sonorous

　

WordNet

1. in a sonorous manner; "the congregation consisted chiefly of a few young folk, who snored sonorously" (同)rotundly

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. 命り響く,響きわたる / (文体・演説などの)調子の高い,堂々とした

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/11/19 00:00:42」(JST)

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Manners of articulation
Obstruent     Stop     Affricate     Fricative         Sibilant Sonorant     Nasal     Flap/Tap     Approximant         Liquid     Vowel         Semivowel Lateral Trill
Airstreams
Pulmonic Ejective Implosive Lingual (clicks) Linguo-pulmonic Linguo-ejective
Related
Alliteration Assonance Consonance

A sonority hierarchy or sonority scale is a ranking of speech sounds (or phones) by amplitude. For example, if you say the vowel [a], you will produce a much louder sound than if you say the stop [t]. Sonority hierarchies are especially important when analyzing syllable structure; rules about what segments may appear in onsets or codas together, such as SSP, are formulated in terms of the difference of their sonority values. Some languages also have assimilation rules based on sonority hierarchy, for example, the Finnish potential mood, in which a less sonorous segment changes to copy a more sonorous adjacent segment (e.g. -tne- → -nne-).

Sonority hierarchy

Sonority hierarchies vary somewhat in which sounds are grouped together. The one below is fairly typical:

	vowels	approximants (glides and liquids)	nasals	fricatives	affricates	stops
syllabic:	+	-
approximant:	+		-
sonorant:	+			-
continuant:	+				-
delayed release:	+					-

Sound types are the most sonorous on the left side of the scale, and become progressively less sonorous towards the right (e.g., fricatives are less sonorous than nasals).

The labels on the left refer to distinctive features, and categories of sounds can be grouped together according to whether they share a feature. For instance, as shown in the sonority hierarchy above, vowels are considered [+syllabic], whereas all consonants (including stops, affricates, fricatives, etc.) are all considered [−syllabic]. All sound categories falling under [+sonorant] are sonorants, whereas those falling under [−sonorant] are obstruents. In this way, any contiguous set of sound types may be grouped together on the basis of no more than two features (for instance, glides, liquids, and nasals are [−syllabic, +sonorant]).

Sonority scale

In English, the sonority scale, from highest to lowest, is the following:

[a] > [e o] > [i u] > [r] > [l] > [m n] > [z v ð] > [s f θ] > [b d ɡ] > [p t k]

More finely nuanced hierarchies often exist within classes whose members cannot be said to be distinguished by relative sonority. In North American English, for example, of the set /p t k/, /t/ is by far the most subject to weakening when before an unstressed vowel (v. the usual American pronunciation of /t/ as a flap in later, but normally no weakening of /p/ in caper or of /k/ in faker).

In Portuguese, intervocalic /n/ and /l/ are typically lost historically (e.g. Lat. LUNA > /lua/ 'moon', DONARE > /doar/ 'donate', COLORE > /kor/ 'color'), but /r/ remains (CERA > /sera/ 'wax'), whereas Romanian transformed the intervocalic non-geminate /l/ into /r/ (SOLEM > /so̯are/ 'sun') and reduced the geminate /ll/ to /l/ (OLLA > /o̯alə/ 'pot'), but kept unchanged /n/ (LUNA > /lunə/ 'moon') and /r/ (PIRA > /parə/ 'pear'). Similarly, Romance languages often show geminate /mm/ to be weaker than /nn/, and Romance geminate /rr/ is often stronger than other geminates, including /pp tt kk/. In such cases, many phonologists refer not to sonority, but to a more abstract notion of relative strength, which, while once posited as universal in its arrangement, is now known to be language-specific.

Sonority in phonotactics

Syllable structure tends to be highly influenced and motivated by the sonority scale, with the general rule that more sonorous elements are internal (i.e., close to the syllable nucleus) and less sonorant elements are external. For instance, the sequence /plant/ is permissible in many languages, while /lpatn/ is much less likely. (This is the sonority sequencing principle). This rule is applied with varying levels of strictness cross-linguistically, with many languages allowing exceptions: for example, in English, /s/ can be found external to stops even though it is more sonorous (e.g. "strong", "hats").

In many languages the presence of two non-adjacent highly-sonorous elements can be a reliable indication of how many syllables are in the word; /ata/ is most likely two syllables, and many languages would deal with the sequences like /mbe/ or /lpatn/ by pronouncing them as multiple syllables, with syllabic sonorants: [m̩.be] and [l̩.pat.n̩].

References

External links

• What is the sonority scale?
• Lingua::Phonology::Syllable — Perl module for extracting sonority scale from text.

English Journal

• Increased Mauthner cell activity and escaping behaviour in seabream fed long-chain PUFA.

• Benítez-Santana T, Juárez-Carrillo E, Betancor MB, Torrecillas S, Caballero MJ, Izquierdo MS.Author information Grupo de Investigación en Acuicultura, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Instituto Canario de Ciencias Marinas, PO 56, 35200 Telde, Las Palmas, Canary Islands, Spain. tibi.benitez.santana@gmail.comAbstractThere is limited information on the specific effects of long-chain PUFA (LCPUFA) on neuron development and functioning. Deficiency of those essential fatty acids impairs escape and avoidance behaviour in fish, where Mauthner cells (M-cells) play a particularly important role in initiating this response. Gilthead seabream larvae fed two different LCPUFA profiles were challenged with a sonorous stimulus. Feeding n-3 LCPUFA increased the content of these fatty acids in fish tissues and caused a higher number of larvae to react to the stimulus with a faster burst swimming speed response. This faster startle response in fish fed n-3 LCPUFA was also associated with an increased immune-positive neural response, particularly in M-cells, denoting a higher production of acetylcholine. The present study shows the first evidence of the effect of n-3 LCPUFA on the functioning of particular neurons in fish, the M-cells and the behaviour response that they modulate to escape from a sound stimulus.
• The British journal of nutrition.Br J Nutr.2012 Jan;107(2):295-301. doi: 10.1017/S0007114511002807. Epub 2011 Jun 30.
• There is limited information on the specific effects of long-chain PUFA (LCPUFA) on neuron development and functioning. Deficiency of those essential fatty acids impairs escape and avoidance behaviour in fish, where Mauthner cells (M-cells) play a particularly important role in initiating this respo
• PMID 21733311

• [Psychogenic mutation of the voice. Comparative analysis of objective and subjective methods of diagnostics.]

• Chernobel'skiĭ SI.Author information Laboratoriia nauchnykh issledovaniĭ po foniatrii Krasnoiarskoĭ gosudarstvennoĭ akademii muzyki i teatra.AbstractThe present work had the following objectives: 1) to determine (using a computer program) the fundamental frequency or F0 of the colloquial speech and sonorous cough in the patients with psychogenic mutation of the voice, 2) to obtain subjective (audile) estimation of the quality of their voice, and 3) to develop relevant diagnostic criteria. The study included 10 men aged from 14 to 40 years diagnosed with mutational falsetto (n=5) and incomplete mutation of the voice (n=5). The quality of the voice was independently estimated by three experts. All the patients were exmined using laryngoscopy and laryngostroboscopy. It was demonstrated that mutational falsetto can be diagnosed by subjective estimation of the quality of voice whereas diagnostics of partial voice mutation is possible only with the use of a computer. The author concludes that the fundamental frequency (F0) of sonorous cough is an important diagnostic criterion for psychogenic voice mutation.
• Vestnik otorinolaringologii.Vestn Otorinolaringol.2011;(4):46-48.
• The present work had the following objectives: 1) to determine (using a computer program) the fundamental frequency or F0 of the colloquial speech and sonorous cough in the patients with psychogenic mutation of the voice, 2) to obtain subjective (audile) estimation of the quality of their voice, and
• PMID 21983669

• Acquisition of /s/-clusters in Dutch-speaking children with phonological disorders.

• Gerrits E.Author information Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands. e.gerrits@kno.unimaas.nlAbstractThis study investigated the acquisition of word initial /s/ clusters of 3-5 year old Dutch children with phonological disorders. Within these clusters, /sl/ was produced correctly most often, whereas /sn/ and /sx/ were the more difficult clusters. In cluster reductions, /s/+obstruent and /sl/ clusters reduction patterns followed the Sonority Sequencing Principle (SSP) by retaining the least sonorous segment; but this is not the case for the /sm/ cluster, where the more sonorous element is retained. The predictions of the factorial typology are supported. Reductions seem explainable through an interaction between sonority and the prosodic head of the cluster. Exceptions are /sn/ and /sx/, where no consistent reduction patterns are found. As expected, word production of children with phonological disorders is far less target-like than that of typically-developing children. However, the patterns of phonological simplification and reduction of the two groups are surprisingly similar. It can be concluded that language development of children with phonological disorders is delayed rather than deviant.
• Clinical linguistics & phonetics.Clin Linguist Phon.2010 Jan;24(3):199-209. doi: 10.3109/02699200903427816.
• This study investigated the acquisition of word initial /s/ clusters of 3-5 year old Dutch children with phonological disorders. Within these clusters, /sl/ was produced correctly most often, whereas /sn/ and /sx/ were the more difficult clusters. In cluster reductions, /s/+obstruent and /sl/ cluste
• PMID 20144080

Japanese Journal

• Amplitude drops facilitate categorization and discrimination of length contrasts

• KAWAHARA Shigeto
• 電子情報通信学会技術研究報告. TL, 思考と言語 112(145), 67-72, 2012-07-14
• … The result implies that in real speech, short/long contrasts are harder to perceive for more sonorous consonants. … This conclusion in turn accords well with the phonological, cross-linguistic observation that geminates of more sonorous consonants are disprefered more strongly in natural languages [7; …
• NAID 110009626229

• A-4-23 「通る」歌声の分析(A-4.信号処理,一般セッション)

• 植草 新,東山 三樹夫,白井 克彦
• 電子情報通信学会ソサイエティ大会講演論文集 2008年_基礎・境界, 83, 2008-09-02
• NAID 110007111446

• 楽器と木材

• 矢野 浩之
• 高分子 56(8), 614-618, 2007-08-01
• … A violin having formaldehyde treated top plate was judged to be brighter, sonorous, and comprehensively better than the same violin having untreated top plate. …
• NAID 10019741819

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