WordNet

moving a cell nucleus and its genetic material from one cell to another (同)somatic cell nuclear transfer, SCNT, nuclear_transplantation
small room in which a monk or nun lives (同)cubicle
a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction (同)electric cell
a room where a prisoner is kept (同)jail cell, prison cell
(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
any small compartment; "the cells of a honeycomb"
a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement (同)cadre

PrepTutorEJDIC

(刑務所の)『独房』;(修道院の)小さい独居室 / (ミツバチの)みつ房,巣穴 / 小さい部屋 / 『細胞』 / 電池 / 花粉室 / (共産党などの)細胞
身体の / 体腔(たいこう)の / 体細胞の

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/02/15 01:27:48」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

A somatic (Greek: σὠμα/soma = body) or vegetal cell is any biological cell forming the body of an organism; that is, in a multicellular organism, any cell other than a gamete, germ cell, gametocyte or undifferentiated stem cell.^[1]

In contrast, gametes are cells that fuse during sexual reproduction, germ cells are cells that give rise to gametes, and stem cells are cells that can divide through mitosis and differentiate into diverse specialized cell types. For example, in mammals, somatic cells make up all the internal organs, skin, bones, blood and connective tissue, while mammalian germ cells give rise to spermatozoa and ova which fuse during fertilization to produce a cell called a zygote, which divides and differentiates into the cells of an embryo. There are approximately 220 types of somatic cells in the human body.^[1]

The word "somatic" is derived from the Greek word sōma, meaning "body".

Evolution

As multicellularity evolved many times, sterile somatic cells did too. The evolution of an immortal germline producing specialized somatic cells involved the emergence of mortality, and can be viewed in its simplest version in volvocine algae.^[2] Those species with a separation between sterile somatic cells and a germ line are called Weismannists. However, Weismannist development is relatively rare (e.g., vertebrates, arthropods, Volvox), as great part of species have the capacity for somatic embryogenesis (e.g., land plants, most algae, many invertebrates).^[3]^[4]

Genetics and chromosome content

Like all cells, somatic cells contain DNA arranged in chromosomes. If a somatic cell contains chromosomes arranged in pairs, it is called diploid and the organism is called a diploid organism. (The gametes of diploid organisms contain only single unpaired chromosomes and are called haploid.) Each pair of chromosomes comprises one chromosome inherited from the father and one inherited from the mother. For example, in humans, somatic cells contain 46 chromosomes organized into 23 pairs. By contrast, gametes of diploid organisms contain only half as many chromosomes. In humans, this is 23 unpaired chromosomes. When two gametes (i.e. a spermatozoon and an ovum) meet during conception, they fuse together, creating a zygote. Due to the fusion of the two gametes, a human zygote contains 46 chromosomes (i.e. 23 pairs).

However, a large number of species have the chromosomes in their somatic cells arranged in fours ("tetraploid") or even sixes ("hexaploid"). Thus, they can have diploid or even triploid germline cells. An example of this is the modern cultivated species of wheat, Triticum aestivum L., a hexaploid species whose somatic cells contain six copies of every chromatid.

Cloning

In recent years, the technique of cloning whole organisms has been developed in mammals, allowing almost identical genetic clones of an animal to be produced. One method of doing this is called "somatic cell nuclear transfer" and involves removing the nucleus from a somatic cell, usually a skin cell. This nucleus contains all of the genetic information needed to produce the organism it was removed from. This nucleus is then injected into an ovum of the same species which has had its own genetic material removed. The ovum now no longer needs to be fertilized, because it contains the correct amount of genetic material (a diploid number of chromosomes). In theory, the ovum can be implanted into the uterus of a same-species animal and allowed to develop. The resulting animal will be a nearly genetically identical clone to the animal from which the nucleus was taken. The only difference is caused by any mitochondrial DNA that is retained in the ovum, which is different from the cell that donated the nucleus. In practice, this technique has so far been problematic, although there have been a few high profile successes, such as Dolly the Sheep and, more recently, Snuppy, the first cloned dog.

Somatic cell Modifications

Development of Biotechnology has allowed for the genetic manipulation of somatic cells.This biotechnology deals with some ethical controversy in Human genetic engineering.

References

^ ^a ^b Campbell, Neil A.; Reece, Jane B.; Urry, Lisa A.; Cain, Michael L.; Wasserman, Steven A.; Minorsky, Peter V.; Jackson, Robert B. (2009). Biology (9th ed.). p. 229. ISBN 978-0-8053-6844-4.
^ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3098969/
^ Ridley M (2004) Evolution, 3rd edition. Blackwell Publishing, p. 29-297.
^ Niklas, K. J. (2014) The evolutionary-developmental origins of multicellularity.

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. 身体化：疫学、病因、臨床的特徴、医学的評価、および診断 somatization epidemiology pathogenesis clinical features medical evaluation and diagnosis
2. 身体化：治療および予後 somatization treatment and prognosis
3. 自らに負わせる作為症（ミュンヒハウゼン症候群） factitious disorder imposed on self munchausen syndrome
4. 本態性環境不耐性（多種化学物質過敏症）の概要 overview of idiopathic environmental intolerance multiple chemical sensitivity
5. 成人における転換性障害：用語、診断および鑑別診断 conversion disorder in adults terminology diagnosis and differential diagnosis

English Journal

Association of IL8 -105G/A with Mastitis Somatic Cell Score in Chinese Holstein Dairy Cows.

Chen R1, Wang Z, Yang Z, Zhu X, Ji D, Mao Y.
Animal biotechnology.Anim Biotechnol.2015 Apr 3;26(2):143-7. doi: 10.1080/10495398.2014.939657.
The single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the 5' upstream of bovine IL8 gene were investigated in 810 Chinese Holstein cows from 35 bull families in a dairy farm in Shanghai using polymerase chain reaction-single strand conformation polymorphism (PCR-SSCP) technique. The Real-time PCR and Wester
PMID 25380467

Biallelic germline and somatic mutations in malignant mesothelioma: Multiple mutations in transcription regulators including mSWI/SNF genes.

Yoshikawa Y1, Sato A, Tsujimura T, Otsuki T, Fukuoka K, Hasegawa S, Nakano T, Hashimoto-Tamaoki T.
International journal of cancer. Journal international du cancer.Int J Cancer.2015 Feb 15;136(3):560-71. doi: 10.1002/ijc.29015. Epub 2014 Jun 19.
We detected low levels of acetylation for histone H3 tail lysines in malignant mesothelioma (MM) cell lines resistant to histone deacetylase inhibitors. To identify the possible genetic causes related to the low histone acetylation levels, whole-exome sequencing was conducted with MM cell lines esta
PMID 24916674

Melon (Cucumis melo).

Nonaka S1, Ezura H.
Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.).Methods Mol Biol.2015;1224:195-203. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1658-0_16.
Genetic transformation is an important technique used in plant breeding and to functionally characterize genes of interest. The earliest reports of Agrobacterium-mediated transformation in the melon (Cucumis melo) were from the early 1990s (Fang and Grumet, Plant Cell Rep, 9: 160-164, 1990; Dong et
PMID 25416259

Japanese Journal

Screening RAPD primers to assess clonal fidelity in somatic embryos of Sawara cypress (Chamaecyparis pisifera Sieb. et Zucc.) and field performance of somatic embryo-derived trees