adv.

皮下に

関: s.c.、subcutaneous、subdermal

WordNet

below the skin; "inject subcutaneously"

PrepTutorEJDIC

皮下の

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/08/16 10:37:44」(JST)

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The subcutaneous tissue (from Latin, meaning "beneath the skin"^[3] ), also called the subcutis, hypodermis, hypoderm (from Greek, meaning "beneath the skin"), subcutis, or superficial fascia, is the lowermost layer of the integumentary system in vertebrates.^[4] The types of cells found in the hypodermis are fibroblasts, adipose cells, and macrophages. The hypodermis is derived from the mesoderm, but unlike the dermis, it is not derived from the dermatome region of the mesoderm. In arthropods, the hypodermis is an epidermal layer of cells that secretes the chitinous cuticle. The term also refers to a layer of cells lying immediately below the epidermis of plants.

The hypodermis is used mainly for fat storage.

A layer of tissue lies immediately below the dermis of vertebrate skin. It is often referred to as subcutaneous tissue though this is a less precise and anatomically inaccurate term. The hypodermis consists primarily of loose connective tissue and lobules of fat. It contains larger blood vessels and nerves than those found in the dermis.

Composition[edit source | edit]

Subcutaneous tissue consists of:

Fibrous bands anchoring the skin to the deep fascia^[5]
Collagen and elastin fibers attaching it to the dermis^[6]
Fat, except in the eyelids, clitoris, penis, much of pinna, or scrotum^[1]
Blood vessels on route to the dermis^[7]
Lymphatic vessels on route from dermis
Hair follicle roots
The glandular part of some sweat glands; mammary gland lie entirely within the subcutaneous tissue^[8] (which are modified apocrine sweat glands)^[9]
Cutaneous nerves and free endings
Ruffini^[2]^:478 and Pacinian corpuscles
Bursae, in the space overlying joints in order to facilitate smooth passage of overlying skin
Fine, flat sheets of muscle, in certain locations, including the scalp, face, hand, nipple, and scrotum, called the panniculus carnosus

In some animals, such as whales and hibernating mammals, the hypodermis forms an important insulating layer and/or food store.

In some plants, the hypodermis is a layer of cells immediately below the epidermis of leaves. It is often mechanically strengthened, for example, in pine leaves, forming an extra protective layer or a water storage tissue.

According to the eighth edition of Developmental Biology by Scott F. Gilbert, the hypodermis of C. elegans is derived from ectoderm.

Subcutaneous fat[edit source | edit]

Subcutaneous fat is the layer of subcutaneous tissue that is most widely distributed.^[1] It is composed of adipocytes, which are grouped together in lobules separated by connective tissue.^[6] The number of adipocytes varies among different areas of the body while their size varies according to the body's nutritional state.^[10] and acts as padding and as an energy reserve, as well as providing some minor thermoregulation via insulation.^[6]^[2] Subcutaneous fat is found just beneath the skin, as opposed to visceral fat, which is found in the peritoneal cavity,^[11] and can be measured using body fat calipers to give a rough estimate of total body adiposity.^[12] It is thickest in the buttocks, palms, and soles. ^[13]

Injection[edit source | edit]

Injection into the subcutaneous tissue is a route of administration used for drugs such as insulin: because it is highly vascular, the tissue absorbs drugs quickly.^[2]^:135 Subcutaneous injection is believed to be the most effective manner to administer some drugs, such as human growth hormones. Just as the subcutaneous tissue can store fat, it can also provide good storage space for drugs that need to be released gradually because there is limited blood flow. "Skin popping" is a slang term that includes this method of administration, and is usually used in association with recreational drugs.

References[edit source | edit]

^ ^a ^b ^c "The Integument". Terminologia Anatomica. 1998.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Kenneth, Saladin (2007). Human Anatomy. Rex Bookstore, Inc. pp. 135, 478, 602. ISBN 0071259716.
^ "Online Etymology Dictionary: "subcutaneous"". Retrieved 22 July 2013.
^ Mosby’s Medical, Nursing and Allied Health Dictionary (4th ed.). St. Louis: Mosby. 1994. pp. 998, 774, 1497. ISBN 978-0801672255.
^ Mcminn (October 2003). Lasts Anatomy Regional and Applied. Elsevier Australia. p. 3. ISBN 0729537528.
^ ^a ^b ^c "The hypodermis". An Organ Revealed. L'Oréal. Retrieved 4 June 2013.
^ Tamarkin, Dawn A. "Unit 4: Skin & Bone Structure". Sprinfield Technical Community College. Retrieved 8 June 2013.
^ Fischer, Josef E.; Bland, Kirby I.; Callery, Mark P. (18 December 2006). Mastery of Surgery. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 482. ISBN 078177165X.
^ Krstic, Radivoj V. (18 March 2004). Human Microscopic Anatomy: An Atlas for Students of Medicine and Biology. Springer. p. 466. ISBN 9783540536666.
^ "Subcutaneous Tissue". Medical Subject Headings (MeSH). National Library of Medicine. Retrieved 5 June 2013.
^ "Abdominal fat and what to do about it". Harvard Health Publications. Harvard Medical School. 2006. Retrieved 5 June 2013.
^ Orphanidou, C; McCargar, L; Birmingham, C; Mathieson, J; Goldner, E (August 1994). "Accuracy of subcutaneous fat measurement: comparison of skinfold calipers, ultrasound, and computed tomography". Journal of the American Dietetic Association 94 (8): 855–858. ISSN 0002-8223.
^ Farris, Patricia K. "Skin Anatomy and Physiology". Nu Skin. Retrieved 5 June 2013.

UpToDate Contents

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1. エリスロポエチン：皮下投与 erythropoietin subcutaneous administration
2. フォンダパリヌクスの治療使用 therapeutic use of fondaparinux
3. 静脈血栓塞栓症に対する低分子ヘパリン low molecular weight heparin for venous thromboembolic disease
4. 成人における単極性うつ病：外科的アプローチによる治療 unipolar depression in adults treatment with surgical approaches
5. 糖尿病症例解説16：2種類の内服薬投与中のコントロール不良2型糖尿病を有する61歳男性 interactive diabetes case 16 a 61 year old man with uncontrolled type 2 diabetes on two oral agents

English Journal

Electrochemical red-ox therapy of prostate cancer in nude mice.

Cury FL1, Bhindi B2, Rocha J3, Scarlata E3, El Jurdi K3, Ladouceur M4, Beauregard S4, Vijh AK4, Taguchi Y5, Chevalier S6.
Bioelectrochemistry (Amsterdam, Netherlands).Bioelectrochemistry.2015 Aug;104:1-9. doi: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2014.12.004. Epub 2014 Dec 19.
Minimally invasive therapies are increasingly in demand for organ-confined prostate tumors. Electrochemical therapy (EChT) is attractive, as it relies on locally-induced reduction-oxidation reactions to kill tumor cells. Its efficacy for prostate cancer was assessed in human PC-3 and LNCaP tumor xen
PMID 25578541

The effect of AZD2171- or sTRAIL/Apo2L-loaded polylactic-co-glycolic acid microspheres on a subcutaneous glioblastoma model.

Shivinsky A1, Bronshtein T, Haber T, Machluf M.
Biomedical microdevices.Biomed Microdevices.2015 Aug;17(4):9969. doi: 10.1007/s10544-015-9969-2.
Studies with AZD2171-a new anti-angiogenic inhibitor of tyrosine kinases associated with VEGF signaling-have shown great promise for treating glioblastoma. Unfortunately, AZD2171 success is limited by low permeability through the blood-brain barrier. Due to AZD2171's short half-life and high toxicit
PMID 26044202

Estrogens, androgens and generalized behavioral arousal in gonadectomized female and male C57BL/6 mice.

Chu X1, Gagnidze K2, Pfaff D2, Ågmo A3.
Physiology & behavior.Physiol Behav.2015 Aug 1;147:255-63. doi: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.04.053. Epub 2015 Apr 30.
General arousal has been operationally defined as an enhanced motor activity and enhanced intensity of response to sensory stimuli. Even though the effects of gonadal hormones on mating behavior have been much studied, their potential effect on generalized arousal, as defined above, has never been e
PMID 25936820

Japanese Journal

高度肥満症例(Body mass index : 62.6)に対するハンドアシスト併用腹腔鏡下根治的腎摘除術の1例

横山仁,齋藤徹一,鈴木都史郎,山岸貴裕,井上博夫,石塚修,西澤理
泌尿器科紀要 59(4), 231-234, 2013-04-00
… An antithrombotic drug was administered subcutaneously as prophylaxis for deep vein thrombosis. …
NAID 120005244618

Mineral trioxide aggregateに対するラット皮下結合組織の応答 : マクロファージ関連分子の免疫組織化学的・分子生物学的解析

伊藤崇史,山中裕介,金子友厚,吉羽邦彦,吉羽永子,重谷佳見,興地隆史
日本歯科保存学雑誌 56(1), 9-16, 2013-02-28
目的:Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA)に対するマクロファージや樹状細胞の生体内での応答様式を追究するため,MTAを移植されたラット皮下結合組織における各種マクロファージ・樹状細胞関連分子の発現状況を,免疫組織化学的,もしくは定量的遺伝子発現解析により検討した.材料と方法:MTA (ProRoot MTA)および対照として水酸化カルシウム系覆髄材(Life)を被験材料 …
NAID 110009596776

Potency of a vaccine prepared from A/swine/Hokkaido/2/1981 (H1N1) against A/Narita/1/2009 (H1N1) pandemic influenza virus strain

Okamatsu Masatoshi,Sakoda Yoshihiro,Hiono Takahiro,Yamamoto Naoki,Kida Hiroshi
Virology Journal 10, 47, 2013-02-06
… Each of the vaccines was injected subcutaneously into mice and their potencies were evaluated by challenge with A/Narita/1/2009 (H1N1) virus strain in mice. …
NAID 120005228357

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「s.c.」「皮下」「subdermal」
関連記事	「subcutaneous」

「s.c.」

Subcutaneous tissue
	The hypodermis is the lower layer of skin shown in the diagram above
Latin	tela subcutanea
System	Intergument
Artery	Posterior intercostal arteries
MeSH	Subcutaneous+Tissue
Code	TH H3.12.00.2.00001

　　[★]

皮下注射、皮下

関: hypodermic injection、subcutaneous、subcutaneous injection、subcutaneously、subdermal

「皮下」

　　[★]

英: subcutaneous、subdermal、subcutaneously、s.c.
関: 皮下注射、真皮下

「subdermal」

　　[★]

adj.

皮下の、真皮下の

関: s.c.、subcutaneous、subcutaneously

「subcutaneous」

　　[★]

adj.

皮下の

関: subcutaneous injection s.c. injection

[ta98-1] "The Integument". Terminologia Anatomica. 1998.

[kenneth2007-2] Kenneth, Saladin (2007). Human Anatomy. Rex Bookstore, Inc. pp. 135, 478, 602. ISBN 0071259716.

[OEtymD_subcutaneous-3] "Online Etymology Dictionary: "subcutaneous"". Retrieved 22 July 2013.

[4] Mosby’s Medical, Nursing and Allied Health Dictionary (4th ed.). St. Louis: Mosby. 1994. pp. 998, 774, 1497. ISBN 978-0801672255.

[mcminn2003-5] Mcminn (October 2003). Lasts Anatomy Regional and Applied. Elsevier Australia. p. 3. ISBN 0729537528.

[loreal-6] "The hypodermis". An Organ Revealed. L'Oréal. Retrieved 4 June 2013.

[tamarkin-7] Tamarkin, Dawn A. "Unit 4: Skin & Bone Structure". Sprinfield Technical Community College. Retrieved 8 June 2013.

[fischer2006-8] Fischer, Josef E.; Bland, Kirby I.; Callery, Mark P. (18 December 2006). Mastery of Surgery. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 482. ISBN 078177165X.

[krstic04-9] Krstic, Radivoj V. (18 March 2004). Human Microscopic Anatomy: An Atlas for Students of Medicine and Biology. Springer. p. 466. ISBN 9783540536666.

[mesh-10] "Subcutaneous Tissue". Medical Subject Headings (MeSH). National Library of Medicine. Retrieved 5 June 2013.

[harvard2006-11] "Abdominal fat and what to do about it". Harvard Health Publications. Harvard Medical School. 2006. Retrieved 5 June 2013.

[orphanidou1994-12] Orphanidou, C; McCargar, L; Birmingham, C; Mathieson, J; Goldner, E (August 1994). "Accuracy of subcutaneous fat measurement: comparison of skinfold calipers, ultrasound, and computed tomography". Journal of the American Dietetic Association 94 (8): 855–858. ISSN 0002-8223.

[farris-13] Farris, Patricia K. "Skin Anatomy and Physiology". Nu Skin. Retrieved 5 June 2013.

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案内

案内

subcutaneously