stinker

　

WordNet

1. anything that gives off an offensive odor (especially a cheap cigar)
2. be extremely bad in quality or in ones performance; "This term paper stinks!"

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. 悪臭を放つ;(…で)臭い《+『of』+『名』》 / 《話》鼻持ちならない,ひどく評判が悪い / 《話》非常に劣っている / 〈場所など〉‘を'いやな臭いにする《+『up』+『名』》 / 悪臭 / 《米話》騒動,物議

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2012/09/23 14:17:25」(JST)

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Southern Giant Petrel
Adult and chick
Conservation status
Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Procellariiformes
Family:	Procellariidae
Genus:	Macronectes
Species:	M. giganteus
Binomial name
Macronectes giganteus (Gmelin, 1789)

The Southern Giant Petrel (Macronectes giganteus), also known as the Antarctic Giant Petrel, Giant Fulmar, Stinker, and Stinkpot, is a large seabird of the southern oceans. Its distribution overlaps broadly with the similar Northern Giant Petrel, though it overall is centered slightly further south. Adults of the two species can be separated by the colour of their bill-tip: greenish in the Southern and reddish in the Northern.

Taxonomy

The Southern Giant Petrel is one of two members of the genus Macronectes, which in turn, along with 14 other genera, comprise the Procellariidae family. Macronectes, also referred to as the Giant Petrels, along with the genus Fulmarus, Cape Petrel, Antarctic Petrel, and the Snow Petrel form a sub-family within the larger family.

The Southern Giant Petrel was first described as Macronectes giganteus by Johann Friedrich Gmelin, in 1789, based on a specimen from Staten Island off Tierra del Fuego.

Etymology

Macronectes giganteus can be broken down as makros a Greek word meaning long or large and nēktēs meaning swimmer, and giganteus from the Latin for gigantic. Southern Giant Petrel starts with southern referring to their habitat being further south than their counterpart the Northern Giant Petrel, and Petrel refers to St. Peter and from the story of him walking on water, which refers to how they run on top of the water as they are getting airborne. They were also called Fulmar, which comes from full an Old Norse word meaning foul, and mar meaning gull. They resemble seagulls and they have the ability of spitting a foul smelling concoction at predators.

Description

Flying over East Falkland

This petrel is the largest of the Procellariidae and measures 86–99 cm (34–39 in) with a wingspan of 185–205 cm (73–81 in). The male weighs approximately 5 kg (11 lb) and the female 3–8 kg (6.6–18 lb). They have a very large yellow bill, with a green tip and greyish-brown legs. There are two different morphs, the dark which resembles the Northern Giant Petrel, and the more distinct light morph. On the dark morph the upper breast, head and neck are light with the remainder of its plumage being mottled brown. The leading edge of its wing was lighter as are the base of the inner primaries, on the underside. The light morph is rarer and very distinct with only slight black speckles on an otherwise all white look. As juveniles, the dark morph starts off more sooty brown and pales as it ages. Both Giant Petrels have legs that are stronger and thus can move around on land rather effectively. Finally, when in flight this species has a somewhat hunchbacked appearance.

It, like all members of the Procellariiformes have certain features that set them apart from other birds. First, they have nasal passages that attach to the upper bill called naricorns. Although the nostrils on the Petrels are on the top of the bill. The bills of all Procellariiformes are also unique in that they are split into between 7 and 9 horny plates. Finally, they produce a stomach oil made up of wax esters and triglycerides that is stored in the proventriculus. This is used against predators as well as an energy rich food source for chicks and for the adults during their long flights. They also have a salt gland that is situated above the nasal passage and helps desalinate their bodies, due to the high amount of ocean water that they imbibe; it excretes a concentrated saline solution from the nostrils.

Juvenile

Behaviour

Reproduction

Macronectes giganteus

The Southern Giant Petrel achieves sexual maturity at six or seven years of age; however the average age of first breeding is ten years. Its breeding season begins in October. Its nest is a mound of moss, grass, and stones with a depression in the center and located on bare or grassy ground. They form loose colonies except in the Falkland Islands where the colonies are much larger. One egg is laid and is incubated for 55–66 days. When the white chick is born it is brooded for two to three weeks and it fledges at 104–132 days.

Feeding

This Petrel will feed on krill, squid, and offal in coastal and pelagic waters, and unlike most other Procellariiformes, this bird will eat carrion and even attack smaller seabirds. The males exclude females from the carcasses that they are feeding off.

Range and habitat

Breeding Population and Trends

Location	Population	Date	Trend
Falkland Islands	19,500 pair	2005	Increasing
South Georgia	5,500 pair	2006	Increasing
South Shetland	5,400 pair	2006	Increasing
South Orkney Islands	3,350 pair	2006	Increasing
Heard Island & MacDonald Island	2,500 pair	2005	Decreasing
South America (Isla Noir, Diego Ramirez, Staten Island, Patagonia, islands off Chubut, Argentina)	2,300 pair	2006
Macquarie Island	2,145 pair	2005	Decreasing
Prince Edward Islands	1,800 pair
South Sandwich Islands	1,550 pair	2006	Increasing
Antarctic Peninsula	1,190 pair		Decreasing
Crozet Islands	1,060 pair		Increasing
Antarctic Continent (Terre Adélie)	280 pair	2006	Decreasing
Tristan da Cunha Islands	230 pair	2004	Increasing
Kerguelen Islands	4 pair
Gough Island	1+ pair		Increasing
Total	97,000	2007	Decreasing 1%—9% per 10 yr/Increasing now

The range of this bird is quite large as it ranges from Antarctica to the subtropics of Chile, Africa, and Australia, and has an occurrence range of 36,000,000 km² (14,000,000 sq mi). It breeds on numerous islands throughout the southern oceans. The islands with larger populations include the Falkland Islands, South Georgia, South Orkney Islands, Staten Island, South Shetland, Heard Island, Macquarie Island, Prince Edward Islands, and Crozet Islands. The other locations with small populations are the Kerguelen Islands, Gough Island, Tristan da Cunha, Diego Ramirez, Isla Noir as well as four locations on the continent of Antarctica, including Terre Adélie, and small islands off the coast of Argentina near Chubut province. The colonies are visited year round.

Conservation

2009 was a good year for this species as it was upgraded to a status of Least Concern from Near Threatened, by the IUCN. This downgrade is not as optimistic as it sounds as it is not so much due to a recovering population, but a clearer picture and more accurate censuses. Overall population trends show that in the 1980s there were 38,000 pair which dropped to 31,000 in the late 1990s followed by 46,800 presently. The Falkland Islands and most of the South Georgia Archipelago has shown increases from the 1980s to the present. Terre Adélie has shown a drastic reduction as the count fell to 10—15 pairs from 80 pairs in the 1980s. The official 10/3 generation trend is listed by BirdLife International at a 1%—9% declinatation, but it is stated that this is a conservative number. They elaborate that a best case scenario puts it at a 17% increase and a worst case scenario of a 7.2% reduction.

Major threats to the well-being of this species start with the typical accidental deaths caused by longline fishing as well as trawl fishing near the Falkland Islands. Between 2,000 and 4,000 were killed in 1997—1998 due to illegal longline fishing. Also the numbers of Southern Elephant Seal, which is an important source of food as carrion, have been shrinking. Human disturbances have also adversely affected this bird.

To assist in this birds continued survival it was placed in CMS Appendix II and ACAP Annex I. Many of the islands that it breeds on are nature reserves, and Gough Island and Macquarie Island are World heritage sites. Monitoring is done on South Georgia, Marion Island, Crozet Islands, Terre Adélie, and Macquarie Island.Gough Island has had 2 censuses in the last decade.

Continued monitoring and surveys at major breeding sites have been proposed, as well as researching movement and migration. Finally continued promotion of "best-practice mitigation measures" via existing methods outlined in CCAMLR, CMS, and FAO.

Footnotes

References

• BirdLife International (2009). "Southern Giant Petrel - BirdLife Species Factsheet". Data Zone. http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/species/index.html?action=SpcHTMDetails.asp&sid=3870&m=0. Retrieved 15 Jul 2009. 
• Brooke, M. (2004). "Procellariidae". Albatrosses And Petrels Across The World. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-850125-0. 
• Double, M. C. (2003). "Procellariiformes (Tubenosed Seabirds)". In Hutchins, Michael; Jackson, Jerome A.; Bock, Walter J. et al.. Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia. 8 Birds I Tinamous and Ratites to Hoatzins. Joseph E. Trumpey, Chief Scientific Illustrator (2 ed.). Farmington Hills, MI: Gale Group. pp. 107–111. ISBN 0-7876-5784-0. 
• Ehrlich, Paul R.; Dobkin, David, S.; Wheye, Darryl (1988). The Birders Handbook (First ed.). New York, NY: Simon & Schuster. pp. 29–31. ISBN 0-671-65989-8. 
• Gotch, A. F. (1995) [1979]. "Albatrosses, Fulmars, Shearwaters, and Petrels". Latin Names Explained A Guide to the Scientific Classifications of Reptiles, Birds & Mammals. New York, NY: Facts on File. pp. 191–192. ISBN 0-8160-3377-3. 
• Harrison, Colin; Greensmith, Alan (1993). "Non-Passerines". In Bunting, Edward. Birds of the World (First ed.). New York, NY: Dorling Kindersley. p. 42. ISBN 1-56458-295-7. 
• Red List category changes "2009 Red List category changes" (Excel). Red List. 2009. http://www.birdlife.org/action/science/species/global_species_programme/2009_RL_changes.xls2009 Red List category changes. Retrieved 16 Jul 2009. 
• Maynard, B. J. (2003). "Shearwaters, petrels, and fulmars (Procellariidae)". In Hutchins, Michael; Jackson, Jerome A.; Bock, Walter J. et al.. Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia. 8 Birds I Tinamous and Ratites to Hoatzins. Joseph E. Trumpey, Chief Scientific Illustrator (2 ed.). Farmington Hills, MI: Gale Group. pp. 123–133. ISBN 0-7876-5784-0. 

External links

• Southern Giant-petrel Photos

English Journal

• Red Herring: Hook, Line, and Stinker.

• Prause N1, Pfaus J2.
• Sexual medicine.Sex Med.2015 Sep;3(3):221-4. doi: 10.1002/sm2.70. Epub 2015 Jun 11.
• PMID 26468387

• Washington memo--a stinker for the GOP.

• Newton-Small J.
• Time.Time.2007 Oct 8;170(15):20.
• PMID 17982838

• A real stinker ... Cooperative Purchasing Program of the Federal Acqusition Streamlining Act (FASA).

• Betz R.
• Journal of healthcare resource management.J Healthc Resour Manag.1996 Jun;14(5):28, 30.
• PMID 10158611

Japanese Journal

• キャピラリー電気泳動による異臭苦情飲料中の残留次亜塩素酸の分析

• 木村 圭介,田端 節子,岩崎 由美子 [他]
• 東京都健康安全研究センター研究年報 (57), 165-168, 2006
• NAID 40015444642

Related Links

• Stinker - Spell - World of Warcraft

Right Click to summon and dismiss your pet skunk, Stinker.

Related Pictures