subspecies

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1. (biology) a taxonomic group that is a division of a species; usually arises as a consequence of geographical isolation within a species (同)race

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1. (生物分類学上の)亜種

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/08/02 23:55:59」(JST)

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This article is about the biological term. For the film series, see Subspecies (film series).

In biological classification, subspecies (abbreviated "subsp." or "ssp."; plural: "subspecies") is either a taxonomic rank subordinate to species, or a taxonomic unit in that rank. A subspecies cannot be recognized in isolation: a species will either be recognized as having no subspecies at all or two or more (including any that are extinct), never just one.

Under the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, the subspecies is the only taxonomic rank below that of species that can receive a name. Under the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants, other infraspecific ranks, such as variety may be named. In bacteriology, there are recommendations but not strict requirements for recognizing other important infraspecific ranks.

A taxonomist decides whether to recognize a subspecies or not. A common way to decide is that organisms belonging to different subspecies of the same species are capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring, but they do not interbreed in nature due to geographic isolation or other factors. The differences between subspecies are usually less distinct than the differences between species.

Panthera tigris tigris (Linnaeus, 1758). Bengal tiger. Indian subcontinent.

Panthera tigris altaica. Siberian tiger. Another subspecies of tiger.

Nomenclature

In zoology, the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (4th edition, 1999) accepts only one rank below that of species, namely the rank of subspecies. Other groupings, "infrasubspecific entities" do not have names regulated by the ICZN. Such forms have no official ICZN status, though they may be useful in describing altitudinal or geographical clines, pet breeds, transgenic animals, etc. While the scientific name of a species is a binomen, the scientific name of a subspecies is a trinomen - a binomen followed by a subspecific name. A tiger's binomen is Panthera tigris, so for a Sumatran tiger the trinomen is, for example, Panthera tigris sumatrae.

In bacteriology, the only rank below species that is regulated explicitly by the code of nomenclature is subspecies, but infrasubspecific taxa are extremely important in bacteriology; Appendix 10 of the code lays out some recommendations that are intended to encourage uniformity in describing such taxa. Names published before 1992 in the rank of variety are taken to be names of subspecies (see International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria)

In botany, subspecies is one of many ranks below that of species, such as variety, subvariety, form, and subform. The subspecific name is preceded by "subsp." or "ssp.", as Schoenoplectus californicus ssp. tatora (totora). A botanical name consists of at most three parts. An infraspecific name includes the species binomial, and one infraspecific epithet, such as subspecies or variety.

Nominotypical subspecies and subspecies autonyms

In zoological nomenclature, when a species is split into subspecies, the originally described population is retained as the "nominotypical subspecies" or "nominate subspecies", which repeats the same name as the species. For example, Motacilla alba alba (often abbreviated Motacilla a. alba) is the nominotypical subspecies of the white wagtail (Motacilla alba).

The subspecies name that repeats the species name is referred to in botanical nomenclature as the subspecies "autonym", and the subspecific taxon as the "autonymous subspecies".

Doubtful cases

When zoologists disagree over whether a certain population is a subspecies or a full species, the species name may be written in parentheses. Thus Larus (argentatus) smithsonianus means the American herring gull; the notation within the parentheses means that some consider it a subspecies of a larger herring gull species and therefore call it Larus argentatus smithsonianus, while others consider it a full species and therefore call it Larus smithsonianus (and the user of the notation is not taking a position).

Criteria

Members of one subspecies differ morphologically or by different coding sequences of DNA from members of other subspecies of the species. Subspecies are defined in relation to species.

As knowledge of a particular group increases, its categorisation may need to be re-assessed. The rock pipit was formerly classed as a subspecies of water pipit, but is now recognised to be a full species. For an example of a subspecies, see pied wagtail.

Cryptic species are morphologically similar, but have differences in DNA or other factors.

Monotypic and polytypic species

In biological terms, rather than in relation to nomenclature, a polytypic species has two or more subspecies, races, or more generally speaking, populations that need a separate description. These are separate groups that are clearly distinct from one another and do not generally interbreed (although there may be a relatively narrow hybridization zone), but which would interbreed freely if given the chance to do so. These subspecies, races, or populations, can be named as subspecies by zoologists, or in more varied ways by botanists and microbiologists.

A monotypic species has no distinct population or races, or rather one race comprising the whole species. A taxonomist would not name a subspecies within such a species. Monotypic species can occur in several ways:

• All members of the species are very similar and cannot be sensibly divided into biologically significant subcategories.
• The individuals vary considerably, but the variation is essentially random and largely meaningless so far as genetic transmission of these variations is concerned.
• The variation among individuals is noticeable and follows a pattern, but there are no clear dividing lines among separate groups: they fade imperceptibly into one another. Such clinal variation always indicates substantial gene flow among the apparently separate groups that make up the population(s). Populations that have a steady, substantial gene flow among them are likely to represent a monotypic species, even when a fair degree of genetic variation is obvious.

See also

• Glossary of scientific naming
• Color phase
• Cultivar in botany
• Landrace
• Strain in microbiology
• Variety (botany)

Notes

References

• Barrow, Mark V. (1998). A Passion for Birds: American Ornithology after Audubon. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691044026. 
• Lewis, Daniel (2012). The Feathery Tribe: Robert Ridgway and the Modern Study of Birds. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300175523. 
• Ernst W. Mayr, Peter D. Ashlock: Principles of Systematic Zoology, Mcgraw-Hill College, 1991, ISBN 0-07-041144-1

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English Journal

• Folate content in fresh-cut vegetable packed products by 96-well microtiter plate microbiological assay.

• Fajardo V1, Alonso-Aperte E2, Varela-Moreiras G3.
• Food chemistry.Food Chem.2015 Feb 15;169:283-8. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.08.002. Epub 2014 Aug 10.
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• Seasonal Trends in Intrapack Aggression of Captive Wolves (Canis lupus) and Wolf-Dog Crosses: Implications for Management in Mixed-Subspecies Exhibits.

• Mehrkam LR1, Thompson RK.
• Journal of applied animal welfare science : JAAWS.J Appl Anim Welf Sci.2015;18(1):1-16. doi: 10.1080/10888705.2014.923773. Epub 2014 Jun 18.
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• Rapid communications in mass spectrometry : RCM.Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom.2014 Dec 15;28(23):2617-26. doi: 10.1002/rcm.7060.
• RATIONALE: The identification of bacteria based on mass spectra produced by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOFMS) has become routine since its introduction in 1996. The major drawback is that bacterial patterns produced by MALDI are dependent on s
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• Bifidobacteria from the gastrointestinal tract of animals: differences and similarities.

• Bunesova V1, Vlkova E1, Rada V1, Killer J2, Musilova S1.
• Beneficial microbes.Benef Microbes.2014 Dec;5(4):377-88. doi: 10.3920/BM2013.0081.
• At present, the genus Bifidobacterium includes 48 species and subspecies, and this number is expected to increase. Bifidobacteria are found in different ecological niches. However, most were originally isolated from animals, mainly mammals, especially during the milk feeding period of life. Their pr
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Japanese Journal

• Morphometric variation in the Pericrocotus minivets of northeast Asia

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• Systemic infection of Mycobacterium avium subspecies hominissuis and fungus in a pet dog

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• 東京農業大学農学集報 60(3), 144-150, 2015-12-18
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• 臨床材料から分離されたFusobacterium nucleatumの系統解析

• 日本嫌気性菌感染症学会雑誌 45(2), 82-84, 2015-12-01
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Related Links

• Subspecies - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Subspecies (commonly abbreviated "subsp." or "ssp.") in biological classification is either a taxonomic rank subordinate to species, or a taxonomic unit in that rank (plural: subspecies). A subspecies cannot be recognized in isolation: a species ...

• Subspecies (1991) - IMDb

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