WordNet

look at with fixed eyes; "The students stared at the teacher with amazement" (同)stare
a long fixed look; "he fixed his paternal gaze on me" (同)regard

PrepTutorEJDIC

(色・模様などが)ひどく目立つ,けばけばしい
(…を)『じっと見つめる』,凝視する《+『at』(『into,on,upon』)+『名』》 / 『じっと見詰めること』,凝視

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2012/12/31 13:36:33」(JST)

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A muscular man with a fixed look at the Brooklyn Book Festival.

Staring is a prolonged gaze or fixed look. In staring, one object or person is the continual focus of visual interest, for an amount of time. Staring can be interpreted as being either hostile, or the result of intense concentration or affection. Staring behaviour can be considered a form of aggression, or an invasion of an individual's privacy. If eye contact is reciprocated, mutual staring can take the form of a battle of wills, or even a game where the loser is the person who blinks or looks away first – a staring contest.

To some extent, the meaning of a person’s staring behaviour depends upon the attributions made by the observer. Staring often occurs accidentally, when someone appears to be staring into space they may well be lost in thought, or stupefied, or simply unable to see.

Staring conceptually also implies confronting the inevitable – ‘staring death in the face’, or ‘staring into the abyss’. Group staring evokes and emphasises paranoia; such as the archetypal stranger walking into a saloon in a Western to be greeted by the stares of all the regulars. The fear of being stared at is called Scopophobia.

Social factors

Staring can be interpreted as being either hostile, or the result of intense concentration; above, two men stare at each other during a political argument.

The question of social norms or staring has potentially far reaching implications. For example, tight staring policies in urban settings may have led to an increased estrangement of people from one another; that it has become in identity politics – if staring at someone is to objectify them and set them out as different, then the perception of staring behaviour is tied to the recognition of other’s subjectivity and individuality.

Children have to be socialised into learning acceptable staring behaviour. This is often difficult because children have different sensitivities to self-esteem. Staring is also sometimes used as a technique of flirting with an object of affection. However, being stared at, especially for a prolonged amount of time or very frequently by one person in particular, can cause discomfort to those subjected to it. Staring behaviour is a common form of social interaction amongst Argentinians and Germans.^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]

Jean-Paul Sartre discusses "The look" in Being and Nothingness, in which the appearance of someone else creates a situation in which a person's subjectivity is transformed without their consent.

Psychological study

The act of staring implies a visual focus, where the subject of the gaze is objectified. This has been the subject of psychoanalytical studies on the nature of scopophilia, with a subsequent development in some aspects of feminist thought (see Gaze, film, photography and voyeurism). Paradoxically, the notion of staring also implicates the looker in constructing themselves as a subject. Sartre was interested in the individual experiencing shame only when they perceive that their shameful act is being witnessed by another. (see The look)

The Psychic Staring Effect

Main article: The Psychic Staring Effect

The Psychic Staring Effect is concept of 'non-visual detection of staring'. The idea that people can sense that they are being stared at has been studied heavily, by many different researchers, with different results.^[6]^[7]^[8] Rupert Sheldrake in a controversial ^[7] book in 2003 called "The Sense of Being Stared At" wrote that there was a great deal of anecdotal evidence for the phenomenon: "Many people have had the experience of feeling that they are being looked at, and on turning around find that they really are. Conversely, many people have stared at other people's backs, for example in a lecture theater, and watched them become restless and then turn round."

Staring contests

The line of gaze in a staring contest

A staring contest (or blinking contest) is a game in which two people stare into each other's eyes and attempt to maintain eye contact for a longer period than their opponent. The game ends when one participant intentionally or unintentionally looks away.

A popular variation of the game exists in which the participants not only attempt to maintain eye contact, but also must resist the urge to blink, creating a physical challenge as well as a psychological one. Most other variations revolve chiefly around either of these two core objectives, with some allowing the aggressive use of distracting actions to force an opponent into defeat, while others prohibit virtually any action but staring.

References

^ http://nymag.com/fashion/search/models/?N=8617+4294963205+4294963248
^ "Racism In Argentina". Argentinepost.com. http://www.argentinepost.com/2007/10/racism-in-argentina.html. Retrieved 2012-11-06.
^ Democratization without representation: the politics of small industry in Mexico By Kenneth C. Shadlen
^ "Video Exteriores Mar Del Plata". YouTube. 2007-04-30. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y12fR8zfOVY. Retrieved 2012-11-06.
^ USA (2012-09-25). "Buenos Aires Cultural Tips - National Geographic's Ultimate City Guides". Travel.nationalgeographic.com. http://travel.nationalgeographic.com/travel/city-guides/buenos-aires-cultural-tips/. Retrieved 2012-11-06.
^ "sheldrake.org". sheldrake.org. http://www.sheldrake.org/Articles&Papers/papers/staring/. Retrieved 2012-11-06.
^ ^a ^b encyclopedia.com^{[dead link]}
^ Lobach, E.; Bierman, D. (2004). "The Invisible Gaze: Three Attempts to Replicate Sheldrake's Staring Effects" (PDF). Proceedings of the 47th PA Convention. pp. 77–90. http://www.parapsych.org/papers/07.pdf. Retrieved 2007-07-30.

External links

Look up stare in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

Reactions to secondhand smoke by nonsmokers of korean descent: clash of cultures?

Hughes SC, Usita PM, Hovell MF, Richard Hofstetter C.SourceCenter for Behavioral Epidemiology and Community Health, Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University, 9245 Sky Park Court, Suite 230, San Diego, CA, 92123, USA, shughes@projects.sdsu.edu.
Journal of immigrant and minority health / Center for Minority Public Health.J Immigr Minor Health.2011 Aug;13(4):766-71.
Koreans hail from a culture where men's smoking and secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure were the norm. Little is known about how nonsmokers of Korean descent respond to smokers in the United States. In 2007-2008, trained moderators conducted eight focus groups with nonsmokers (n?=?47) of Korean descen
PMID 20490684

Evaluation of Registration Methods on Thoracic CT: The EMPIRE10 Challenge.

Murphy K, van Ginneken B, Reinhardt J, Kabus S, Ding K, Deng X, Cao K, Du K, Christensen G, Garcia V, Vercauteren T, Ayache N, Commowick O, Malandain G, Glocker B, Paragios N, Navab N, Gorbunova V, Sporring J, de Bruijne M, Han X, Heinrich M, Schnabel J, Jenkinson M, Lorenz C, Modat M, McClelland J, Ourselin S, Muenzing S, Viergever M, De Nigris D, Collins D, Arbel T, Peroni M, Li R, Sharp G, Schmidt-Richberg A, Ehrhardt J, Werner R, Smeets D, Loeckx D, Song G, Tustison N, Avants B, Gee J, Staring M, Klein S, Stoel B, Urschler M, Werlberger M, Vandemeulebroucke J, Rit S, Sarrut D, Pluim J.AbstractEMPIRE10 (Evaluation of Methods for Pulmonary Image REgistration 2010) is a public platform for fair and meaningful comparison of registration algorithms which are applied to a database of intra-patient thoracic CT image pairs. Evaluation of non-rigid registration techniques is a non trivial task. This is compounded by the fact that researchers typically test only on their own data, which varies widely. For this reason, reliable assessment and comparison of different registration algorithms has been virtually impossible in the past. In this work we present the results of the launch phase of EMPIRE10, which comprised the comprehensive evaluation and comparison of 20 individual algorithms from leading academic and industrial research groups. All algorithms are applied to the same set of 30 thoracic CT pairs. Algorithm settings and parameters are chosen by researchers expert in the configuration of their own method and the evaluation is independent, using the same criteria for all participants. All results are published on the EMPIRE10 website (http://empire10.isi.uu.nl). The challenge remains ongoing and open to new participants. Full results from 24 algorithms have been published at the time of writing. This article details the organisation of the challenge, the data and evaluation methods and the outcome of the initial launch with 20 algorithms. The gain in knowledge and future work are discussed.
IEEE transactions on medical imaging.IEEE Trans Med Imaging.2011 May 31. [Epub ahead of print]
EMPIRE10 (Evaluation of Methods for Pulmonary Image REgistration 2010) is a public platform for fair and meaningful comparison of registration algorithms which are applied to a database of intra-patient thoracic CT image pairs. Evaluation of non-rigid registration techniques is a non trivial task. T
PMID 21632295