For other uses, see Stout (disambiguation).
For dark lagers, see Dark lager.
Bottles of imperial stout.
Stout is a dark beer made using roasted malt or roasted barley, hops, water and yeast. Stouts were traditionally the generic term for the strongest or stoutest porters, typically 7% or 8%, produced by a brewery.[1][2] There are a number of variations including Baltic porter, dry stout and imperial stout. The first known use of the word stout for beer was in a document dated 1677 found in the Egerton Manuscript, the sense being that a stout beer was a strong beer not a dark beer.[3] The name porter was first used in 1721 to describe a dark brown beer that had been made with roasted malts. Because of the huge popularity of porters, brewers made them in a variety of strengths. The beers with higher gravities were called "Stout Porters", so the history and development of stout and porter are intertwined, and the term stout has since become firmly associated with dark beer, rather than just strong beer.[2][4]
Contents
- 1 History
- 2 Types of stout
- 2.1 Dry or Irish stout
- 2.2 Imperial stout
- 2.3 Baltic porter
- 2.4 Porter
- 2.5 Milk stout
- 2.6 Oatmeal stout
- 2.7 Chocolate stout
- 2.8 Coffee stout
- 2.9 Oyster stout
- 3 References
- 4 External links
History
Porter originated in London in the early 1720s.[5] The style quickly became popular in the city: it had a strong flavour, took longer to spoil than other beers, increased in alcohol content with age, was significantly cheaper than other beers, and was not easily affected by heat.[6][7] Within a few decades, porter breweries in London had grown "beyond any previously known scale".[7] Large volumes were exported to Ireland, where it was later (1776) brewed also.[8] In the 19th century, the beer gained its customary black colour through the use of black patent malt, and became stronger in flavour.[2]
Originally, the adjective stout meant "proud" or "brave", but later, after the 14th century, it took on the connotation of "strong". The first known use of the word stout for beer was in a document dated 1677 found in the Egerton Manuscript,[3] the sense being that a stout beer was a strong beer. The expression stout porter was applied during the 18th century to strong versions of porter, and was used by Guinness of Ireland in 1820 – although Guinness had been brewing porters since about 1780, having originally been an ale brewer from its foundation in 1759. Stout still meant only "strong" and it could be related to any kind of beer, as long as it was strong: in the UK it was possible to find "stout pale ale", for example. Later, stout was eventually to be associated only with porter, becoming a synonym of dark beer.
Because of the huge popularity of porters, brewers made them in a variety of strengths. The beers with higher gravities were called "Stout Porters". There is still division and debate on whether stouts should be a separate style from porter. Usually the only deciding factor is strength.[9]
"Nourishing" and sweet "milk" stouts became popular in Great Britain in the years following the First World War, though their popularity declined towards the end of the 20th century, apart from pockets of local interest such as in Glasgow with Sweetheart Stout.
The slogan "Guinness is good for you" was thought up after market research in the 1920s suggested that people felt better after a pint, and post-operative patients, blood donors, pregnant women and nursing mothers in England were advised to drink Guinness.[10]
With beer writers such as Michael Jackson writing about stouts and porters in the 1970s, there has been a moderate interest in the global speciality beer market.
In the mid 1980s a survey by What’s Brewing found just 29 brewers in the UK and Channel Islands still making stout, most of them milk stouts.[11]
Types of stout
A pint of Guinness stout.
Stouts have several variations.
Dry or Irish stout
Irish stout or dry stout (in Irish, leann dubh, "black beer") is very dark or rich in colour and it often has a "roasted" or coffee-like taste. The most famous example is Guinness followed by Murphy's and Beamish. There are also some smaller breweries producing stout. The alcoholic content and "dry" flavour of a dry or Irish stout are both characterised as light, although it varies from country to country.
Imperial stout
Imperial stout, also known as Russian imperial stout or imperial Russian stout, is a strong dark beer or stout in the style that was brewed in the 18th century by Thrale's brewery in London, England for export to the court of Catherine II of Russia.[12] In 1781 the brewery changed hands and the beer became known as Barclay Perkins Imperial Brown Stout. When the brewery was taken over by Courage the beer was renamed Courage Russian Imperial Stout (RIS).[13] It has a high alcohol content, usually over 9% abv.
Baltic porter
A version of Imperial Stout which originated in the Baltic region, usually cool fermented. Imperial Stouts exported from Britain in the 18th century were popular in the Baltic region, and were produced locally using local ingredients and brewing traditions.[14] Baltic Porter is a specialty of many Polish breweries.
Porter
Main article: English porter
While there is a great deal of disagreement in the brewing world on this subject, at one time, porter was considered an alternative name for stout.[citation needed] It was originally used in the 18th century. Historically, there are no differences between stout and porter,[citation needed] though there has been a tendency for breweries to differentiate the strengths of their dark beers with the words "extra", "double" and "stout". The term stout was initially used to indicate a stronger porter than other porters issued by an individual brewery. Though not consistent, this is the usage that was most commonly employed.[15]
Milk stout
Milk stout (also called sweet stout or cream stout) is a stout containing lactose, a sugar derived from milk. Because lactose is unfermentable by beer yeast, it adds sweetness, body, and calories to the finished beer. Milk stout was claimed to be nutritious, and was given to nursing mothers,[16] along with other stouts, such as Guinness.[17] The classic surviving example of milk stout is Mackeson's,[18] for which the original brewers claimed that "each pint contains the energising carbohydrates of 10 ounces of pure dairy milk". In the period just after the Second World War when rationing was in place, the British government required brewers to remove the word "milk" from labels and adverts, and any imagery associated with milk.[19]
Oatmeal stout
The original modern oatmeal stout
Oatmeal stout is a stout with a proportion of oats, normally a maximum of 30%, added during the brewing process. Even though a larger proportion of oats in beer can lead to a bitter or astringent taste,[20] during the medieval period in Europe, oats were a common ingredient in ale,[21] and proportions up to 35% were standard. Despite some areas of Europe, such as Norway, still clinging to the use of oats in brewing until the early part of the 20th century, the practice had largely died out by the 16th century, so much so that in 1513 Tudor sailors refused to drink oat beer offered to them because of the bitter flavour.[22][23]
There was a revival of interest in using oats during the end of the 19th century, when (supposedly) restorative, nourishing and invalid beers, such as the later milk stout, were popular, because of the association of porridge with health.[24] Maclay of Alloa produced an Original Oatmalt Stout in 1895 which used 70% "oatmalt", and a 63/- Oatmeal Stout in 1909, which used 30% "flaked (porridge) oats".[25]
In the 20th century many oatmeal stouts contained only a minimal amount of oats. For example, in 1936 Barclay Perkins Oatmeal Stout used only 0.5% oats.[26] As the oatmeal stout was parti-gyled with their porter and standard stout, these two also contained the same proportion of oats. (Parti-gyle brewing involves drawing off the first part of the mash and using it to make strong ale, then remashing the grain and drawing off the second runnings for a less strong variant.) The name seems to have been a marketing device more than anything else. In the 1920s and 1930s Whitbread's London Stout and Oatmeal Stout were identical, just packaged differently. The amount of oats Whitbread used was minimal, again around 0.5%.[27] With such a small quantity of oats used, it could have had little impact on the flavour or texture of these beers.
Many breweries were still brewing oatmeal stouts in the 1950s, for example Brickwoods in Portsmouth, Matthew Brown in Blackburn and Ushers in Trowbridge.[28] When Michael Jackson mentioned the defunct Eldrige Pope "Oat Malt Stout" in his 1977 book The World Guide to Beer, oatmeal stout was no longer being made anywhere, but Charles Finkel, founder of Merchant du Vin, was curious enough to commission Samuel Smith to produce a version.[29] Samuel Smith's Oatmeal Stout then became the template for other breweries' versions.
Oatmeal stouts do not usually taste specifically of oats. The smoothness of oatmeal stouts comes from the high content of proteins, lipids (includes fats and waxes), and gums imparted by the use of oats. The gums increase the viscosity and body adding to the sense of smoothness.[30]
Chocolate stout
Chocolate stout is a name brewers sometimes give to certain stouts having a noticeable dark chocolate flavour through the use of darker, more aromatic malt; particularly chocolate malt—a malt that has been roasted or kilned until it acquires a chocolate colour. Sometimes, as with Muskoka Brewery's Double Chocolate Cranberry Stout, Young's Double Chocolate Stout, and Rogue Brewery's Chocolate Stout, the beers are also brewed with a small amount of chocolate or chocolate flavouring.[31][32]
Coffee stout
Dark roasted malts, such as black patent malt (the darkest roast), can lend a bitter coffee flavour to dark beer. Some brewers like to further emphasize the coffee flavour and add ground coffee.
The ABV of these coffee flavoured stouts will vary from under 4% to over 8%. Most examples will be dry and bitter, though others add milk sugar to create a sweet stout which may then be given a name such as Coffee & Cream Stout or just Coffee Cream Stout. Other flavours such as mint or chocolate may also be added in various combinations.
Oyster stout
Oysters have had a long association with stout. When stouts were emerging in the 18th century, oysters were a commonplace food often served in public houses and taverns. By the 20th century, oyster beds were in decline, and stout had given way to pale ale.
The first known brewery to use oysters as part of the brewing process of stout was in 1938 by the Hammerton Brewery in London, UK. The brewery was re-established in 2014 and is once again brewing an Oyster Stout.
Modern oyster stouts may be made with a handful of oysters in the barrel, hence the claim of one establishment, the Porterhouse Brewery in Dublin, that their award-winning Oyster Stout was not suitable for vegetarians.[33] Others, such as Marston's Oyster Stout, use the name with the implication that the beer would be suitable for drinking with oysters.
References
- ^ The New Oxford Dictionary of English. Oxford University Press 1998 ISBN 0-19-861263-X
- ^ a b c Porter and Stout - CAMRA
- ^ a b Stout (Classic Beer Style). "Stout (Classic Beer Style) (9780937381441): Michael Lewis: Books". Amazon.com. Retrieved 2012-08-15.
- ^ Michael Jackson's Beer Hunter - Porter casts a long shadow on ale history
- ^ Bamforth, Charles (2009). Beer: Tap into the Art and Science of Brewing. Oxford University Press. p. 65. ISBN 978-0195305425
- ^ Unger, Richard W. (2004). Beer in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 244. ISBN 978-0812237955
- ^ a b Bender, David A. (2009). A Dictionary of Food and Nutrition. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199234875
- ^ Oliver, Garrett (2011). The Oxford Companion to Beer. Oxford University Press. p. 492. ISBN 978-0195367133
- ^ "So what IS the difference between porter and stout?". Retrieved 30 September 2011.
- ^ Guinness is good for you. (13 November 2003) Health, BBC News - Retrieved on 19 February 2007.
- ^ "Endangered beers | Zythophile". Zythophile.wordpress.com. 2012-05-22. Retrieved 2012-08-15.
- ^ John Pudney (1971). A draught of contentment: the story of the Courage Group.
- ^ Alcohol and Temperance in Modern ... - Google Book Search. books.google.co.uk. 2003. ISBN 978-1-57607-833-4. Retrieved 2009-03-13.
- ^ Baltic Porters
- ^ Porter and Stout - CAMRA
- ^ "The Stout Without Gout - December 2008 Document of the Month - Dorset For You". www.dorsetforyou.com. Retrieved 2009-03-13.
- ^ "Guinness to brew anniversary stout to mark 250th birthday - Food & Drink, Life & Style - Belfasttelegraph.co.uk". www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk. Retrieved 2009-03-13.
- ^ The Dictionary of Beer and Brewing - Google Book Search. books.google.co.uk. 1998-10-01. ISBN 978-1-57958-078-0. Retrieved 2009-03-13.
- ^ Roger Protz, The Ultimate Encyclopedia of Beer, page 100, Carlton Books, 1995, ISBN 1-85375-197-9
- ^ Page 50, Stout, Michael J. Lewis, published 1995 by Brewers Publications, ISBN 0-937381-44-6
- ^ Page 49, Beer: The Story of the Pint, Martyn Cornell, published 2003 by Hodder Headline, ISBN 0-7553-1164-7
- ^ Page 78, Beer: The Story of the Pint, Martyn Cornell, published 2003 by Hodder Headline, ISBN 0-7553-1164-7
- ^ The Guide to Gentlemen and Farmers
- ^ Page 158, Beer: The Story of the Pint, Martyn Cornell, published 2003 by Hodder Headline, ISBN 0-7553-1164-7
- ^ Pages 59 & 60, Old British Beers, Dr. John Harrison, published 2003 by Durden Park Beer Circle, ISBN 0-9517752-1-9
- ^ Barclay Perkins brewing records in the London Metropolitan Archives
- ^ Whitbread brewing records in the London Metropolitan Archives
- ^ Whitbread Gravity Book, Whitbread Archive in the London Metropolitan Archives
- ^ Michael Jackson's Beer Hunter - Kisses, oats and stouts
- ^ Galante, Stephan (October 1997). "Brew Your Own: The How-To Homebrew Beer Magazine - Beer Styles - Oatmeal Stout". byo.com. Retrieved 28 November 2011.
- ^ Young's - our beer
- ^ rogue.com : Rogue Brews
- ^ "Porterhouse". Porterhousebrewco.com. Retrieved 2012-08-15.
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