induced mutagenicity of a common sunscreen ingredient". FEBS Lett. 324 (3): 309–13. doi:10.1016/0014-5793(93)80141-G. PMID 8405372. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0014-5793(93)80141-G.
- ^ Mosley, C N; Wang, L; Gilley, S; Wang, S; Yu, H (2007). "Light-Induced Cytotoxicity and Genotoxicity of a Sunscreen Agent, 2-Phenylbenzimidazol in Salmonella typhimurium TA 102 and HaCaT Keratinocytes". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 4 (2): 126–31. doi:10.3390/ijerph2007040006. PMID 17617675.
- ^ Xu C, Green A, Parisi A, Parsons PG (2001). "Photosensitization of the sunscreen octyl p-dimethylaminobenzoate by UVA in human melanocytes but not in keratinocytes". Photochem. Photobiol. 73 (6): 600–4. doi:10.1562/0031-8655(2001)073<0600:POTSOP>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0031-8655. PMID 11421064. http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/openurl?genre=article&sid=nlm:pubmed&issn=0031-8655&date=2001&volume=73&issue=6&spage=600.
- ^ Health Report - 13/09/99: Skin Cancer and Sunscreen
- ^ Hanson KM, Gratton E, Bardeen CJ (2006). "Sunscreen enhancement of UV-induced reactive oxygen species in the skin". Free Radic. Biol. Med. 41 (8): 1205–12. doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2006.06.011. PMID 17015167.
- ^ Autier P, Doré JF, Schifflers E, et al. (1995). "Melanoma and use of sunscreens: an EORTC case-control study in Germany, Belgium and France. The EORTC Melanoma Cooperative Group". Int. J. Cancer 61 (6): 749–55. doi:10.1002/ijc.2910610602. PMID 7790106.
- ^ Weinstock MA (1999). "Do sunscreens increase or decrease melanoma risk: an epidemiologic evaluation". J. Investig. Dermatol. Symp. Proc. 4 (1): 97–100. PMID 10537017.
- ^ Vainio H, Bianchini F (2000). "Cancer-preventive effects of sunscreens are uncertain". Scand J Work Environ Health 26 (6): 529–31. PMID 11201401. http://www.sjweh.fi/show_abstract.php?abstract_id=578.
- ^ Wolf P, Quehenberger F, Müllegger R, Stranz B, Kerl H. (1998). "Phenotypic markers, sunlight-related factors and sunscreen use in patients with cutaneous melanoma: an Austrian case-control study". Melanoma Res. 8 (4): 370–378. doi:10.1097/00008390-199808000-00012. PMID 9764814.
- ^ Graham S, Marshall J, Haughey B, et al. (1985). "An inquiry into the epidemiology of melanoma". Am. J. Epidemiol. 122 (4): 606–19. PMID 4025303. http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=4025303.
- ^ "Avoiding Sun-Related Skin Damage" - No longer available
- ^ Sunburn-Topic Overview
- ^ van der Leun, J.C., and F.R. de Gruijl (1993). Influences of ozone depletion on human and animal health. Chapter 4 in UV-B radiation and ozone depletion: Effects on humans, animals, plants, microorganisms, and materials. pp. 95–123. http://www.ciesin.org/docs/001-540/001-540.html=Citation.
- ^ Al Gore, "Earth in the Balance, Ecology and the Human Spirit"', 1992
- ^ Moan J, Dahlback A (1992). "The relationship between skin cancers, solar radiation and ozone depletion". Br. J. Cancer 65 (6): 916–21. doi:10.1038/bjc.1992.192. PMC 1977777. PMID 1616864. //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1977777/.
- ^ Healthwise Incorporated (March 27). "Suntan". http://www.webmd.com/hw/health_guide_atoz/sts15336.asp?navbar=hw82391. Retrieved August 26, 2006.
- ^ a b Unilateral Dermatoheliosis, Jennifer R.S. Gordon, M.D., and Joaquin C. Brieva, M.D., N Engl J Med 2012; 366:e25, 19 April 2012
- ^ a b Guardian newspaper: One face, but two sides of a story, 6 June 2012
- ^ Sun protection. World Health Organization.
- ^ Diffey BL (2001). "When should sunscreen be reapplied?". J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 45 (6): 882–5. doi:10.1067/mjd.2001.117385. PMID 11712033.
- ^ Stahl W, Sies H (2007). "Carotenoids and flavonoids contribute to nutritional protection against skin damage from sunlight". Mol. Biotechnol. 37 (1): 26–30. doi:10.1007/s12033-007-0051-z. PMID 17914160.
- ^ Neukam K, Stahl W, Tronnier H, Sies H, Heinrich U (2007). "Consumption of flavanol-rich cocoa acutely increases microcirculation in human skin". Eur J Nutr 46 (1): 53–6. doi:10.1007/s00394-006-0627-6. PMID 17164979.
- ^ Glazer-Hockstein, C; Dunaief JL (January 2006). "Could blue light-blocking lenses decrease the risk of age-related macular degeneration?". Retina 26 (1): 1–4. doi:10.1097/00006982-200601000-00001. PMID 16395131.
- ^ Solomon, AS (2006-06). "Pterygium". British Journal of Ophthalmology 90 (6): 665–666. doi:10.1136/bjo.2006.091413. PMC 1860212. PMID 16714259. //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1860212/. Retrieved 2009-09-21.
- ^ Neale, RE; JL Purdie, LW Hirst, and AC Green (2003-11). "Sun exposure as a risk factor for nuclear cataract". Epidemiology 14 (6): 707–712. doi:10.1097/01.ede.0000086881.84657.98. PMID 14569187.
- ^ Eberlein-König, Bernadette; Placzek, Marianne; Przybilla, Bernhard (1998). "Protective effect against sunburn of combined systemic ascorbic acid (vitamin C) and d-α-tocopherol (vitamin E)". Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 38 (1): 45–48. doi:10.1016/S0190-9622(98)70537-7. ISSN 01909622.
- ^ Köpcke, Wolfgang; Krutmann, Jean (2008). "Protection from Sunburn with β-Carotene—A Meta-analysis". Photochemistry and Photobiology 84 (2): 284–288. doi:10.1111/j.1751-1097.2007.00253.x. ISSN 0031-8655.
- ^ Lee, Erica H.; Faulhaber, Dorothea; Hanson, Kerry M.; Ding, Wanhong; Peters, Sara; Kodali, Sreedevi; Granstein, Richard D. (2004). "Dietary Lutein Reduces Ultraviolet Radiation-Induced Inflammation and Immunosuppression". Journal of Investigative Dermatology 122 (2): 510–517. doi:10.1046/j.0022-202X.2004.22227.x. ISSN 0022-202X.
- ^ Pullen, Richard L. et. al., "Danger! Severe sunburn in season", Nursing Made Incredibly Easy!, July/August 2011 - Volume 9 - Issue 4 - p 13–15.
- ^ [1]
- ^ [2]</ref Calamine lotion can also help reduce skin irritation due to mild sunburn.
References
- Agar NS, Halliday GM, Barnetson RS, Ananthaswamy HN, Wheeler M, Jones AM (2004). "The basal layer in human squamous tumors harbors more UVA than UVB fingerprint mutations: a role for UVA in human skin carcinogenesis". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 101 (14): 4954–9. doi:10.1073/pnas.0401141101. PMC 387355. PMID 15041750. //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC387355/.
- Baron ED, Fourtanier A, Compan D, Medaisko C, Cooper KD, Stevens SR (2003). "High ultraviolet A protection affords greater immune protection confirming that ultraviolet A contributes to photoimmunosuppression in humans". J. Invest. Dermatol. 121 (4): 869–75. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1747.2003.12485.x. PMID 14632207.
- Hall HI, Saraiya M, Thompson T, Hartman A, Glanz K, Rimer B (2003). "Correlates of sunburn experiences among U.S. adults: results of the 2000 National Health Interview Survey". Public Health Rep 118 (6): 540–9. doi:10.1016/S0033-3549(04)50290-X. PMC 1497591. PMID 14563911. //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1497591/.
- Haywood R, Wardman P, Sanders R, Linge C (2003). "Sunscreens inadequately protect against ultraviolet-A-induced free radicals in skin: implications for skin aging and melanoma?". J. Invest. Dermatol. 121 (4): 862–8. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1747.2003.12498.x. PMID 14632206.
- NOAA UV-Index Summary with Data Graphs
External links
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- Sunburn at the Open Directory Project
Treatment for Severe Sunburns
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UpToDate Contents
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- 1. 日焼け sunburn
- 2. 光線過敏症（光線皮膚症）：臨床症状、診断、および治療 photosensitivity disorders photodermatoses clinical manifestations diagnosis and treatment
- 3. 軽症熱傷の治療 treatment of minor thermal burns
- 4. 熱傷の分類 classification of burns
- 5. 日焼け止めおよび太陽光線からの保護法の選択 selection of sunscreen and sun protective measures
English Journal
- The protective effect of coffee consumption on cutaneous melanoma risk and the role of GSTM1 and GSTT1 polymorphisms.
- Fortes C, Mastroeni S, Boffetta P, Antonelli G, Pilla MA, Bottà G, Anzidei P, Venanzetti F.SourceClinical Epidemiology Unit, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata, IDI-IRCSS, Via dei Monti di Creta, 104, 00167, Rome, Italy, c.fortes@idi.it.
- Cancer causes & control : CCC.Cancer Causes Control.2013 Oct;24(10):1779-87. doi: 10.1007/s10552-013-0255-4. Epub 2013 Jul 17.
- PURPOSES: The authors examined the association between coffee consumption and cutaneous melanoma and the implication of GSTM1 and GSTT1 polymorphisms.METHODS: A hospital-based case-control study was conducted in the inpatient wards of IDI-San Carlo Rome, Italy, including 304 incident cases of cutane
- PMID 23860951
- Artocarpin attenuates ultraviolet B-induced skin damage in hairless mice by antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effect.
- Lee CW, Ko HH, Lin CC, Chai CY, Chen WT, Yen FL.SourceDepartment of Nursing, Division of Basic Medical Sciences, and Chronic Diseases and Health Promotion Research Center, Chang Gung Institute of Technology, Chia-Yi, Taiwan.
- Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association.Food Chem Toxicol.2013 Oct;60:123-9. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.07.029. Epub 2013 Jul 19.
- Artocarpin, a prenylated flavonoid isolated from an agricultural plant Artocarpus communis, has been documented to possess anti-inflammation and anticancer activities. As oxidative stress and inflammation promote the development of ultraviolet B (UVB) irradiation-induced photodamage, the aim of the
- PMID 23871788
- Accuracy of Self-report in Assessing Fitzpatrick Skin Phototypes I Through VI.
- Eilers S, Bach DQ, Gaber R, Blatt H, Guevara Y, Nitsche K, Kundu RV, Robinson JK.SourceDepartment of Dermatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois.
- JAMA dermatology (Chicago, Ill.).JAMA Dermatol.2013 Sep 18. doi: 10.1001/jamadermatol.2013.6101. [Epub ahead of print]
- IMPORTANCE Determining Fitzpatrick skin phototypes (FST) allows physicians to assess a person's risk of developing sunburn and, by extension, the need for sun protection to prevent the development of skin cancer. Reflectance spectrophotometry objectively measures the melanin index and can assist in
- PMID 24048361
- Correction for Moore et al., UVB radiation generates sunburn pain and affects skin by activating epidermal TRPV4 ion channels and triggering endothelin-1 signaling.
- [No authors listed]
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.2013 Sep 17;110(38):15502. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1315603110. Epub 2013 Aug 30.
- PMID 23995441
Japanese Journal
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- 近畿中国四国農業研究 (26), 33-38, 2015-03
- NAID 40020556330
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- 農作業研究 49(1), 21-29, 2014-03
- NAID 40020031632
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- NAID 130004785003
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- 農作業研究 49(1), 21-29, 2014
- NAID 130004691345
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