WordNet

any of various organs that synthesize substances needed by the body and release it through ducts or directly into the bloodstream (同)secretory organ, secretor, secreter

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(生物体内の)腺(せん)

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/05/15 15:29:23」(JST)

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The paired submandibular glands are major salivary glands located beneath the floor of the mouth. They each weigh about 15 grams and contribute some 60–67% of unstimulated saliva secretion; on stimulation their contribution decreases in proportion as the parotid secretion rises to 50%. ^[1]

Structure

Lying superior to the digastric muscles, each submandibular gland is divided into superficial and deep lobes, which are separated by the mylohyoid muscle:^[2]

The superficial lobe comprises most of the gland, with the mylohyoid muscle runs under it
The deep lobe is the smaller part

Secretions are delivered into the Wharton duct or submandibular duct on the deep portion after which they hook around the posterior edge of the mylohyoid muscle and proceed on the superior surface laterally. The excretory ducts are then crossed by the lingual nerve, and ultimately drain into the sublingual caruncles (caruncula sublingualis) on either side of the lingual frenulum along with the major sublingual duct (Bartholin). The gland can be bilaterally palpated (felt) inferior and posterior to the body of the mandible, moving inward from the inferior border of the mandible near its angle with the head tilted forwards.^[3]

Histology

Human submaxillary gland. At the right is a group of mucous alveoli, at the left a group of serous alveoli.

Lobes contain smaller lobules, which contain adenomeres, the secretory units of the gland. Each adenomere contains one or more acini, or alveoli, which are small clusters of cells that secrete their products into a duct. The acini of each adenomere are composed of either serous or mucous cells, with serous adenomeres predominating. Some mucous adenomeres may also be capped with a serous demilune, a layer of lysozyme-secreting serous cells resembling a half moon.

Like other exocrine glands, the submandibular gland can be classified by the microscopic anatomy of its secretory cells and how they are arranged. Because the glands are branched, and because the tubules forming the branches contain secretory cells, submandibular glands are classified as branched tubuloacinar glands. Further, because the secretory cells are of both serous and mucous types, the submandibular gland is a mixed gland, and though most of the cells are serous, the exudate is chiefly mucous. It has long striated ducts and short intercalated ducts.^[4]

The secretory acinar cells of the submandibular gland have distinct functions. The mucous cells are the most active and therefore the major product of the submandibular glands is saliva which is mucoid in nature. Mucous cells secrete mucin which aids in the lubrication of the food bolus as it travels through the esophagus. In addition, the serous cells produce salivary amylase, which aids in the breakdown of starches in the mouth. The submandibular gland's highly active acini account for most of the salivary volume. The parotid and sublingual glands account for the remaining.

Blood supply

The gland receives its blood supply from the facial and lingual arteries.^[5] The gland is supplied by sublingual and submental arteries and drained by common facial and lingual veins.

LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE

The lymphatics from submandibular gland first drain into submandibular lymph nodes and subsequently into jugulo - digastric lymph nodes.

Innervation

Parasympathetic and Sympathetic connections of the submaxillary and superior cervical ganglia.

Their secretions, like the secretions of other salivary glands, are regulated directly by the parasympathetic nervous system and indirectly by the sympathetic nervous system.

Parasympathetic innervation to the submandibular glands is provided by the superior salivatory nucleus via the chorda tympani, a branch of the facial nerve, that becomes part of the trigeminal nerve's lingual nerve prior to synapsing on the submandibular ganglion. Increased parasympathetic activity promotes the secretion of saliva.^[6]
The sympathetic nervous system regulates submandibular secretions through vasoconstriction of the arteries that supply it. Increased sympathetic activity reduces glandular bloodflow, thereby decreasing the volume of fluid in salivary secretions, producing an enzyme rich mucous saliva. Nevertheless, direct stimulation of sympathetic nerves will cause an increase in salivary enzymatic secretions. In sum, the volume decreases, but the secretions are increased by parasympathetic and sympathetic innervation.^[7]^[8]

Development

The submandibular salivary glands develop later than the parotid glands and appear late in the sixth week of prenatal development. They develop bilaterally from epithelial buds in the sulcus surrounding the sublingual folds on the floor of the primitive mouth. Solid cords branch from the buds and grow posteriorly, lateral to the developing tongue. The cords of the submandibular gland later branch further and then become canalized to form the ductal part. The submandibular gland acini develop from the cords’ rounded terminal ends at 12 weeks, and secretory activity via the submandibular duct begins at 16 weeks. Growth of the submandibular gland continues after birth with the formation of more acini. Lateral to both sides of the tongue, a linear groove develops and closes over to form the submandibular duct.^[4]

Clinical significance

The submandibular gland accounts for 80% of all salivary duct calculi (salivary stones or sialolith), possibly due to the different nature of the saliva that it produces and the tortuous travel of the submandibular duct to its ductal opening for a considerable upward distance.^[9]

Additional images

Salivary glands.
Mandible. Inner surface. Side view.
Distribution of the maxillary and mandibular nerves, and the submaxillary ganglion.
Mucus cell are identifiable by the lack of color in their cytoplasm, while serosal cells have a basophilic color.

Dissection images

Submandibular gland
Submandibular gland
Submandibular gland lateral view
Submandibular gland
Submandibular gland - right view
Submandibular gland - frontal view
Submandibular gland
Muscles, arteries and nerves of neck.Newborn dissection.
Muscles, arteries and nerves of neck.Newborn dissection.
Muscles, nerves and arteries of neck.Deep dissection. Anterior view.
Submandibular gland

References

^ Textbook And Color Atlas Of Salivary Gland Pathology Diagnosis And Management, Eric R. Carlson and Robert A. Ord, Wiley-Blackwell, 2008, page 3
^ Human Anatomy, Jacobs, Elsevier, 2008, page 196
^ Illustrated Anatomy of the Head and Neck, Fehrenbach and Herring, Elsevier, 2012, p. 155
^ ^a ^b Illustrated Dental Embryology, Histology, and Anatomy, Bath-Balogh and Fehrenbach, Elsevier, 2011, page 135
^ Ten Cate's Oral Histology, Nanci, Elsevier, 2013, page 255
^ Moore, Keith; et al. (2010). Clinically Oriented Anatomy, 5th Edition. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. ISBN 978-0-7817-7525-0.
^ Koeppen, Bruce M. (2010). Berne and Levy Physiology 6th Edition, Updated. Mosby Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-323-07362-2.
^ Hall, John E. (2006). Guyton Textbook of Medical Physiology, 11th Edition. Elsevier Saunders. ISBN 0-7216-0240-1.
^ Illustrated Dental Embryology, Histology, and Anatomy, Bath-Balogh and Fehrenbach, Elsevier, 2011, page 137

Douglas F. Paulsen (2000). Histology and cell biology (4th ed.). Stamford, Conn: Lange Medical Books/McGraw Hill. ISBN 0-8385-0593-7.

External links

Histology at usc.edu
Anatomy photo:25:10-0109 at the SUNY Downstate Medical Center - "Anterior Triangle of the Neck: Nerves and Vessels of the Carotid Triangle"
Anatomy photo:34:09-0102 at the SUNY Downstate Medical Center - "Oral Cavity: The Submandibular Gland and Duct"
cranialnerves at The Anatomy Lesson by Wesley Norman (Georgetown University) (VII)
MedlinePlus Encyclopedia Salivary gland infections
Salivary gland cancer from American Cancer Society at http://www.cancer.org/cancer/salivaryglandcancer/detailedguide/salivary-gland-cancer-what-is-salivary-gland-cancer

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. 唾石症 salivary gland stones
2. 頚部腫瘤の鑑別診断 differential diagnosis of a neck mass
3. 唾液腺腫瘍：疫学、診断、評価、および病期分類 salivary gland tumors epidemiology diagnosis evaluation and staging
4. 顎下隙感染症（ルードヴィヒアンギナ） submandibular space infections ludwigs angina
5. 唾液腺腫瘍：限局性疾患の治療 salivary gland tumors treatment of locoregional disease

English Journal

Microvascular autologous submandibular gland transplantation in severe cases of keratoconjunctivitis sicca.

Su JZ1, Cai ZG1, Yu GY1.
Maxillofacial plastic and reconstructive surgery.Maxillofac Plast Reconstr Surg.2015 Feb 5;37(1):5. eCollection 2015.
Dry eye syndrome is a relatively common disease of the tears and ocular surfaces that results in discomfort, visual disturbance, and tear film instability with possible damage to the ocular surfaces. Microvascular submandibular gland (SMG) transfer offers a surgical alternative for a permanent autol
PMID 25664315

A comparison of acoustic radiation force impulse imaging and scintigraphy in the functional evaluation of the major salivary glands.

Tasdemir B1, Goya C, Dostbil Z, Sengul E, Sezgin I, Hattapoglu S.
Nuclear medicine communications.Nucl Med Commun.2015 Dec;36(12):1220-6. doi: 10.1097/MNM.0000000000000391.
PURPOSE: This study aimed to determine the efficacy of acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI) imaging for the functional assessment of salivary glands by comparing ARFI with salivary gland scintigraphy.MATERIALS AND METHODS: We prospectively evaluated 60 parotid (P) glands and 60 submandibular (SM)
PMID 26426968

Morphometric Study of Diabetes Related Alterations in Human Parotid Gland and Comparison with Submandibular Gland.

Lilliu MA1, Loy F1, Cossu M2, Solinas P1, Isola R1, Isola M1.
Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007).Anat Rec (Hoboken).2015 Nov;298(11):1911-8. doi: 10.1002/ar.23255. Epub 2015 Aug 31.
Type 2 diabetes mellitus represents one of the principal diseases that afflict the world population and is often associated with malfunction of salivary glands and consequent oral diseases. We recently described significant ultrastructural alterations in the human submandibular gland in diabetic pat
PMID 26264892

Japanese Journal

顎下部舌下神経鞘腫例

長友孝文,市村恵一
耳鼻咽喉科臨床 107(2), 133-139, 2014
… Hypoglossal schwannomas are extremely rare tumors especially in the submandibular space. … A 42-year-old male presented with a painless submandibular swelling. … After various examinations, we diagnosed the swelling as a pleomorphic adenoma originating in the submandibular gland. … Schwannoma is a rare tumor but should be considered as one of the conditions in differential diagnosis of any masses located in the submandibular space. …
NAID 130003395613

IgG4関連肺疾患の1治験例

角岡信男,平山杏,稲沢慶太郎
日本呼吸器外科学会雑誌 28(1), 39-43, 2014
症例は52歳女性，検診にて胸部X線上，右中肺野の結節影を指摘された．胸部CTにて右S4に2 cm大のSpiculaを呈す結節で，有意なリンパ節腫脹を認めず．気管支擦過細胞診ではClass Iであるが，PET-CTではSUV max 5.4と上昇を認め，肺癌の可能性を否定できず，手術の方針とした．胸腔鏡下に針生検を施行するも確定診断に至らず，中枢性結節につき胸腔鏡下中葉切除を施行した．摘出標本は黄白 …
NAID 130003393990

Identification of genes encoding apical membrane proteins up-regultaed during lumen formation and of prominin-1 as a maker of the initial luminal cell surfaces in the developing mouse submandibular gland

Hieda Yohki,Hashimoto Yoshiya,Kawai Shinjiro
Journal of Osaka Dental University 47(2), 249-255, 2013-10
… In the submandibular gland (SMG) of mice, lumens appear first at embryonic day (E)14, followed by the establishment of the complete tubular structure in the entire epithelium by E17. …
NAID 110009673782

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「submaxillary gland」「glandula submandibularis」「submaxillary salivary gland」
拡張検索	「submandibular gland neoplasm」
関連記事	「submandibular」

「submaxillary gland」

Submandibular gland
	Salivary glands:; 1 - parotid gland,; 2 - submandibular gland,; 3 - sublingual gland
Details
Artery	glandular branches of facial artery
Nerve	submandibular ganglion
Identifiers
Latin	glandula submandibularis
MeSH	A03.556.500.760.812
Dorlands; /Elsevier	g_06/12392708
TA	A05.1.02.011
FMA	55093
	Anatomical terminology [edit on Wikidata]

　　[★]

顎下腺

関: glandula submandibularis、submandibular gland、submaxillary salivary gland

「glandula submandibularis」

　　[★]

顎下腺

関: submandibular gland、submaxillary gland、submaxillary salivary gland

「submaxillary salivary gland」

　　[★]

顎下腺

関: glandula submandibularis、submandibular gland、submaxillary gland

「submandibular gland neoplasm」

　　[★]

顎下腺腫瘍、顎下腺新生物

「submandibular」

　　[★]

adj.

顎下の

関: submaxillary

[1] Textbook And Color Atlas Of Salivary Gland Pathology Diagnosis And Management, Eric R. Carlson and Robert A. Ord, Wiley-Blackwell, 2008, page 3

[2] Human Anatomy, Jacobs, Elsevier, 2008, page 196

[3] Illustrated Anatomy of the Head and Neck, Fehrenbach and Herring, Elsevier, 2012, p. 155

[:0-4] Illustrated Dental Embryology, Histology, and Anatomy, Bath-Balogh and Fehrenbach, Elsevier, 2011, page 135

[5] Ten Cate's Oral Histology, Nanci, Elsevier, 2013, page 255

[6] Moore, Keith; et al. (2010). Clinically Oriented Anatomy, 5th Edition. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. ISBN 978-0-7817-7525-0.

[7] Koeppen, Bruce M. (2010). Berne and Levy Physiology 6th Edition, Updated. Mosby Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-323-07362-2.

[8] Hall, John E. (2006). Guyton Textbook of Medical Physiology, 11th Edition. Elsevier Saunders. ISBN 0-7216-0240-1.

[9] Illustrated Dental Embryology, Histology, and Anatomy, Bath-Balogh and Fehrenbach, Elsevier, 2011, page 137

匿名

検索

案内

案内

submandibular gland