関: mullet、Smegmamorpha

WordNet

small (2-4 inches) pugnacious mostly scaleless spiny-backed fishes of northern fresh and littoral waters having elaborate courtship; subjects of much research (同)prickleback
freshwater or coastal food fishes a spindle-shaped body; found worldwide (同)grey mullet, gray mullet
bottom dwelling marine warm water fishes with two barbels on the chin
highly valued lean flesh of marine or freshwater mullet (同)grey mullet, gray mullet
of rivers and coastal regions (同)Gasterosteus aculeatus
confined to rivers (同)Gasterosteus pungitius

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トゲウオ(ひれにとげのある魚)
ボラ(河口近くに住む魚：薫製にすると美味です）

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/02/23 12:00:02」(JST)

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The Gasterosteidae are a family of fish including the sticklebacks. FishBase recognises 16 species in the family, grouped in five genera.^[1] However, several of the species have a number of recognised subspecies, and the taxonomy of the family is thought to be in need of revision. Although some authorities give the common name of the family as "sticklebacks and tube-snouts", the tube-snouts are classified in the related family Aulorhynchidae.

An unusual feature of sticklebacks is that they have no scales, although some species have bony armour plates. They are related to pipefish and seahorses.

Sticklebacks are most commonly found in the ocean, but some can be found in fresh water. The freshwater taxa were trapped in Europe, Asia, and North America after the ice age, and have evolved different features from the marine species. Sticklebacks are carnivorous, feeding on small animals such as insects, crustaceans and fish larvae.^[2]^[3]

Sticklebacks are characterised by the presence of strong and clearly isolated spines in their dorsal fins.^[4] The maximum size of the best-known species, the three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus), is about 10 cm (4 in), but few of them are more than 7.6 cm (3 in) long. They mature sexually at a length of about 5 cm (2 in).^[5] Most other stickleback species are roughly similar in size or somewhat smaller. The only exception is the far larger fifteen-spined stickleback (Spinachia spinachia), which can reach 22 cm (8.7 in).^[6] All species show a similar mating behaviour, which is also unusual among fish. The males develop a red breast and construct a nest from weeds held together by secretions from their kidneys, then attract females to the nest. The female lays her eggs inside the nest where the male can fertilise them. The male then guards the eggs until they hatch.^[3]

Fish in the Faroe Islands:
Stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus)
Faroese stamp issued: 7 Feb 1994

Artist: Astrid Andreasen

In popular culture

Jack Sharp, a stickleback, is a character in the picture-book The Tale of Mr. Jeremy Fisher by Beatrix Potter.

References

^ Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2012). "Gasterosteidae" in FishBase. October 2012 version.
^ The Repeater - NYTimes.com
^ ^a ^b Orr, James W. & Pietsch, T.W. (1998). Paxton, J.R. & Eschmeyer, W.N., ed. Encyclopedia of Fishes. San Diego: Academic Press. pp. 171–172. ISBN 0-12-547665-5.
^ Widespread Parallel Evolution in Sticklebacks by Repeated Fixation of Ectodysplasin Alleles by sciencemag.org
^ "Three-spined stickleback". Gma.org. Retrieved 2012-08-31.
^ Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2014). "Spinachia spinachia" in FishBase. April 2014 version.

External links

Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "stickleback". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
1930 Newsreel of Stickleback Building Nest by British Pathé

English Journal

Paternal care in a fish: epigenetics and fitness enhancing effects on offspring anxiety.

McGhee KE1, Bell AM2.
Proceedings. Biological sciences / The Royal Society.Proc Biol Sci.2014 Nov 7;281(1794):20141146. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2014.1146.
In many animals, including humans, interactions with caring parents can have long-lasting effects on offspring sensitivity to stressors. However, whether these parental effects impact offspring fitness in nature is often unclear. In addition, despite evidence that maternal care can influence offspri
PMID 25232132

Experimental parasite infection reveals costs and benefits of paternal effects.

Kaufmann J1, Lenz TL, Milinski M, Eizaguirre C.
Ecology letters.Ecol Lett.2014 Nov;17(11):1409-17. doi: 10.1111/ele.12344. Epub 2014 Aug 28.
Forces shaping an individual's phenotype are complex and include transgenerational effects. Despite low investment into reproduction, a father's environment and phenotype can shape its offspring's phenotype. Whether and when such paternal effects are adaptive, however, remains elusive. Using three-s
PMID 25168056

Characterization of a genotoxicity biomarker in three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus L.): Biotic variability and integration in a battery of biomarkers for environmental monitoring.

Raphael S1, Aude J, Olivier P, Mélissa PL, Aurélien B, Christophe B, Jean Marc P, Sylvie B, Alain D, Wilfried S.
Environmental toxicology.Environ Toxicol.2014 Oct 27. doi: 10.1002/tox.22055. [Epub ahead of print]
As a large array of hazardous substances exhibiting genotoxicity are discharged into surface water, this work aimed at assessing the relevance of adding a genotoxicity biomarker in a battery of biomarkers recently developed in the model fish three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus). First t
PMID 25346099

Isolation of Doublesex- and Mab-3-Related Transcription Factor 6 and Its Involvement in Spermatogenesis in Tilapia.

Zhang X, Wang H, Li M, Cheng Y, Jiang D, Sun L, Tao W, Zhou L, Wang Z, Wang D.
Biology of reproduction.Biol Reprod.2014 Oct 15. pii: biolreprod.114.121418. [Epub ahead of print]
The dmrt6 gene has been isolated from tetrapods and recently from a coelacanth, Latimeria chalumnae. Its evolutionary history and exact function remain unclear. In the present study, dmrt6s were isolated from Perciformes (five cichlids and stickleback), Siluriformes (southern catfish) and Lepisostei
PMID 25320148

Japanese Journal

会員通信 8th International Conference on Stickleback Behavior and Evolution参加記

魚類学雑誌 62(2), 206-208, 2015-11-05
NAID 40020657980

トミヨ属淡水型のための潜孔付き全面越流型魚道のモニタリング

Journal of rainwater catchment systems 20(2), 75-83, 2015-01
NAID 40020355342

A new threespine stickleback, Gasterosteus nipponicus sp. nov. (Teleostei: Gasterosteidae), from the Japan Sea region

Ichthyological research : an official journal of the Ichthyological Society of Japan 61(4), 341-351, 2014-11-05
NAID 40020257971

Length and GC Content Variability of Introns among Teleostean Genomes in the Light of the Metabolic Rate Hypothesis

PLoS ONE 9(8), e103889, 2014-08-05
NAID 120005462476

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「mullet」「トゲウオ」「Smegmamorpha」

「mullet」

Sticklebacks
	Four species of stickleback from the Atlantic coast of North America
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Actinopterygii
Subclass:	Neopterygii
Infraclass:	Teleostei
Order:	Gasterosteiformes
Family:	Gasterosteidae
Genera
	Apeltes; Culaea; Gasterosteus; Pungitius; Spinachia