Nicotinamide treatment reduces the levels of oxidative stress, apoptosis, and PARP-1 activity in Aβ(1-42)-induced rat model of Alzheimer's disease.
Turunc Bayrakdar E, Uyanikgil Y, Kanit L, Koylu E, Yalcin A.Author information Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege University , Bornova, Izmir , Turkey.AbstractAbstract The underlying mechanisms of Alzheimer's Disease (AD) are still unclear. It is suggested that poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) overactivation can cause neuroinflammation and cell death. In this study we searched the effects of nicotinamide (NA), endogenous PARP-1 inhibitor, on oxidative stress, apoptosis, and the regulation of PARP-1 and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) in amyloid beta peptide (1-42) (Aβ(1-42))-induced neurodegeneration. Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups as control, Aβ(1-42), Aβ(1-42) + NA(100 and 500 mg/kg). All groups were stereotaxically injected bilaterally into the hippocampus with Aβ(1-42) or saline. After surgery NA administrations were made intraperitoneally (ip) for 7 days. In order to investigate the effects of Aβ(1-42) and NA, protein carbonyls, lipid peroxidation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, glutathione (GSH) levels, activities of antioxidant enzymes (catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase), mitochondrial function, mRNA and protein levels of PARP-1, NF-κB, p53, Bax, and Bcl-2 were measured in specific brain regions such as cortex and hippocampus. Aβ(1-42) treatment only increased the oxidative stress parameters and caused decline in antioxidant enzyme activities, mitochondrial function, and GSH levels. Also, overexpression of PARP-1, NF-κB, p53, Bax, and the decreased levels of Bcl-2 were observed in Aβ(1-42)-treated group. NA treatments against Aβ(1-42)-upregulated Bcl-2 and downregulated PARP-1, NF-κB, p53, and Bax levels. NA treatments also decreased the oxidative stress parameters and elevated antioxidant enzyme activities, GSH levels, and mitochondrial function against Aβ(1-42) treatment. These data suggest that NA may have a therapeutic potential in neurodegenerative processes due to the decreased levels of oxidative stress, apoptosis, and PARP-1 activity.
Abstract The underlying mechanisms of Alzheimer's Disease (AD) are still unclear. It is suggested that poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) overactivation can cause neuroinflammation and cell death. In this study we searched the effects of nicotinamide (NA), endogenous PARP-1 inhibitor, on oxidati
Effect of vagus nerve stimulation on electrical kindling in different stages of seizure severity in freely moving cats.
Magdaleno-Madrigal VM1, Valdés-Cruz A2, Martínez-Vargas D2, Almazán-Alvarado S2, Fernández-Mas R2.Author information 1Laboratorio de Neurofisiología del Control y la Regulación, Dirección de Investigaciones en Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, México, D.F., México. Electronic address: maleno@imp.edu.mx.2Laboratorio de Neurofisiología del Control y la Regulación, Dirección de Investigaciones en Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, México, D.F., México.AbstractVagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is an adjunctive therapy for treating pharmacoresistant epilepsy. The present study analyze the effect of VNS on the epileptic activity of amygdala kindling (AK) in different seizure severity stages in freely moving cats. Fourteen adult male cats were used and were stereotaxically implanted in both amygdalae, in thalamic reticular nuclei and in prefrontal cortices. AK was developed by the application of 60Hz pulse trains that were one second in duration. VNS was applied the following day after the first stages were reached. This stimulation consisted of 10 pulse trains in the one-hour period (1min on/5min off) prior to AK. AK stimulation continued until all animals reached stage VI. The behavioral changes induced by VNS were transient and bearable. The animals showed relaxation of the nictitating membrane, ipsilateral anisocoria, swallowing and licking. Intermittent VNS application in stage I induced a delay in AK progression. The effect of VNS on the amygdala afterdischarge duration (AD) did not change progressively. VNS in stages II, III, and IV does not have an inhibitory effect on AK, and the AD further exhibited a progressive development. At the end of the generalized seizures, the animals presented with synchronized bilateral discharges of the spike-wave type (3Hz) and a behavioral "staring spell". Our results show that VNS applied during the different stages of seizure severity exerts an anti-epileptogenic effect in stage I but no anti-epileptogenic effect in stages II, III, and IV. These results suggest that VNS applied at stage I of kindling induces a delay of generalized convulsive activity.
Epilepsy research.Epilepsy Res.2014 Jan;108(1):81-9. doi: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2013.10.012. Epub 2013 Oct 28.
Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is an adjunctive therapy for treating pharmacoresistant epilepsy. The present study analyze the effect of VNS on the epileptic activity of amygdala kindling (AK) in different seizure severity stages in freely moving cats. Fourteen adult male cats were used and were ster
Contribution of the lateral lemniscus to the control of swallowing in decerebrate cats.
Ota R, Takakusaki K, Katada A, Harada H, Nonaka S, Harabuchi Y.Author information Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Asahikawa Medical University, School of Medicine, Midorigaoka-Higashi, 2-1, 1-1, 078-8510, Japan.AbstractLateral lemniscus, a relay nucleus of auditory sensation, is involved in the control of phonatory movements such as human speech and vocalization of animals. The present study was designed to test whether neurons in the lateral lemniscus contributed to the control of swallowing, one of non-phonic oro-pharyngolaryngeal movements. In acutely decerebrated cats (n=15), swallowing was induced by electrical stimulation (20-80μA at 10Hz for 20s with rectangular pulses of 0.2ms duration) delivered to the superior laryngeal nerve (SLN). Repetitive electrical stimulation (30-50μA at 50Hz for 10-20s) applied to the dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus (LLD) increased the number and reduced the latency to the onset of the SLN-induced swallowing. On the other hand, stimulation of the ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus and the paralemniscal area, corresponding to the ventrolateral part of the parabrachial nucleus and the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus, often suppressed the SLN-induced swallowing. Microinjection of NMDA (0.1-0.15μl, 5.0-10mM) into the LLD through a stereotaxically placed glass micropipette facilitated the SLN-induced swallowing, i.e., the number was increased and the latency of swallowing was reduced. We also injected muscimol (a gamma amino-butyric acid (GABA)A receptor agonist), bicuculline (a GABAA receptor antagonist) and baclofen (a GABAB receptor agonist) into the LLD (0.1-0.15μl and 5.0mM for each substance). It was observed that an injection of muscimol suppressed the SLN-induced swallowing. However, an injection of bicuculline facilitated the swallowing. An injection of baclofen did not alter the swallowing. These results suggest the presence of functional topography in the lateral lemniscus and the paralemniscal area in relation to the control of swallowing. The facilitatory LLD-effects on swallowing are modulated by glutamatergic and GABAergic receptors on neurons in the LLD.
Neuroscience.Neuroscience.2013 Dec 19;254:260-74. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.09.036. Epub 2013 Sep 27.
Lateral lemniscus, a relay nucleus of auditory sensation, is involved in the control of phonatory movements such as human speech and vocalization of animals. The present study was designed to test whether neurons in the lateral lemniscus contributed to the control of swallowing, one of non-phonic or
Japan Agricultural Research Quarterly: JARQ 43(3), 247-254, 2009
… Under general anesthesia with halothane inhalation we stereotaxically placed tungsten electrodes (5 MΩ) fitted with handmade microdrives in the temporal hippocampus of male Landrace piglets, and fixed a high-input-resistance transmitter (10 MΩ; …
Aspirin May Exert Its Antipyresis by Inhibiting the N-Methyl-<sc>D</sc>-aspartate Receptor-Dependent Hydroxyl Radical Pathways in the Hypothalamus
Kao Ting-Yu,Huang Wu-Tein,Chang Ching-Ping,Lin Mao-Tsun
Journal of Pharmacological Sciences 103(3), 293-298, 2007
… The microdialysis probes were stereotaxically and chronically implanted into the preoptic anterior hypothalamus of rabbit brain for determination of both glutamate and hydroxyl radicals in situ. …
ster·e·o·tax·is (st r - -t k s s, stîr -) also ster·e·o·tax·y (st r - -t k s , stîr -). n. 1. A method in neurosurgery and neurological research for locating points within the brain using an external, three-dimensional frame of reference usually based on the ...
1. characterized by precise positioning in space; said especially of discrete areas of the brain that control specific functions. 2. pertaining to stereotactic surgery. 3. pertaining to thigmotaxis (thigmotactic).