southeasterly

　 　

WordNet

1. coming from the southeast; "southeasterly breezes" (同)southeast
2. a strong wind from the southeast (同)sou''easter

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. 南東の,南東へ向かう / (風が)南東からの / 南東へ(に) / (風が)南東から
2. 南東の強風

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/02/11 03:29:13」(JST)

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"Compass point" redirects here. For other uses, see Compass Point (disambiguation).

For the train company, see Southeastern (train operating company). For the journal, see Hastings West-Northwest Journal of Environmental Law and Policy.

A 32-point compass rose

The points of the compass are points on a compass, specifically on the compass rose, marking divisions of the four cardinal directions: North, South, East, West. The number of points may be only the 4 cardinal points, or the 8 principal points adding the intercardinal (or ordinal) directions northeast (NE), southeast (SE), southwest (SW), and northwest (NW). In meteorological usage further intermediate points are added to give the sixteen points of a wind compass. Finally, at the most complete in European tradition, are found the full thirty-two points of the mariner's compass. In ancient China 24 points of the compass were used.

In the mariner's exercise of boxing the compass, all thirty-two points of the compass are named in clockwise order. The names of intermediate points are formed by the initials of the cardinal directions and their intermediate ordinal directions, and are very handy to refer to a heading (or course or azimuth) in a general or colloquial fashion, without having to resort to computing or recalling degrees. For most applications, the minor points have been superseded by degrees measured clockwise from North.

Compass point names

"Northeast", "Northwest", "Southeast", and "Southwest" redirect here. For other uses, see Northeast (disambiguation), Northwest (disambiguation), Southeast (disambiguation), and Southwest (disambiguation).

A 16-point compass rose

A 32-wind compass card, with English names

The names of the 32-wind compass rose follow these rules:

• The cardinal directions are North (N), East (E), South (S), West (W), at 90° angles on the compass rose.

• The ordinal (or intercardinal) directions are Northeast (NE), Southeast (SE), Southwest (SW) and Northwest (NW), formed by bisecting the angle of the cardinal winds. The name is merely a combination of the cardinals it bisects.

• The eight principal winds (or main winds) are the cardinals and ordinals considered together, that is N, NE, E, SE, S, SW, W, NW. Each principal wind is 45° from its neighbour. The principal winds form the basic eight-wind compass rose.

• The eight half-winds are the points obtained by bisecting the angles between the principal winds. The half-winds are North-northeast (NNE), East-northeast (ENE), East-southeast (ESE), South-southeast (SSE), South-southwest (SSW), West-southwest (WSW), West-northwest (WNW) and North-northwest (NNW). Notice that the name is constructed simply by combining the names of the principal winds to either side, with the cardinal wind coming first, the ordinal wind second. The eight principal winds and the eight half-winds together yield a 16-wind compass rose, with each compass point at a 22 ¹⁄₂° angle from the next.

• The sixteen quarter winds are the direction points obtained by bisecting the angles between the points on a 16-wind compass rose. The sixteen quarter-winds are North by east (NbE), Northeast by north (NEbN), Northeast by east (NEbE), East by north (EbN) in the first quadrant, East by south (EbS), Southeast by east (SEbE), Southeast by south (SEbS), South by east (SbE) in the second quadrant, South by west (SbW), Southwest by south (SWbS), Southwest by west (SWbW), West by south (WbS) in the third quadrant, and finally West by north (WbN), Northwest by west (NWbW), Northwest by north (NWbN) and North by west (NbW) in the fourth quadrant.

The name of a quarter-wind is typically "X by Y", where X is a principal wind and Y is a cardinal wind. As a mnemonic device, it is useful to think of "X by Y" as a shortcut for the phrase "one quarter wind from X towards Y", where a "quarter" is 11 ¹⁄₄°, X is the nearest principal wind, and Y the next (more distant) cardinal wind. So "Northeast by east" means "one quarter from NE towards E", "Southwest by south" means "one quarter from SW towards S". The eight principal winds, eight half-winds and sixteen quarter winds together yield a 32-wind compass rose, with each compass direction point at 11 ¹⁄₄° angle from the next.

The title of the Alfred Hitchcock 1959 movie, North by Northwest, is actually not a direction point on the 32-wind compass, but the film contains a reference to Northwest Airlines. Similarly, the names of the two film festivals South by Southwest and North by Northeast are not 32-wind compass points; a quarter wind whose name contains both a cardinal and an ordinal direction is named with the ordinal direction first.

Traditional names

The traditional compass rose of eight winds (and its 16-wind and 32-wind derivatives) was invented by seafarers in the Mediterranean Sea during the Middle Ages (the ancient Greco-Roman 12 classical compass winds have little to do with them). The traditional mariner's wind names were expressed in Italian – or, more precisely, the Italianate Mediterranean lingua franca common among sailors in the 13th and 14th centuries, that was principally composed of Genoese (Ligurian), mixed with Venetian, Sicilian, Provençal, Catalan, Greek and Arabic terms from around the Mediterranean basin.

32-wind compass with traditional names (and traditional colour code).

This Italianate patois was used to designate the names of the principal winds on the compass rose found in mariner compasses and portolan charts of the 14th and 15th centuries. The "traditional" names of the eight principal winds are:

• (N) – Tramontana
• (NE) – Greco (or Bora in some Venetian sources)
• (E) – Levante (sometimes Oriente)
• (SE) – Scirocco (or Exaloc in Catalan)
• (S) – Ostro (or Mezzogiorno in Venetian)
• (SW) – Libeccio (or Garbino, Eissalot in Provençal)
• (W) – Ponente (or Zephyrus in Greek)
• (NW) – Maestro (or Mistral in Provençal)

Local spelling variations are far more numerous than listed, e.g. Tramutana, Gregale, Grecho, Sirocco, Xaloc, Lebeg, Libezo, Leveche, Mezzodi, Migjorn, Magistro, Mestre, etc. Traditional compass roses will typically have the initials T, G, L, S, O, L, P, and M on the main points. Portolan charts also colour-coded the compass winds: black for the eight principal winds, green for the eight half-winds and red for the sixteen quarter-winds.

In the English compass, all wind names are constructed on the basis of the cardinal four names (N, E, S, W). In the traditional compass, one needs to memorize eight basic names – one for each of the eight principal winds (N, NE, E, SE, S, SW, W, NW.) While there are more names to memorize, the payoff is that the name construction rules for the 32-wind compass are more straightforward. The half-winds are just a combination of the two principal winds it bisects, with the shortest name usually coming first (e.g. NNE is "Greco-Tramontana", ENE is "Greco-Levante", SSE is "Ostro-Scirocco", etc.). The quarter winds are expressed with an Italian phrase, "Quarto di X verso Y" (one quarter from X towards Y, pronounced [ˈkwarto di X ˈvɛrso Y]) or "X al Y" (X to Y) or "X per Y" (X by Y). There are no irregularities to trip over: the nearest principal wind always comes first, the more distant one second, e.g. North-by-east is "Quarto di Tramontana verso Greco", Northeast-by-north "Quarto di Greco verso Tramontana". The names are perfectly symmetric.

32 cardinal points

#	Compass point	Abbreviation	Traditional wind point	Minimum	Middle azimuth	Maximum
1	North	N	Tramontana	354.38°	0.00°	5.62°
2	North by east	NbE	Quarto di Tramontana verso Greco	5.63°	11.25°	16.87°
3	North-northeast	NNE	Greco-Tramontana	16.88°	22.50°	28.12°
4	Northeast by north	NEbN	Quarto di Greco verso Tramontana	28.13°	33.75°	39.37°
5	Northeast	NE	Greco	39.38°	45.00°	50.62°
6	Northeast by east	NEbE	Quarto di Greco verso Levante	50.63°	56.25°	61.87°
7	East-northeast	ENE	Greco-Levante	61.88°	67.50°	73.12°
8	East by north	EbN	Quarto di Levante verso Greco	73.13°	78.75°	84.37°
9	East	E	Levante	84.38°	90.00°	95.62°
10	East by south	EbS	Quarto di Levante verso Scirocco	95.63°	101.25°	106.87°
11	East-southeast	ESE	Levante-Scirocco	106.88°	112.50°	118.12°
12	Southeast by east	SEbE	Quarto di Scirocco verso Levante	118.13°	123.75°	129.37°
13	Southeast	SE	Scirocco	129.38°	135.00°	140.62°
14	Southeast by south	SEbS	Quarto di Scirocco verso Ostro	140.63°	146.25°	151.87°
15	South-southeast	SSE	Ostro-Scirocco	151.88°	157.50°	163.12°
16	South by east	SbE	Quarto di Ostro verso Scirocco	163.13°	168.75°	174.37°
17	South	S	Ostro	174.38°	180.00°	185.62°
18	South by west	SbW	Quarto di Ostro verso Libeccio	185.63°	191.25°	196.87°
19	South-southwest	SSW	Ostro-Libeccio	196.88°	202.50°	208.12°
20	Southwest by south	SWbS	Quarto di Libeccio verso Ostro	208.13°	213.75°	219.37°
21	Southwest	SW	Libeccio	219.38°	225.00°	230.62°
22	Southwest by west	SWbW	Quarto di Libeccio verso Ponente	230.63°	236.25°	241.87°
23	West-southwest	WSW	Ponente-Libeccio	241.88°	247.50°	253.12°
24	West by south	WbS	Quarto di Ponente verso Libeccio	253.13°	258.75°	264.37°
25	West	W	Ponente	264.38°	270.00°	275.62°
26	West by north	WbN	Quarto di Ponente verso Maestro	275.63°	281.25°	286.87°
27	West-northwest	WNW	Maestro-Ponente	286.88°	292.50°	298.12°
28	Northwest by west	NWbW	Quarto di Maestro verso Ponente	298.13°	303.75°	309.37°
29	Northwest	NW	Maestro	309.38°	315.00°	320.62°
30	Northwest by north	NWbN	Quarto di Maestro verso Tramontana	320.63°	326.25°	331.87°
31	North-northwest	NNW	Maestro-Tramontana	331.88°	337.50°	343.12°
32	North by west	NbW	Quarto di Tramontana verso Maestro	343.13°	348.75°	354.37°

Half- and quarter-points

Compass Rose from "American Practical Navigator" 1916

By at least the middle of the eighteenth century the 32-point system had been further extended with the use of half- and quarter-points to give a total of 128 directions. These fractional points are named by appending, for example 1/4east, 1/2east, or 3/4east to the name of one of the 32 points. Each of the 96 fractional points can be named in two ways, depending of which of the two adjoining whole points is used, for example, N3/4E is equivalent to NbE1/4N. Either form is easily understood but differing conventions as to correct usage developed in different countries and organisations.

The table below shows how each of the 128 directions are named. The first two columns give the number of points and degrees clockwise from north. The third gives the equivalent bearing to the nearest degree from north or south towards east or west. The "CW" column gives the fractional-point bearings increasing in the clockwise direction and "CCW" counter clockwise. The final three columns show three common naming conventions: No "by" avoids the use of "by" with fractional points; "USN" the system used by US Navy; and "RN" the Royal Navy. The colour coding illustrates where each of the three naming systems matches the "CW" and "CCW" columns.

Compass roses very rarely named the fractional points and only showed small, unlabelled markers as a guide for helmsmen.

128 Quarter-Points
Points	Degrees	Bearing	CW	CCW	No "by"	USN	RN
0	0° 0' 0"	N	N
1/4	2° 48' 45"	N 3° E	N1/4E	NbE3/4N	N1/4E	N1/4E	N1/4E
1/2	5° 37' 30"	N 6° E	N1/2E	NbE1/2N	N1/2E	N1/2E	N1/2E
3/4	8° 26' 15"	N 8° E	N3/4E	NbE1/4N	N3/4E	N3/4E	N3/4E
1	11° 15' 0"	N 11° E	NbE
11/4	14° 3' 45"	N 14° E	NbE1/4E	NNE3/4N	NNE3/4N	NbE1/4E	NbE1/4E
11/2	16° 52' 30"	N 17° E	NbE1/2E	NNE1/2N	NNE1/2N	NbE1/2E	NbE1/2E
13/4	19° 41' 15"	N 20° E	NbE3/4E	NNE1/4N	NNE1/4N	NbE3/4E	NbE3/4E
2	22° 30' 0"	N 23° E	NNE
21/4	25° 18' 45"	N 25° E	NNE1/4E	NEbN3/4N	NNE1/4E	NNE1/4E	NNE1/4E
21/2	28° 7' 30"	N 28° E	NNE1/2E	NEbN1/2N	NNE1/2E	NNE1/2E	NNE1/2E
23/4	30° 56' 15"	N 31° E	NNE3/4E	NEbN1/4N	NNE3/4E	NNE3/4E	NNE3/4E
3	33° 45' 0"	N 34° E	NEbN
31/4	36° 33' 45"	N 37° E	NEbN1/4E	NE3/4N	NE3/4N	NE3/4N	NE3/4N
31/2	39° 22' 30"	N 39° E	NEbN1/2E	NE1/2N	NE1/2N	NE1/2N	NE1/2N
33/4	42° 11' 15"	N 42° E	NEbN3/4E	NE1/4N	NE1/4N	NE1/4N	NE1/4N
4	45° 0' 0"	N 45° E	NE
41/4	47° 48' 45"	N 48° E	NE1/4E	NEbE3/4N	NE1/4E	NE1/4E	NE1/4E
41/2	50° 37' 30"	N 51° E	NE1/2E	NEbE1/2N	NE1/2E	NE1/2E	NE1/2E
43/4	53° 26' 15"	N 53° E	NE3/4E	NEbE1/4N	NE3/4E	NE3/4E	NE3/4E
5	56° 15' 0"	N 56° E	NEbE
51/4	59° 3' 45"	N 59° E	NEbE1/4E	ENE3/4N	ENE3/4N	NEbE1/4E	NEbE1/4E
51/2	61° 52' 30"	N 62° E	NEbE1/2E	ENE1/2N	ENE1/2N	NEbE1/2E	NEbE1/2E
53/4	64° 41' 15"	N 65° E	NEbE3/4E	ENE1/4N	ENE1/4N	NEbE3/4E	NEbE3/4E
6	67° 30' 0"	N 68° E	ENE
61/4	70° 18' 45"	N 70° E	ENE1/4E	EbN3/4N	ENE1/4E	ENE1/4E	EbN3/4N
61/2	73° 7' 30"	N 73° E	ENE1/2E	EbN1/2N	ENE1/2E	ENE1/2E	EbN1/2N
63/4	75° 56' 15"	N 76° E	ENE3/4E	EbN1/4N	ENE3/4E	ENE3/4E	EbN1/4N
7	78° 45' 0"	N 79° E	EbN
71/4	81° 33' 45"	N 82° E	EbN1/4E	E3/4N	E3/4N	E3/4N	E3/4N
71/2	84° 22' 30"	N 84° E	EbN1/2E	E1/2N	E1/2N	E1/2N	E1/2N
73/4	87° 11' 15"	N 87° E	EbN3/4E	E1/4N	E1/4N	E1/4N	E1/4N
8	90° 0' 0"	E	E
81/4	92° 48' 45"	S 87° E	E1/4S	EbS3/4E	E1/4S	E1/4S	E1/4S
81/2	95° 37' 30"	S 84° E	E1/2S	EbS1/2E	E1/2S	E1/2S	E1/2S
83/4	98° 26' 15"	S 82° E	E3/4S	EbS1/4E	E3/4S	E3/4S	E3/4S
9	101° 15' 0"	S 79° E	EbS
91/4	104° 3' 45"	S 76° E	EbS1/4S	ESE3/4E	ESE3/4E	ESE3/4E	EbS1/4S
91/2	106° 52' 30"	S 73° E	EbS1/2S	ESE1/2E	ESE1/2E	ESE1/2E	EbS1/2S
93/4	109° 41' 15"	S 70° E	EbS3/4S	ESE1/4E	ESE1/4E	ESE1/4E	EbS3/4S
10	112° 30' 0"	S 68° E	ESE
101/4	115° 18' 45"	S 65° E	ESE1/4S	SEbE3/4E	ESE1/4S	SEbE3/4E	SEbE3/4E
101/2	118° 7' 30"	S 62° E	ESE1/2S	SEbE1/2E	ESE1/2S	SEbE1/2E	SEbE1/2E
103/4	120° 56' 15"	S 59° E	ESE3/4S	SEbE1/4E	ESE3/4S	SEbE1/4E	SEbE1/4E
11	123° 45' 0"	S 56° E	SEbE
111/4	126° 33' 45"	S 53° E	SEbE1/4S	SE3/4E	SE3/4E	SE3/4E	SE3/4E
111/2	129° 22' 30"	S 51° E	SEbE1/2S	SE1/2E	SE1/2E	SE1/2E	SE1/2E
113/4	132° 11' 15"	S 48° E	SEbE3/4S	SE1/4E	SE1/4E	SE1/4E	SE1/4E
12	135° 0' 0"	S 45° E	SE
121/4	137° 48' 45"	S 42° E	SE1/4S	SEbS3/4E	SE1/4S	SE1/4S	SE1/4S
121/2	140° 37' 30"	S 39° E	SE1/2S	SEbS1/2E	SE1/2S	SE1/2S	SE1/2S
123/4	143° 26' 15"	S 37° E	SE3/4S	SEbS1/4E	SE3/4S	SE3/4S	SE3/4S
13	146° 15' 0"	S 34° E	SEbS
131/4	149° 3' 45"	S 31° E	SEbS1/4S	SSE3/4E	SSE3/4E	SSE3/4E	SSE3/4E
131/2	151° 52' 30"	S 28° E	SEbS1/2S	SSE1/2E	SSE1/2E	SSE1/2E	SSE1/2E
133/4	154° 41' 15"	S 25° E	SEbS3/4S	SSE1/4E	SSE1/4E	SSE1/4E	SSE1/4E
14	157° 30' 0"	S 23° E	SSE
141/4	160° 18' 45"	S 20° E	SSE1/4S	SbE3/4E	SSE1/4S	SbE3/4E	SbE3/4E
141/2	163° 7' 30"	S 17° E	SSE1/2S	SbE1/2E	SSE1/2S	SbE1/2E	SbE1/2E
143/4	165° 56' 15"	S 14° E	SSE3/4S	SbE1/4E	SSE3/4S	SbE1/4E	SbE1/4E
15	168° 45' 0"	S 11° E	SbE
151/4	171° 33' 45"	S 8° E	SbE1/4S	S3/4E	S3/4E	S3/4E	S3/4E
151/2	174° 22' 30"	S 6° E	SbE1/2S	S1/2E	S1/2E	S1/2E	S1/2E
153/4	177° 11' 15"	S 3° E	SbE3/4S	S1/4E	S1/4E	S1/4E	S1/4E
16	180° 0' 0"	S	S
161/4	182° 48' 45"	S 3° W	S1/4W	SbW3/4S	S1/4W	S1/4W	S1/4W
161/2	185° 37' 30"	S 6° W	S1/2W	SbW1/2S	S1/2W	S1/2W	S1/2W
163/4	188° 26' 15"	S 8° W	S3/4W	SbW1/4S	S3/4W	S3/4W	S3/4W
17	191° 15' 0"	S 11° W	SbW
171/4	194° 3' 45"	S 14° W	SbW1/4W	SSW3/4S	SSW3/4S	SbW1/4W	SbW1/4W
171/2	196° 52' 30"	S 17° W	SbW1/2W	SSW1/2S	SSW1/2S	SbW1/2W	SbW1/2W
173/4	199° 41' 15"	S 20° W	SbW3/4W	SSW1/4S	SSW1/4S	SbW3/4W	SbW3/4W
18	202° 30' 0"	S 23° W	SSW
181/4	205° 18' 45"	S 25° W	SSW1/4W	SWbS3/4S	SSW1/4W	SSW1/4W	SSW1/4W
181/2	208° 7' 30"	S 28° W	SSW1/2W	SWbS1/2S	SSW1/2W	SSW1/2W	SSW1/2W
183/4	210° 56' 15"	S 31° W	SSW3/4W	SWbS1/4S	SSW3/4W	SSW3/4W	SSW3/4W
19	213° 45' 0"	S 34° W	SWbS
191/4	216° 33' 45"	S 37° W	SWbS1/4W	SW3/4S	SW3/4S	SW3/4S	SW3/4S
191/2	219° 22' 30"	S 39° W	SWbS1/2W	SW1/2S	SW1/2S	SW1/2S	SW1/2S
193/4	222° 11' 15"	S 42° W	SWbS3/4W	SW1/4S	SW1/4S	SW1/4S	SW1/4S
20	225° 0' 0"	S 45° W	SW
201/4	227° 48' 45"	S 48° W	SW1/4W	SWbW3/4S	SW1/4W	SW1/4W	SW1/4W
201/2	230° 37' 30"	S 51° W	SW1/2W	SWbW1/2S	SW1/2W	SW1/2W	SW1/2W
203/4	233° 26' 15"	S 53° W	SW3/4W	SWbW1/4S	SW3/4W	SW3/4W	SW3/4W
21	236° 15' 0"	S 56° W	SWbW
211/4	239° 3' 45"	S 59° W	SWbW1/4W	WSW3/4S	WSW3/4S	SWbW1/4W	SWbW1/4W
211/2	241° 52' 30"	S 62° W	SWbW1/2W	WSW1/2S	WSW1/2S	SWbW1/2W	SWbW1/2W
213/4	244° 41' 15"	S 65° W	SWbW3/4W	WSW1/4S	WSW1/4S	SWbW3/4W	SWbW3/4W
22	247° 30' 0"	S 68° W	WSW
221/4	250° 18' 45"	S 70° W	WSW1/4W	WbS3/4S	WSW1/4W	WSW1/4W	WbS3/4S
221/2	253° 7' 30"	S 73° W	WSW1/2W	WbS1/2S	WSW1/2W	WSW1/2W	WbS1/2S
223/4	255° 56' 15"	S 76° W	WSW3/4W	WbS1/4S	WSW3/4W	WSW3/4W	WbS1/4S
23	258° 45' 0"	S 79° W	WbS
231/4	261° 33' 45"	S 82° W	WbS1/4W	W3/4S	W3/4S	W3/4S	W3/4S
231/2	264° 22' 30"	S 84° W	WbS1/2W	W1/2S	W1/2S	W1/2S	W1/2S
233/4	267° 11' 15"	S 87° W	WbS3/4W	W1/4S	W1/4S	W1/4S	W1/4S
24	270° 0' 0"	W	W
241/4	272° 48' 45"	N 87° W	W1/4N	WbN3/4W	W1/4N	W1/4N	W1/4N
241/2	275° 37' 30"	N 84° W	W1/2N	WbN1/2W	W1/2N	W1/2N	W1/2N
243/4	278° 26' 15"	N 82° W	W3/4N	WbN1/4W	W3/4N	W3/4N	W3/4N
25	281° 15' 0"	N 79° W	WbN
251/4	284° 3' 45"	N 76° W	WbN1/4N	WNW3/4W	WNW3/4W	WNW3/4W	WbN1/4N
251/2	286° 52' 30"	N 73° W	WbN1/2N	WNW1/2W	WNW1/2W	WNW1/2W	WbN1/2N
253/4	289° 41' 15"	N 70° W	WbN3/4N	WNW1/4W	WNW1/4W	WNW1/4W	WbN3/4N
26	292° 30' 0"	N 68° W	WNW
261/4	295° 18' 45"	N 65° W	WNW1/4N	NWbW3/4W	WNW1/4N	NWbW3/4W	NWbW3/4W
261/2	298° 7' 30"	N 62° W	WNW1/2N	NWbW1/2W	WNW1/2N	NWbW1/2W	NWbW1/2W
263/4	300° 56' 15"	N 59° W	WNW3/4N	NWbW1/4W	WNW3/4N	NWbW1/4W	NWbW1/4W
27	303° 45' 0"	N 56° W	NWbW
271/4	306° 33' 45"	N 53° W	NWbW1/4N	NW3/4W	NW3/4W	NW3/4W	NW3/4W
271/2	309° 22' 30"	N 51° W	NWbW1/2N	NW1/2W	NW1/2W	NW1/2W	NW1/2W
273/4	312° 11' 15"	N 48° W	NWbW3/4N	NW1/4W	NW1/4W	NW1/4W	NW1/4W
28	315° 0' 0"	N 45° W	NW
281/4	317° 48' 45"	N 42° W	NW1/4N	NWbN3/4W	NW1/4N	NW1/4N	NW1/4N
281/2	320° 37' 30"	N 39° W	NW1/2N	NWbN1/2W	NW1/2N	NW1/2N	NW1/2N
283/4	323° 26' 15"	N 37° W	NW3/4N	NWbN1/4W	NW3/4N	NW3/4N	NW3/4N
29	326° 15' 0"	N 34° W	NWbN
291/4	329° 3' 45"	N 31° W	NWbN1/4N	NNW3/4W	NNW3/4W	NNW3/4W	NNW3/4W
291/2	331° 52' 30"	N 28° W	NWbN1/2N	NNW1/2W	NNW1/2W	NNW1/2W	NNW1/2W
293/4	334° 41' 15"	N 25° W	NWbN3/4N	NNW1/4W	NNW1/4W	NNW1/4W	NNW1/4W
30	337° 30' 0"	N 23° W	NNW
301/4	340° 18' 45"	N 20° W	NNW1/4N	NbW3/4W	NNW1/4N	NbW3/4W	NbW3/4W
301/2	343° 7' 30"	N 17° W	NNW1/2N	NbW1/2W	NNW1/2N	NbW1/2W	NbW1/2W
303/4	345° 56' 15"	N 14° W	NNW3/4N	NbW1/4W	NNW3/4N	NbW1/4W	NbW1/4W
31	348° 45' 0"	N 11° W	NbW
311/4	351° 33' 45"	N 8° W	NbW1/4N	N3/4W	N3/4W	N3/4W	N3/4W
311/2	354° 22' 30"	N 6° W	NbW1/2N	N1/2W	N1/2W	N1/2W	N1/2W
313/4	357° 11' 15"	N 3° W	NbW3/4N	N1/4W	N1/4W	N1/4W	N1/4W
32	360° 0' 0"	N	N

See also

• Bearing (navigation)
• Cardinal direction
• Classical compass winds
• Compass rose
• Course (navigation)
• Navigation
• Ordinal direction
• TVMDC
• Wind rose

References

External links

• Wind Rose (Archived) – discusses the origins of the names for compass directions.

English Journal

• Maintaining a way of life for São Miguel Island (the Azores archipelago, Portugal): An assessment of coastal processes and protection.

• Ng K1, Phillips MR2, Borges P3, Thomas T4, August P5, Calado H6, Veloso-Gomes F7.Author information 1CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Pólo dos Açores - Departamento de Biologia da Universidade dos Açores, 9501-801 Ponta Delgada, Açores, Portugal. Electronic address: kiat@uac.pt.2University of Wales Trinity Saint David (Swansea Metropolitan), Mount Pleasant, Swansea SA1 6ED, UK. Electronic address: mike.phillips@sm.uwtsd.ac.uk.3Departamento de Geociências da Universidade dos Açores, 9501-801 Ponta Delgada, Açores, Portugal. Electronic address: pb@uac.pt.4Technical Services Department, Carmarthenshire County Council, Wales SA31 3QZ, UK. Electronic address: tthomas@carmarthenshire.gov.uk.5Coastal Institute, University of Rhode Island Narragansett Bay Campus, Narragansett, RI 02882, USA. Electronic address: pete@edc.uri.edu.6CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Pólo dos Açores - Departamento de Biologia da Universidade dos Açores, 9501-801 Ponta Delgada, Açores, Portugal. Electronic address: calado@uac.pt.7Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal. Electronic address: vgomes@fe.up.pt.AbstractTraditional hard engineering structures and recently emerging soft engineering alternatives have been employed to protect vulnerable coastlines. Despite negative publicity, they have ensured community survival where socio-economic benefits outweigh adverse impacts. This is especially true for Small Islands (SI) where increasing sea levels and storm intensities threaten already limited land availability. This paper presents coastal vulnerability in São Miguel Island (the Azores SI archipelago) and considers SI issues with regard to coastal land loss. Regional wave statistics using 1998 to 2011 wind record showed: periods ranging from 7 to 13s (circa 83%); wave heights between 1 and 3m (circa 60%); and increasing trends in westerly (p=0.473), easterly (p=0.632) and southeasterly (p=0.932) waves. Sea level analyses between 1978 and 2007 indicated a statistically significant rising trend (2.5±0.4mmyr-1; p=0.000), while between 1996 and 2007 it was 3.3±1.5mmyr-1 (p=0.025), agreeing with other global sea level studies. Based on 2001 and 2008 population data and using zonal statistics, circa 60% of the Island's population was found to reside within 1km of the sea and the percentage of total population was linearly correlated with distance from the shoreline (r2=99%). Three case studies show hard coastal engineering solutions preserved Azorean coastal lifestyle and had little or no observed negative impacts on their environs. Although hard engineering is likely to remain a valuable and feasible coastal protection option, an inventory of São Miguel's population distribution, surf breaks, bathymetry and coastal erosion rates showed the potential of using multifunctional artificial reefs as a soft engineering solution. These offshore submerged breakwaters offer coastal protection while providing additional benefits such as surfing amenity and beach widening. Consequently, findings of this work can inform other SI communities.
• The Science of the total environment.Sci Total Environ.2014 Mar 1;481C:142-156. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.01.067. [Epub ahead of print]
• Traditional hard engineering structures and recently emerging soft engineering alternatives have been employed to protect vulnerable coastlines. Despite negative publicity, they have ensured community survival where socio-economic benefits outweigh adverse impacts. This is especially true for Small
• PMID 24594743

• Magnitude, decadal changes, and impact of regional background ozone transported into the greater Houston, Texas, area.

• Berlin SR1, Langford AO, Estes M, Dong M, Parrish DD.Author information 1Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA ESRL , 325 Broadway R/CSD7, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States.AbstractTwo independent analyses of the daily maximum 8 h average ozone concentrations measured during the high ozone season (May through October) at Continuous Ambient Monitoring Stations are used to quantify the regional background ozone transported into the Houston-Galveston-Brazoria (HGB) area. The dependence on wind direction is examined, and long-term trends are determined using measurements made between 1998 and 2012. Both analyses show that the regional background ozone has declined during periods of continental outflow: i.e., the conditions associated with most high ozone episodes in HGB. The changes in regional background ozone found for northeasterly and southeasterly flow are -0.50 ± 0.54 and -0.79 ± 0.65 (95% confidence limit) ppbv yr(-1), respectively, which correspond to decreases of ∼7-11 ppbv between 1998 and 2012. This finding is consistent with the summertime downward trend of -0.45 ppbv yr(-1) (range of sites: -0.87 to +0.07 ppbv yr(-1)) for ozone in the eastern U.S. between 1990 and 2010 reported by Cooper et al. and shows that changing background concentrations are at least partially responsible for the decreased surface ozone in the HGB area over the past decade. Baseline ozone concentrations in air flowing into Texas from the Gulf of Mexico have not changed significantly over this period.
• Environmental science & technology.Environ Sci Technol.2013 Dec 17;47(24):13985-92. doi: 10.1021/es4037644. Epub 2013 Nov 27.
• Two independent analyses of the daily maximum 8 h average ozone concentrations measured during the high ozone season (May through October) at Continuous Ambient Monitoring Stations are used to quantify the regional background ozone transported into the Houston-Galveston-Brazoria (HGB) area. The depe
• PMID 24246133

• The chromium in timberline forests in the eastern Tibetan Plateau.

• Luo J1, Tang R, She J, Chen Y, Gong Y, Zhou J, Yu D.Author information 1Key Laboratory of Mountain Surface Processes and Ecological Regulation, Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences & Ministry of Water Conservancy, #9, Block 4, Renminnan Road, Chengdu 610041, China. tangrongguiztx@163.com tangronguiztx@sina.cn.AbstractIn order to study the regional distribution, trait and possible source of chromium in the eastern Tibetan Plateau, we collected samples of xylem, bark, leaves and twigs in two parallel northwest-southeast belt transects (TA and TB) from the Hengduan Mountains. According to the Cr mean concentration, organ/tissue was split into two groups: the high-level organ/tissue (twigs: 1.476 mg kg(-1)) and the low-level organ/tissue (bark: 0.413 mg kg(-1), leaves: 0.340 mg kg(-1) and xylem: 0.194 mg kg(-1)). The mean Cr concentrations of twigs and leaves in TB samples were higher than those in the TA samples, and the mean Cr concentration in both sites gradually reduced from southeast to northwest. Both the southeasterly and southwesterly monsoons could be significant, influential factors in this connection. The top three mean Cr concentrations were S7, S1 and S8, which were closer to the developed city. Mean Cr concentrations in S3, S4 and S5, (remote, high mountains) were relatively low. The high mountains acting as a barrier to the monsoon and the distance from the big city may play important roles in the distribution of Chromium. Furthermore, the relationship between the mean Cr concentration and precipitation, timberline trees as bio-monitors of chromium pollution in polluted areas and the possible source of Cr in the eastern Tibetan Plateau are also discussed. This study may provide reliable proof of Cr contamination processes, and so help in future to prevent further Cr pollution, and also be helpful in understanding the important function of forest ecosystems in relation to atmospheric pollution and global change. To better understand the characteristics of temporal and spatial distribution of Cr concentration, we found that tree ring, fine roots and soil samples are good choices.
• Environmental science. Processes & impacts.Environ Sci Process Impacts.2013 Oct;15(10):1930-7. doi: 10.1039/c3em00280b.
• In order to study the regional distribution, trait and possible source of chromium in the eastern Tibetan Plateau, we collected samples of xylem, bark, leaves and twigs in two parallel northwest-southeast belt transects (TA and TB) from the Hengduan Mountains. According to the Cr mean concentration,
• PMID 24056779

Japanese Journal

• A Preliminary Study of Anchovy (Engraulis japonica) Larval Drift and Growth by Numerical Simulation

• Kim Dong–Sun,Kang Ik Joon
• Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University 58(1), 37-49, 2013-02-00
• … During the spring and summer, there was a tendency for larvae to be transferred westward when the southeasterly or southerly winds were dominant. …
• NAID 120005227246

• Different characteristics of new particle formation between urban and deciduous forest sites in Northern Japan during the summers of 2010-2011

• Jung J.,Miyazaki Y.,Kawamura K.
• Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 13(1), 51-68, 2013-01-04
• … This division was found to relate to prevailing wind direction because the subsequent growth of freshly nucleated particles typically occurred when wind direction shifted to northwesterly (from residential and public park areas), whereas it did not occur under southeasterly winds (from the downtown area). …
• NAID 120005228150

• 2009年2月25日以降の山形県鶴岡市七五三掛地すべりの再活動と移動状況の特徴(速報)

• 中里 裕臣,木下 勝義,井上 敬資 [他],奥山 武彦,須貝 俊彦,八木 浩司
• 地學雜誌 118(3), 587-594, 2009-07-07
• … As a result, the main block of the north side of the Kariya River showed a direction of movement from south-southwest to south and the sub-block at the south side of the Kariya River showed a southeasterly movement. …
• NAID 10030365976

Related Links

• southeasterlyの意味 - 英和辞書 - 英語辞書 - goo辞書

southeasterlyとは。意味や和訳。[形][副]南東の[へ]；〈風が〉南東から（の）. ⇒sòuth・éaster - goo英和辞書は14万項目以上を収録し、発音、音声、慣用句、例文が分かる英和辞書です。

• Southeasterly - definition of southeasterly by The Free Dictionary

south·east·er·ly (south-ē′stər-lē, sou-ē′-) adj. 1. Situated toward the southeast. 2. Coming or being from the southeast. south·east′er·ly adv. southeasterly (ˌsaʊθˈiːstəlɪ; ˌsaʊˈiːstəlɪ) adj, adv 1. in, towards, or (esp of a wind) from the ...

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