steamship

　

WordNet

1. a line responsible for the operation of a fleet of steamships (同)steamship line

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. (蒸気)汽船,商船

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2012/12/05 09:01:41」(JST)

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This article is about the ship type. For other uses, see Steamboat (disambiguation).

Steamboat of the 1860s

A steamboat or steamship, sometimes called a steamer, is a ship in which the primary method of propulsion is steam power, typically driving propellers or paddlewheels. Steamships usually use the prefix designation SS, S.S. or S/S.

S.S. Humbolt Engine Room, illustrated in Harper's New Monthly Magazine, No. XII, May 1851, Vol. II

Finnish steamer — S/S Ukkopekka, Finland.

The term steamboat is usually used to refer to smaller steam-powered boats working on lakes and rivers, particularly riverboats; steamship generally refers to larger steam-powered ships, usually ocean-going, capable of carrying a (ship's) boat. The S.S. Humbolt engine room, to the right, is a concept drawing during the construction of the ship. The term steam wheeler is archaic and rarely used. In England, "steam packet", after its sailing predecessor, was the usual term; even "steam barge" could be used. The French transatlantic steamer SS La Touraine was probably the last of her type to be equipped with sails,^{[citation needed]} although she never used them. Steamships in turn were overtaken by diesel-driven ships in the second half of the 20th century. Most warships used steam propulsion from the 1860s until the advent of the gas turbine in the early 20th century.

Terminology

Today, nuclear-powered warships and submarines, although powered by steam-driven turbines, are not usually referred to as steamships.

Screw-driven steamships generally carry the ship prefix "SS" before their names, meaning 'Steam Ship' (or 'Screw Steamer' i.e. 'screw-driven steamship', or 'Screw Schooner' during the 1870s and 1880s, when sail was also carried), paddle steamers usually carry the prefix "PS" and steamships powered by steam turbine may be prefixed "TS" (turbine ship). The term steamer is occasionally used, out of nostalgia, for diesel motor-driven vessels, prefixed "MV".

Early developments

1543 is the date given for a paddle steamer said to have been devised by Blasco de Garay in Spain, a myth that is now well discredited.

In October 1652 Oliver Cromwell's spy master John Thurloe received a report that a Frenchman in Rotterdam, referred to as 'a subtle mathematician', was having a ship built to his design "which is to go with certain instruments without sail, with incredible strength and swiftness, either with or against the wind." Unfortunately the Frenchman died before the ship was completed.

Denis Papin's cylinder and piston apparatus, 1690.

The French inventor Denis Papin, after inventing the steam digester (a type of pressure cooker) and experimenting with closed cylinders and pistons pushed in by atmospheric pressure, designed and built a steam pump analogous to the pump advertised by Thomas Savery in England during the same period. In his writings, including his correspondence with Gottfried Leibniz, Papin proposed applying this steam pump to the operation of a paddlewheel boat. During a stay in Kassel, Germany, in 1704, he completed a paddlewheel boat, probably pedal-powered. When he left for England in 1707, hoping to sell the British on his idea of steam-powered navigation, he used his paddlewheeler to navigate down the Fulda River as far as Münden. Although Papin was probably the first to have so clear a conception of a steamboat, he found no backers in London.^{[citation needed]}

In 1736, Jonathan Hulls was granted a patent in England for a Newcomen engine-powered steamboat (using a pulley instead of a beam, and a pawl and ratchet to obtain rotary motion), but it was the improvement in steam engines by James Watt that made the concept feasible. William Henry of Lancaster, Pennsylvania, having learned of Watt's engine on a visit to England, made his own engine. In 1763 he put it in a boat. The boat sank, and while Henry made an improved model, he did not appear to have much success, though he may have inspired others.^{[citation needed]}

Model of steamship, built in 1784 by Claude de Jouffroy.

In France, by 1774 Marquis Claude de Jouffroy and his colleagues had made a 13-metre (42 ft 8 in) working steamboat with rotating paddles, the Palmipède. The ship sailed on the Doubs River in June and July 1776, apparently the first steamship to sail successfully. In 1783 a new paddle steamer, Pyroscaphe, successfully steamed up the river Saône for fifteen minutes before the engine failed, but bureaucracy thwarted further progress.^{[citation needed]}

From 1784 James Rumsey built a pump-driven (water jet) boat and successfully steamed upstream on the Potomac River in 1786; the following year he obtained a patent from the State of Virginia. In Pennsylvania, John Fitch, an acquaintance of Henry, made a model paddle steamer in 1785, and subsequently developed propulsion by floats on a chain, obtained a patent in 1786, then built a steamboat which underwent a successful trial in 1787.^{[citation needed]}

Serrafino Serrati, an Italian physicist, was reported to have sailed a steamship on the River Arno near Florence in 1787. A publication "Elements of Experimental Physics" published in Florence in 1796 claimed that he was the first to sail steam-powered boat successfully. Unfortunately, little is known about the specifics of his machine. A bacteria discovered by fellow Italian national Bartolomeo Bizio was named Serratia marcescens in recognition of Serrati's steamboat.

In 1788, a steamboat built by John Fitch operated in regular commercial service along the Delaware river between Philadelphia PA and Burlington NJ, carrying as many as 30 passengers. This boat could typically make 7 to 8 miles per hour, and traveled more than 2,000 miles (3,200 km) during its short length of service. The Fitch steamboat was not a commercial success, as this travel route was adequately covered by relatively good wagon roads. The following year a second boat made 30 miles (48 km) excursions, and in 1790 a third boat ran a series of trials on the Delaware River before patent disputes dissuaded Fitch from continuing. In 1789, Rumsey obtained backing in England for his water-jet propelled boat Columbia Maid but at his death in 1792 no great progress had been made with it.

Meanwhile, Patrick Miller of Dalswinton, near Dumfries, Scotland, had developed double-hulled boats propelled by manually cranked paddlewheels placed between the hulls, even attempting to interest various European governments in a giant warship version, 246' long. Miller sent King Gustav III of Sweden an actual small-scale, 100-foot-long version called "Experiment"; as thanks, the king despatched a snuff-box containing Swede seeds. The snuff-box, richly illustrated with maritime scenes, is now in the collection of the Victoria & Albert Museum, London. "Sea-spook" is the Swedish naval architect Chapman's comment on it.

Miller engaged engineer William Symington to build his patent steam engine which drove a stern-mounted paddle-wheel in a boat which was successfully tried out on Dalswinton Loch in 1788, and followed by a larger steamboat the next year. Miller then abandoned the project. Ten years later Symington was engaged by Lord Dundas to build a steamboat. In March 1802, his Charlotte Dundas towed two 70-ton barges 30 km (19 mi) along the Forth and Clyde Canal to Glasgow. This vessel, the first tow boat, has been called the "first practical steamboat", and the first to be followed by continuous development of steamboats. Although plans to introduce boats on the Forth and Clyde canal were thwarted by fears of erosion of the banks, development was taken up both in Britain and abroad, including Robert Fulton's North River Steamboat of 1807 and Henry Bell's PS Comet of 1812. The first sea-going steamboat in Europe was Richard Wright's first steamboat "Experiment", an ex-French lugger; she steamed from Leeds to Yarmouth, arriving Yarmouth 19 July 1813. "Tug", the first tugboat, was launched by the Woods Brothers, Port Glasgow, on 5 November 1817; in the summer of 1817 she was the first steamboat to travel round the North of Scotland to the East Coast.

North America

In 1787, John Fitch built the first recorded steam-powered boat in the United States. It was propelled by a bank of oars on either side of the boat. He also experimented with side-mounted paddle wheels, but in 1790 used and patented stern-mounted oars instead. Fitch was the first to operate a steamboat commercially, with scheduled transport of passengers and freight on the Delaware river between Philadelphia and Trenton in 1790. The first successful application of steam power to navigate a paddle wheel boat in North America occurred in 1793 when Samuel Morey demonstrated his steamboat on the Connecticut River near Orford, New Hampshire.^{[citation needed]}

Fulton presents his steamship to Bonaparte in 1803.

Robert Fulton may have become interested in steamboats at the age of 12 when he visited William Henry during a trip to Britain and France in 1777. He built and tested an experimental steamboat on the river Seine in 1803, and was aware of the success of Charlotte Dundas. Before returning to the United States, Fulton ordered a steam engine from Boulton and Watt, and on return built what he called the North River Steamboat (later known as Clermont). In 1807, she began a regular passenger service between New York City and Albany, New York, 240 km (150 mi) distant, which was a commercial success. She could make the trip in 32 hours. In 1808, John and James Winans built Vermont in Burlington, Vermont, the second steamboat to operate commercially.^{[citation needed]}

In Canada, in 1809, PS Accommodation, built by the Hon. John Molson at Montreal, and fitted with engines made by the Eagle Foundry, Montreal, was running successfully between Montreal and Quebec, being the first steamboat on the Saint Lawrence. Unlike Fulton, Molson did not show a profit. Molson had also two paddle steamboats "Swiftsure" of 1811 and "Malsham" of 1813 with engines by B&W. The experience of these vessels, especially that they could now offer a regular service, being independent of wind and weather, helped make the new system of propulsion commercially viable, and as a result its application to the more open waters of the Great Lakes was next considered. That idea went on hiatus due to the War of 1812.^{[citation needed]}

United States steamboats

The SS Natchez IX in New Orleans.

Mississippi Riverboats at Memphis, Tennessee (1906)

The use of steamboats on major US rivers soon followed Fulton's success. In 1811 the first in a continuous (still in commercial passenger operation as of 2007) line of river steamboats left the dock at Pittsburgh to steam down the Ohio River to the Mississippi and on to New Orleans. In 1817 a consortium in Sackets Harbor, New York funded the construction of the first US steamboat, Ontario, to run on Lake Ontario and the Great Lakes, beginning the growth of lake commercial and passenger traffic. The river pilot and author Mark Twain, in his Life on the Mississippi, described much of the operation of such vessels.

Steamboat traffic including passenger and freight business grew exponentially in the decades before the Civil War. So too did the economic and human losses inflicted by snags, shoals, boiler explosions, and human error.

For most of the 19th century and part of the early 20th century, trade on the Mississippi River was dominated by paddle-wheel steamboats. Their use generated rapid development of economies of port cities; the exploitation of agricultural and commodity products, which could be more easily transported to markets; and prosperity along the major rivers. Their success led to penetration deep into the continent, where Anson Northrup in 1859 became first steamer to cross the US-Canadian border on the Red River. They would also be involved in major political events, as when Louis Riel seized International at Fort Garry, or Gabriel Dumont was engaged by Northcote at Batoche. Steamboats were held in such high esteem that they could become state symbols; the Steamboat Iowa (1838) is incorporated in the Seal of Iowa because it represented speed, power, and progress.^{[citation needed]}

At the same time, the expanding steamboat traffic had severe adverse environmental effects, in the Middle Mississippi Valley especially, between St. Louis and the river's confluence with the Ohio. The steamboats consumed much wood for fuel, and the river floodplain and banks became deforested. This led to instability in the banks, addition of silt to the water, making the river both shallower and hence wider and causing unpredictable, lateral movement of the river channel across the wide, ten-mile floodplain, endangering navigation. Boats designated as snagpullers to keep the channels free had crews that sometimes cut remaining large trees 100–200 feet or more back from the banks, exacerbating the problems. In the 19th century, the flooding of the Mississippi became a more severe problem than when the floodplain was filled with trees and brush.^{[citation needed]}

The American Queen, the world's largest operating steamboat

Most steamboats were destroyed by boiler explosions or fires, and many sank in the river, some to be covered over by silt as the river changed course. From 1811 to 1899, 156 steamboats were lost to snags or rocks between St. Louis and the Ohio River. Another 411 were damaged by fire, explosions or ice during that period. One of the few surviving Mississippi sternwheelers from this period, Julius C. Wilkie, was operated as a museum ship at Winona, Minnesota until its destruction in a fire in 1981. The replacement, built in situ was not a steamboat. The replica was scrapped in 2008.^{[citation needed]}

From 1844 through 1857, luxurious palace steamers carried passengers and cargo around the North American Great Lakes. Great Lakes passenger steamers reached their zenith during the century from 1850 to 1950. The SS Badger is the last of the once-numerous passenger-carrying steam-powered car ferries operating on the Great Lakes. A unique style of bulk carrier known as the lake freighter was developed on the Great Lakes. The St. Marys Challenger, launched in 1906, is the oldest operating steamship in the United States; and quite possibly the world. She runs a Skinner Marine Unaflow 4-cylinder reciprocating steam engine as her power plant.

Steamboats also operated on the Red River to Shreveport, Louisiana, after Captain Henry Miller Shreve broke the previous logham on the river.

The Belle of Louisville is the oldest operating steamboat on the western rivers of the United States. She was laid down as Idlewild in 1914.^{[citation needed]}

Four major commercial steamboats currently operate on the inland waterways of the United States. They are the steamers "Chautauqua Belle" at Chautauqua Lake, New York, Minne Ha-Ha at Lake George, NY, operating on Lake George; the Belle of Louisville in Louisville, Kentucky, operating on the Ohio River; and the Natchez in New Orleans, Louisiana, operating on the Mississippi River. For modern craft operated on rivers, see the Riverboat article.^{[citation needed]}

Impact on American economy

The steamboat greatly contributed to the growth of the American economy during the early-to-mid-19th century due to its ability to lower freight rates, cut transportation time, and create jobs.^{[citation needed]}

Prior to the inception of the steamboat, wagons and river vehicles were the primary modes of transportation. River transportation was much cheaper than wagons. According to Douglass North, wagon rates were over 300% more expensive than upstream river rates and over 2,500% more expensive than downstream river rates from 1784 to 1820.

Before the advent of steamboats, the primary methods of river transportation were rafts, flatboats, and keelboats. River transport by rafts or flatboats was considered to be difficult, hazardous, and costly. Although they were relatively inexpensive for downstream transport, transporting upstream via foot or horse was very costly. The voyages were also time-consuming. A 1,000-mile voyage downstream took approximately 1 month and the same voyage upstream took 3–4 months.^{[citation needed]}

The steamboat was first introduced in 1809 and the first steamboat was in operation in the western rivers in 1811. Although the steamboat did not reduce the hazards of river transportation, they played a substantial role in reducing the freight costs. Two developers of the steamboat, Robert Fulton and Robert Livingston, attempted to secure monopoly rights over the usage of the steamboats in the western rivers; however, their attempt was blocked by the courts. This ensured that steamboats operated in a competitive environment. The freight costs decreased due to the competition and the savings were passed on to the customers. According to Haites, Mak, and Walton, "freight rates per hundred pounds from New Orleans to Louisville plummeted from approximately $5.00 to 25 cents, between 1815 and 1860... costs reductions downstream were also highly significant, with rates declining from $1.00 to just above 32 cents (per hundred pounds) over the same period." Besides the decrease in cost for transporting goods, the steamboat offered a quick method of transporting goods far distances, which previously wasn’t economically feasible without the steamboat.^{[citation needed]}

The steamboats also led to job creation in certain areas. Besides the decrease in freight rates and transportation time, an entirely new support industry was born. The steamboats required many services and facilities as part of their maintenance, which in turn required skilled workers. Shipyards and steamboat services became one of the quickest ways to ensure a town's commercial success and economic growth.

Canada

In Canada, the city of Terrace, British Columbia (BC), celebrates "Riverboat Days" each summer. Built on the banks of the Skeena River, the city depended on the steamboat for transportation and trade into the 20th century. The first steamer to enter the Skeena was Union in 1864. In 1866 Mumford attempted to ascend the river, but it was only able to reach the Kitsumkalum River. It was not until 1891 Hudson's Bay Company sternwheeler Caledonia successfully negotiated Kitselas Canyon and reached Hazelton. A number of other steamers were built around the turn of the 20th century, in part due to the growing fish industry and the gold rush. For more information, see Steamboats of the Skeena River.

S.S. Inlander on the Skeena River at Kitselas Canyon, 1911

Sternwheelers were an instrumental transportation technology in the development of Western Canada. They were used on most of the navigable waterways of Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, BC (British Columbia) and the Yukon at one time or another, generally being supplanted by the expansion of railroads and roads. In the more mountainous and remote areas of the Yukon and BC, working sternwheelers lived on well into the 20th century.^{[citation needed]}

The simplicity of these vessels and their shallow draft made them indispensable to pioneer communities that were otherwise virtually cut off from the outside world. Because of their shallow, flat-bottomed construction (the Canadian examples of the western river sternwheeler generally needed less than three feet of water to float in), they could nose up almost anywhere along a riverbank to pick up or drop off passengers and freight. Sternwheelers would also prove vital to the construction of the railroads that eventually replaced them. They were used to haul supplies, track and other materials to construction camps.^{[citation needed]}

The simple, versatile, locomotive-style boilers fitted to most sternwheelers after about the 1860s could burn coal, when available in more populated areas like the lakes of the Kootenays and the Okanagan region in southern BC, or wood in the more remote areas, such as the Steamboats of the Yukon RiverYukon or northern BC.^{[citation needed]}

The hulls were generally wooden, although iron, steel and composite hulls gradually overtook them. They were braced internally with a series of built-up longitudinal timbers called "keelsons". Further resilience was given to the hulls by a system of "hog rods" or "hog chains" that were fastened into the keelsons and led up and over vertical masts called "hog-posts", and back down again.^{[citation needed]}

Like their counterparts on the Mississippi and its tributaries, and the vessels on the rivers of California, Idaho, Oregon, Washington and Alaska, the Canadian sternwheelers tended to have fairly short life-spans. The hard usage they were subjected to and inherent flexibility of their shallow wooden hulls meant that relatively few of them had careers longer than a decade.^{[citation needed]}

The SS Keno in Dawson City

In the Yukon, two vessels are preserved: the SS Klondike in Whitehorse and the SS Keno in Dawson City. Many derelict hulks can still be found along the Yukon River.^{[citation needed]}

In British Columbia, the Moyie, built by the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR) in 1898, was operated on Kootenay Lake in south-eastern BC until 1957. It has been carefully restored and is on display in the village of Kaslo, where it acts as a tourist attraction right next to information centre in downtown Kaslo. The Moyie is the world's oldest intact stern wheeler. While the SS Sicamous and SS Naramata (steam tug & icebreaker) built by the CPR at Okanagan Landing on Okanagan Lake in 1914 have been preserved in Penticton at the south end of Okanagan Lake.^{[citation needed]}

The SS Samson V is the only Canadian steam-powered sternwheeler that has been preserved afloat. It was built in 1937 by the Canadian federal Department of Public Works as a snagboat for clearing logs and debris out of the lower reaches of the Fraser River and for maintaining docks and aids to navigation. The fifth in a line of Fraser River snagpullers, the Samson V has engines, paddlewheel and other components that were passed down from the Samson II of 1914. It is now moored on the Fraser River as a floating museum in its home port of New Westminster, near Vancouver, BC.^{[citation needed]}

The largest prewar steamship that operated in Canada is in Saugatuck, Michigan. It is the SS Keewatin, built in 1907. It has 3,856 displacement and has a 3,300 hp steam engine. It operated for over 60 years on the same great lake circuit. It is planned to be moved back to Canada to be repaired, being in bad shape.^{[citation needed]}

The oldest operating steam driven vessel in North America is the RMS Segwun. It was built in Scotland in 1887 to cruise the Muskoka Lakes, District of Muskoka, Ontario, Canada. Originally named the S.S. Nipissing, it was converted from a side-paddle-wheel steamer with a walking-beam engine into a two-counter-rotating-propeller steamer.

Reference works on the history of these vessels include Art Downs' British Columbia-Yukon Sternwheel Days (1992 Heritage House Publishing Company, Surrey, B.C.), Robert D. Turner's Sternwheelers and Steam Tugs (1998, Sono Nis Press, Victoria, B.C.), Edward Affleck's A Century of Paddlewheelers in the Pacific Northwest, the Yukon and Alaska (2000, Alexander Nicolls Press, Vancouver, B.C.) Graham Wilson, Paddlewheelers of Alaska and the Yukon (1999, Wolf Creek Books, Whitehorse, Yukon) and Robin Sheret's Smoke, Ash and Steam (1997, Western Isles Cruise and Dive Co., Victoria, B.C.).

Europe

United Kingdom

Lake Lucerne side-wheel paddle steamer Uri (1901)

Engineer Robert Fourness and his cousin, physician James Ashworth are said to have had a steamboat running between Hull and Beverley, after having been granted British Patent No. 1640 of March 1788 for a "new invented machine for working, towing, expediting and facilitating the voyage of ships, sloops and barges and other vessels upon the water". This has not been confirmed.^{[citation needed]}

Main article: Clyde steamer

The first commercially successful steamboat in Europe, Henry Bell's Comet of 1812, started a rapid expansion of steam services on the Firth of Clyde, and within four years a steamer service was in operation on the inland Loch Lomond, a forerunner of the lake steamers still gracing Swiss lakes.^{[citation needed]}

On the Clyde itself, within ten years of Comet's start in 1812 there were nearly fifty steamers, and services had started across the Irish Sea to Belfast and on many British estuaries. By 1900 there were over 300 Clyde steamers.^{[citation needed]}

People have had a particular affection for the Clyde puffers, small steam freighters of traditional design developed to use the Scottish canals and to serve the Highlands and Islands. They were immortalised by the tales of Para Handy's boat Vital Spark by Neil Munro and by the film The Maggie, and a small number are being conserved to continue in steam around the west highland sea lochs.^{[citation needed]}

The Clyde sludge boats had a tradition of occasionally taking passengers on their trips from Glasgow, past the Isle of Arran, down the Firth of Clyde, and one has emerged from retirement as SS Shieldhall, offering outings from Southampton, England.^{[citation needed]}

From 1850 to the early decades of the 20th century Windermere, in the English Lakes, was home to many elegant steamboats used for private parties and watching the yacht races. Many of these fine craft were saved from destruction when steam went out of fashion and are now part of the collection at Windermere Steamboat Museum. The collection includes SL Dolly, 1850, thought to be the world's oldest mechanically powered boat, and several of the classic Windermere launches.^{[citation needed]}

Today the 1900 steamer SS Sir Walter Scott still sails on Loch Katrine, while on Loch Lomond PS Maid of the Loch is being restored, and in the English Lakes the oldest operating passenger yacht, SY Gondola (built 1859, rebuilt 1979), sails daily during the summer season on Coniston Water.

The paddle steamer Waverley, built in 1947, is the last survivor of these fleets, and the last seagoing paddle steamer in the world. This ship sails a full season of cruises every year from places around Britain, and has sailed across the English Channel for a visit to commemorate the sinking of her predecessor, built in 1899, at the Battle of Dunkirk in 1940.

Thames steamboats

Main article: Thames steamers

SL Nuneham, built at Port Brimscombe on the Thames and Severn Canal by Edwin Clarke, 1898

Sissons triple-expansion steam engine and coal-fired Scotch boiler, as installed in SL Nuneham

After the Clyde, the Thames estuary was the main growth area for steamboats, starting with the Margery and the Thames in 1815, which were both brought down from the Clyde. Until the arrival of railways from 1838 onwards, steamers steadily took over the role of the many sail and rowed ferries, with at least 80 ferries by 1830 with routes from London to Gravesend and Margate, and upstream to Richmond. By 1835, the Diamond Steam Packet Company, one of several popular companies, reported that it had carried over 250,000 passengers in the year.

The first steamboat to be constructed of iron, the Aaron Manby was laid down in the Horseley Ironworks in Staffordshire in 1821 and launched at the Surrey Docks in Rotherhithe. After testing in the Thames, the boat steamed to Paris where she was used on the River Seine. Three similar iron steamers followed within a few years.

There are few genuine steamboats left on the River Thames; however, a handful remain.

The SL (steam launch) Nuneham is a genuine Victorian steamer built in 1898, and operated on the non-tidal upper Thames by the Thames Steam Packet Boat Company. It is berthed at Runnymede.

SL Nuneham was built at Port Brimscombe on the Thames and Severn Canal by Edwin Clarke. She was built for Salter Bros at Oxford for the regular passenger service between Oxford and Kingston. The original Sissons triple-expansion steam engine was removed in the 1960s and replaced with a diesel engine. In 1972, the SL Nuneham was sold to a London boat operator and entered service on the Westminster Pier to Hampton Court service. In 1984 the boat was sold again – now practically derelict – to French Brothers Ltd at Runnymede as a restoration project.

Over a number of years French Brothers carefully restored the launch to its former specification. A similar Sissons triple-expansion engine was found in a museum in America, shipped back to the UK and installed, along with a new coal-fired Scotch boiler, designed and built by Alan McEwen of Keighley, Yorkshire. The superstructure was reconstructed to the original design and elegance, including the raised roof, wood panelled saloon and open top deck. The restoration was completed in 1997 and the launch was granted an MCA passenger certificate for 106 passengers. SL Nuneham was entered back into service by French Brothers Ltd, but trading as the Thames Steam Packet Boat Company.

Other European steamboats

Built in 1856, PS Skibladner is the oldest steamship still in operation, serving towns along lake Mjøsa in Norway. In Denmark, running her a near second, is p.s. Hjejlen, built in 1861 and still running on a lake in Denmark.

The 1912 steamer TSS Earnslaw still makes regular sight-seeing trips across Lake Wakatipu, an alpine lake near Queenstown, New Zealand.

Swiss lakes are home of a number of large steamships. On Lake Lucerne, five paddle steamers are still in service: Uri (built in 1901, 800 passengers), Unterwalden (1902, 800 passengers), Schiller (1906, 900 passengers), Gallia (1913, 900 passengers, fastest paddle-wheeler on European lakes) and Stadt Luzern (1928, 1200 passengers, last steamship built for a Swiss lake). There are also five steamers as well as some old steamships converted to diesel-powered paddlewheelers on Lake Geneva, two steamers on Lake Zurich and single ones on other lakes.

Vietnam

Seeing the great potential of the steam powered-vessels, Vietnamese Emperor Minh Mang attempted to reproduce a French-made steamboat. The first test in early 1839 was a failure as the boiler was broken. In the second test two months later, the engine performed greatly. Encouraged by the success, Minh Mang ordered the engineers to study and develop steam engines and steamers to equip his naval fleets. At the end of Minh Mang's reign there were 11 steamboats produced in total. They were classified into 3 classes: heavy, medium and light. However, his successor could not maintain the industry due to financial problems, worsened by many years of social unrest under his rule.

Ocean-going steamships

SS Great Eastern

The first steamship credited with crossing the Atlantic Ocean between North America and Europe was the American ship SS Savannah, though she was actually a hybrid between a steamship and a sailing ship and only a fraction of the distance was covered with the steam engine. The SS Savannah left the port of Savannah, Georgia, on May 22, 1819, arriving in Liverpool, England, on June 20, 1819; her steam engine having been in use for part of the time on 18 days (estimates vary from 8 to 80 hours). A claimant to the title of the first ship to make the transatlantic trip substantially under steam power is the British-built Dutch-owned Curaçao, a wooden 438 ton vessel built in Dover and powered by two 50 hp engines, which crossed from Hellevoetsluis, near Rotterdam on 26 April 1827 to Paramaribo, Surinam on 24 May, spending 11 days under steam on the way out and more on the return. Another claimant is the Canadian ship SS Royal William in 1833.^{[citation needed]}

The British side-wheel paddle steamer SS Great Western was the first steamship purpose-built for regularly scheduled trans-Atlantic crossings, starting in 1838. The first regular steamship service from the East Coast to the West Coast of the United States began on February 28, 1849, with the arrival of the SS California (1848) in San Francisco Bay. The California left New York Harbor on October 6, 1848, rounded Cape Horn at the tip of South America, and arrived at San Francisco, California, after a four-month and 21-day journey. SS Great Eastern was built in 1854–57 with the intent of linking Great Britain with India, via the Cape of Good Hope, without any coaling stops. She would know a turbulent history, and was never put to her intended use. The first transatlantic steamer built of steel was S.S. "Buenos Ayrean", which started a service in 1879.^{[citation needed]}

As early as the 1820s, side-wheel steamers plied the waters of Narragansett Bay, Buzzard's Bay, the Atlantic Ocean, and Long Island Sound between the ports of southern New England and New York City. Eventually most of the steamship lines that traversed "The Sound" came under the control of J. P. Morgan who consolidated them into the New England Steamship Company, probably better known by the name of its most famous route, the Fall River Line, which transported Astors, Vanderbilts, and the elite of the Eastern Establishment between New York City, Boston, and their palatial summer 'cottages' at Newport, Rhode Island. The last of the great paddle steamer fleet was put out of business by a combination of competition from railroads and automobiles, labor troubles, and the Great Depression economy in 1937; however, service on "The Sound" between Providence and New York City continued with screw steamers, until brought to an end in early 1942 by the menace of World War II German U-boat attacks.^{[citation needed]}

The first steamship to operate on the Pacific Ocean was the paddle steamer Beaver, launched in 1836 to service Hudson's Bay Company trading posts between Puget Sound Washington and Alaska. The California Gold Rush, trade and US Mail contracts to the west coast of the United States brought the steamships of the U.S. Mail Steamship Company and other lines carrying passengers to the Isthmus of Panama crossing first by canoes and mules later by the Panama Railroad when it was finished in 1855. From Panama City the Pacific Mail Steamship Company steamers carried them and high value cargo to and from California.^{[citation needed]}

Commodore Matthew Perry of the United States used steamships (such as the USS Mississippi) to help force Japan to open its ports up to American trade in 1853. This was a contributing factor to the Meiji Restoration.^{[citation needed]}

By 1870, a number of inventions, such as the screw propeller, the compound engine, and the triple-expansion engine made trans-oceanic shipping economically viable. Thus began the era of cheap and safe travel and trade around the world.^{[citation needed]}

The 1894 Battle of the Yalu River, a major engagement in the First Sino-Japanese War, marked the first naval battle between steamship fleets.^{[citation needed]}

RMS Titanic

RMS Titanic was the largest steamship in the world when she sank in 1912; a subsequent major sinking of a steamer was that of the RMS Lusitania, as an act of World War I. Launched in 1938, RMS Queen Elizabeth was the largest passenger steamship ever built. Launched in 1969, RMS Queen Elizabeth 2 (QE2) was the last passenger steamship to cross the Atlantic Ocean on a scheduled liner voyage before she was converted to diesels in 1986. The last major passenger ship built with steam engines was the Fairsky, launched in 1984.^{[citation needed]}

SS Explorer is the last remaining steam trawler in Britain. She was built in Aberdeen, including the last steam engine built there, and was launched in 1955 as a fishery research vessel. Accommodation was provided for researchers, including a computer cabin. Currently she is berthed at Edinburgh Dock, Leith, by Edinburgh, and is subject of a restoration project.^{[citation needed]}

Most luxury yachts at the end of the 19th and early 20th centuries were steam driven (see luxury yacht; also Cox & King yachts). Thomas Assheton Smith was an English aristocrat who forwarded the design of the steam yacht in conjunction with the Scottish marine engineer Robert Napier.

SS Delphine is a classic 1920s yacht commissioned by Horace Dodge, co-founder of Dodge Brothers of automobile fame. The yacht was launched on April 2, 1921, and spans 258 feet (79 m). The Delphine can reach 15 knots (28 km/h) under power from her two quadruple steam expansion engines, each of 1,500 hp (1,100 kW). After a full restoration she now cruises the Mediterranean under charter.

The turbine steamship Royal Yacht Britannia, now retired from service, is berthed nearby at Ocean Terminal, Leith.^{[citation needed]}

After the demonstration by Charles Parsons of his steam turbine-driven yacht, Turbinia, in 1897, the use of steam turbines for propulsion quickly spread. Most capital ships of the major navies were propelled by steam turbines in both World Wars and nuclear marine propulsion systems aboard warships, submarines, and such vessels as the NS Savannah relied on turbines as well.^{[citation needed]}

Steamboat images

• 1736 steamboat English patent.

• Robert Fulton's Clermont.

• The Élise (ex Scottish-built "Marjorie").

• "Enterprise on her fast trip to Louisville, 1815"

• Elizaveta, The first Russian steamship, 1815

• Left: original paddlewheel from a paddle steamer on the lake of Lucerne. Right: detail of a steamer.

• PS Waverley leaving Dunoon on the Firth of Clyde.

• 730-foot lake freighter Edward L Ryerson Welland

• Paddle steamer PS Waverley steaming down the Firth of Clyde.

• Turbine steamer TS Queen Mary.

• SS Shieldhall steams down the Firth of Clyde.

• SS United States laid up in Philadelphia.

• Sky Wonder last steam powered cruise ship built 1984

See also

• Chain steam shipping
• Charles Baird, Engineer who was responsible for Russia's first steam boat.
• Howard Steamboat Museum
• Julia Dean, the name of 2 steamers.
• List of ships
• Motor Ship or Motor Vessel, a ship propelled by an engine, usually a diesel engine. The name of motor ships are often prefixed with MS, M/S, MV or M/V.
• Naphtha launch
• President - a preserved English steam narrowboat
• Steam yacht
• Steamboats of the Mississippi
• Steamship Historical Society of America
• TSS Earnslaw
• Category:Steamboat articles by route

Notes

References

• McCrorie, Ian, Clyde Pleasure Steamers, Greenock: Orr, Pollock & Co, ISBN 1-869850-00-9.
• Allan Line Royal Mail Steamers.
• Pattinson, GH, The Great Age of Steam on Windermere, ISBN 0-907796-00-1.

External links

Commercially operating steamboats

• Lake George Steamboat Company, Lake George, New York
• Loch Katrine Steamship Sir Walter Scott, Steamer on Loch Katrine
• Isle of Shoals, Portsmouth, New hampshire
• "Excursions on the PS Waverley". http://www.waverleyexcursions.co.uk.
• "PS Waverley & PS Kingswear Castle". Paddle Steamer Preservation Society. http://www.heritagesteamers.co.uk/.

Museums and museum boats

• Steam narrow boat President, UK, http://www.nb-president.org.uk/. The coal-burning steam narrow-boat President is owned by the Black Country Living Museum, and tours the English canals in summer.
• "Highlights of the Collection". Windermere Steamboat Museum Project. http://www.steamboats.org.uk/highlights-collection.
• Howard Steamboat Museum, Jeffersonville, IN , http://www.steamboatmuseum.org/.
• Arabia Steamboat Museum, Kansas City, MI, http://www.1856.com/.
• John Fitch Steamboat Museum, Warminster, PA: Craven Hall, http://www.craven-hall.org/fitch-steamboat-museum/.
• Clifton Steamboat Museum, http://www.cliftonsteamboatmuseum.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=15&Itemid=31.
• The Steamboat Era museum, Irvington, VA, http://www.steamboateramuseum.org/.
• The Steamboat Museum, Winneconne, WI, http://www.winneconnewi.gov/historical/museum/steamboat.htm.

Historical image collections

• Howard Steamboat Museum Collection, Louisville, http://digital.library.louisville.edu/cdm/landingpage/collection/howard.
• Libraries: Digital Collections, University of Washington, http://content.lib.washington.edu/:
• La Crosse Historic Steamboat Photograph collection, UW, http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/LaCrosseSteamboat.
• Oliver S. Van Olinda Photographs A collection of 420 photographs depicting life on Vashon Island, Whidbey Island, Seattle and other communities of Washington State's Puget Sound from the 1880s to the 1930s. This collection provides a glimpse of early pioneer activities, industries and occupations, recreation, street scenes, ferries and boat traffic at the turn of the 20th century.
• Transportation Photographs An ongoing digital collection of photographs depicting various modes of transportation in the Pacific Northwest region and Western United States during the first half of the 20th century.
• Images of the Saltilla Steamship at the University of Houston Digital Library
• SSHSA Image Porthole: Thousands of digitally preserved photographs of steamships and other engine driven vessels within the collections of the Steamship Historical Society.

Associations, information and other links

• Rainer Radow's Steam Boat Page Description of his steamlaunch project Emma and a 1,000 picture collection of over 110 small still existing steamlaunches.
• Barlow Cumberland, A Century of Sail and Steam on the Niagara River, 2001
• Robert H. Thurston, A history of the growth of the steam-engine, 1878 (Chapter 5)
• The Steam Boat Association of Great Britain
• Steamboats.org US inland rivers steamboats today and in history: pictures, sounds, videos, link directory, travel guide, expert discussion forums.
• Finnish steamships Finnish Steam Yacht Association.
• Steamboat on the Loire in the 1800s
• The Steamship Historical Society of America The official website for the SSHSA, a historical society focused on engine driven vessels and maritime history since 1935.

Further reading

• Affleck, Edward (2000), A Century of Paddlewheelers in the Pacific Northwest, the Yukon and Alaska, Vancouver, BC: Alexander Nicolls Press.
• Clark, BEG, Steamboat Evolution, A Short History, Lulu, ISBN 978-1-84753-201-5.
• ———, Symington and the Steamboat, Lulu, ISBN 978-1-4457-4936-5.
• Downs, Art (1992), British Columbia-Yukon Sternwheel Days, Surrey, BC: Heritage House Publishing.
• Dumpleton, Bernard (1973), The Story of the Paddle Steamer, Melksham: Venton.
• Hunter, Louis C (1949), Steamboats on the Western rivers: an economic and technological history, Harvard University Press, http://hdl.handle.net.proxy.cc.uic.edu/2027/heb.00403. The standard history of American river boats.
• Paskoff, Paul F (2007), Troubled Waters: Steamboat Disasters, River Improvements, and American Public Policy, 1821–1860.
• Ray, Kurt (2003), New Roads, Canals, and Railroads in Early 19Th-Century America: The Transportation Revolution.
• Sheret, Robin (1997), Smoke, Ash and Steam, Victoria, BC: Western Isles Cruise and Dive Co.
• Sutcliffe, Andrea (2004), Steam: The Untold Story of Americas First Great Invention.
• Turner, Robert D (1998), Sternwheelers and Steam Tugs, Victoria, BC: Sono Nis Press.
• Wilson, Graham (1999), Paddlewheelers of Alaska and the Yukon, Whitehorse, Yukon: Wolf Creek Books.

English Journal

• [Experience with passenger motor ship re-equipment used for evacuation of the wounded and sick].

• Sokolovskiĭ NA, Grishchuk AV, Tsymbal AN.AbstractIn September 2002 the mobilization headquarters training was conducted on the base of Volga-Baltic steamship. During this training the passenger motor-vessel (the project 301) was re-equipped into sanitary-and-transport ship. The sanitary treatment coast post and the elements of evacuation receiving-room were developed by the personnel on the shore near the mooring wall. On the 3rd day the ship's sanitary treatment post, medical department (60 beds) with the wards for psychic patients (4 critical patients/ward), post for nurse on duty, room of physician on duty, dressing room, drugstore, autoclave room, clinical laboratory and collective defense post were created in the re-equipped rooms of the ship. The training has confirmed the advantages of casualty and patient transportation using the inner water-ways over the other types of transport. The following defects should be noted: the season work of river transport; frequent discrepancy of river trend with evacuation ways; comparatively low rate of transportation; different types of river ships used for medical evacuation.
• Voenno-medit͡sinskiĭ zhurnal.Voen Med Zh.2003 Aug;324(8):8-10, 96.
• In September 2002 the mobilization headquarters training was conducted on the base of Volga-Baltic steamship. During this training the passenger motor-vessel (the project 301) was re-equipped into sanitary-and-transport ship. The sanitary treatment coast post and the elements of evacuation receiving
• PMID 14564951

• [History of insular malaria in the southwestern Indian Ocean: an eco-epidemiologic approach].

• Julvez J.AbstractMadagascar has been isolated from the African continent since the Mesozoic era. The archipelago in this region emerged from volcanism during the early and the beginning of the late Cenozoic era. Consequently, during the prehistoric period, these islands were populated by only birds. Parasites and their vectors have been imported. In Madagascar (with the exception of the highlands) and in certain Comoro Islands, their implantation in a favorable biotope was contemporary with the coming of humans. The late introduction of malaria in the "Grand" Comoro island was the result of major human modification of the environment (construction of rainwater tanks), which was associated with the adaptation of the vector. In these zones, malaria is a stable type, with permanent transmission and seasonal reinforcement. From Madagascar, the vector was possibly introduced to Mauritius via a steamship line. This hypothesis is consistent with the biological constraints of the anopheles vector in that the inter-island distance was shortened. Also, transport of the vector by wind during a cyclone from Mauritius to Réunion cannot be excluded. Once introduced, the vectors were in an environment sufficiently reshaped by humans (deforestation) to allow implantation of a heliophile species like A. gambiae s.l. In Mauritius, after repeated eradication campaigns by spraying within the homes, anopheles emerged without transmission of malaria. The islands of Rodriguez and the Seychelles, protected by their geographical isolation, remain unscathed due to the absence of the vector.
• Santé (Montrouge, France).Sante.1995 Nov-Dec;5(6):353-8.
• Madagascar has been isolated from the African continent since the Mesozoic era. The archipelago in this region emerged from volcanism during the early and the beginning of the late Cenozoic era. Consequently, during the prehistoric period, these islands were populated by only birds. Parasites and th
• PMID 8784538

• [The epidemiological characteristics of diphyllobothriasis caused by Diphyllobothrium klebanovskii in the Amur River basin].

• Muratov IV, Posokhov PS, Romanenko NA, Zimin AS, Glazyrina GF.AbstractThe diphyllobothriasis incidence in the workers of the Amur basin steamship company during 1980-1989 was studied. This rate was shown to be more than 6 times than that of other population (68.7 and 10.4 case per 100,000 person, respectively). The role of the workers of the company in the circulation of the invasion and prophylactic measures in the region were discussed.
• Meditsinskaia parazitologiia i parazitarnye bolezni.Med Parazitol (Mosk).1992 May-Jun;(3):46-7.
• The diphyllobothriasis incidence in the workers of the Amur basin steamship company during 1980-1989 was studied. This rate was shown to be more than 6 times than that of other population (68.7 and 10.4 case per 100,000 person, respectively). The role of the workers of the company in the circulation
• PMID 1435559

Japanese Journal

• 1930年代日本郵船会社の「上海航路案内」

• 2016-03-31
• NAID 120005756819

• 1930年代日本郵船会社の「上海航路案内」

• 東アジア文化交渉研究 = Journal of East Asian cultural interaction studies (9), 335-346, 2016-03
• NAID 40020783606

• 郵便汽船三菱会社の組織形成 : 「調役」機能とその要員に着目して

• 三菱史料館論集 = Mitsubishi Archives review (17), 11-34, 2016
• NAID 40020789036

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